Beyond the intention-behaviour mythology: An integrated model of recycling

Marketing Theory

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 29-113

  Davies, Janette ^a   Foxall, Gordon R ^b   Pallister, John ^b  

^a Woods Davies Consultants Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

attitude behaviour relationship; consumer choice; multi attribute theories; recycling

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992813402     PISSN: 14705931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1470593102002001645     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Ajzen, I. (1985) ‘From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behaviour’, in J. Kuhl and J. Beckman (eds) Action Control: From Cognitions to Behavior, pp. 11–39. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
2. Ajzen, I. (1987) ‘Attitudes, Traits, and Actions: Dispositional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social Psychology’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 20: 1–63.
3. Ajzen, I. (1991) ‘The Theory of Planned Behavior’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50: 179–211.
4. Ajzen, I. and Driver, B. (1991) ‘Prediction of Leisure Participation from Behavioural, Normative, and Control Beliefs’, Leisure Sciences 13: 185–204.
5. Ajzen, I. and Driver, B. (1992) ‘Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Leisure Choice’, Journal of Leisure Research 24: 207–224.
6. Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1977) ‘Attitude–Behaviour Relations: A Theoretical Analysis and Review of the Empirical Research’, Psychological Bulletin 84: 888–918.
7. Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Ajzen, I. and Madden, T. (1986) ‘Predictions of Goal-directed Behaviour: Attitudes, Intentions and Perceived Behavioural Control’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22: 453–474.
9. Albrecht, S. and Karpertener, K. (1976) ‘Attitudes as Predictors of Behaviour versus Behavioural Intention: A Convergence of Research Traditions’, Sociometry 39: 1–10.
10. Allen, J., Davis, D. and Soskin, M. (1993) ‘Using Coupon Incentives in Recycling Aluminium: A Market Approach to Energy Conservation Policy’, Journal of Consumer Affairs 27: 300–318.
11. Allport, G. (1935) Attitudes, ed. C. Murchison (Handbook of Social Psychology series). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
12. Anderson, A., Campbell, D. and Shepherd, R. (1995) ‘The Influence of Dietary Advice on Nutrient Intake During Pregnancy’, British Journal of Nutrition 73: 163–177.
13. Anderson, C. (1983) ‘The Effects of Behavioural Scripts on Personal Intention’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 291–305.
14. Armitage, C. and Conner, M. (1999) ‘Predictive Validity of the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Role of Questionnaire Format and Social Desirability’, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 9: 261–272.
15. Aylesford Newsprint (1996) The Aylesford Newsprint Recycling Report. Aylesford: Aylesford Newsprint.
16. Baggaley, A. (1964) Intermediate Correlational Methods. New York: Wiley.
17. Bagozzi, R. (1994) ‘Effects of Arousal on Organization of Positive and Negative Affect and Cognitions: Application to Attitude Theory’, Structural Equation Modeling 1: 222–252.
18. Bagozzi, R. and Dabholkar, P. (1994) ‘Consumer Recycling Goals and Their Effect on Decisions to Recycle: A Means–End Chain Analysis’, Psychology and Marketing 11(4): 313–340.
19. Bagozzi, R. and Kimmel, S. (1995) ‘A Comparison of Leading Theories for the Prediction of Goal-directed Behaviours’, British Journal of Social Psychology 34: 461–472.
20. Bagozzi, R. and Moore, D. (1994) ‘Public Service and Advertisements: Emotion and Empathy Guide Prosocial Behaviour’, Journal of Marketing 58: 56–70.
21. Bagozzi, R. and Warshaw, P. (1990) ‘Trying to Consume’, Journal of Consumer Research 17: 127–140.
22. Bagozzi, R. and Warshaw, P. (1992) ‘An Examination of the Etiology of the Attitude–Behaviour Relation for Goal-directed Behaviours’, Multivariate Behavioral Research 27: 601–634.
23. Bagozzi, R. and Yi, Y. (1989) ‘The Degree of Intention Formation as a Moderator of the Attitude–Behaviour Relationship’, Social Psychology Quarterly 52: 266–279.
24. Bagozzi, R.B. (1992) ‘The Self-regulation of Attitudes, Intentions and Behavior’, Social Psychology Quarterly 55(2): 178–204
25. Balderjahn, I. (1988) ‘Personality Variables and Environmental Attitudes as Predictorsof Ecologically Responsible Consumption Patterns’, Journal of Business Research 17: 51–56.
26. Batra, R. and Ray, M. (1985) ‘How Advertising Works at Contact’, in L.F. Alwitt and A.A. Mitchell (eds) Psychological Processes and Advertising Effects, pp. 13–43. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Beale, D. and Manstead, A. (1991) ‘Predicting Mothers’ Intentions to Limit Frequency of Infants’ Sugar Intake: Testing the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21: 409–431.
28. Beck, L. and Ajzen, I. (1991) ‘Predicting Dishonest Actions Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Research in Personality 25: 285–301.
29. Beckman, J. and Kuhl, J. (1984) ‘Altering Information to Gain Action Control: Functional Aspects of Human Information-processing in Decision-making’, Journal of Research in Personality 18: 224–237.
30. Belsley, D., Kuh, E. and Welsch, R. (1980) Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. New York: Wiley.
31. Bentler, P. and Speckart, G. (1979) ‘Models of Attitude–Behaviour Relations’, Psychological Review 86: 452–464.
32. Bentler, P. and Speckart, G. (1981) ‘Attitudes “Cause” Behaviours: A Structural Equation Analysis’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 226–238.
33. Black, J., Stern, P. and Elworth, J. (1985) ‘Personal and Contextual Influences on Household Energy Adaptations’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 70: 3–21.
34. Boissoneault, E. and Godin, G. (1990) ‘The Prediction of Intention to Smoke only in Designated Work Site Areas’, Journal of Occupational Medicine 32: 621–624.
35. Boldero, J. (1995) ‘The Prediction of Household Recycling of Newspapers – the Role of Attitudes, Intentions and Situational Factors’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25: 440–462.
36. Boldero, J., Moore, S. and Rosenthal, D. (1992) ‘Intentions, Context and Safe Sex’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22: 1374–1396.
37. Bowman, N., Goodwin, J., Jones, P. and Weaver, N. (1998) ‘Sustaining Recycling: Identification and Application of Limiting Factors in Kerbside Recycling Areas’, International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 5: 263–276.
38. Boyd, B. and Wandersman, A. (1991) ‘Predicting Undergraduate Condom Use with the Fishbein and Ajzen and the Triandis Attitude–Behaviour Models: Implications for Public Health Interventions’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21: 1810–1830.
39. Breckler, S. and Wiggins, E. (1989) ‘Affect versus Evaluation in the Structure of Attitudes’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 25: 253–271.
40. Brown, S. and Stayman, D. (1992) ‘Antecedents and Consequences of Attitude toward the Ad.: A Meta-analysis’, Journal of Consumer Research 19: 34–51.
41. Chan, D. and Fishbein, M. (1993) ‘Determinants of College Women’s Intentions to Tell their Partners to Use Condoms’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 23: 1455–1470.
42. Churchill, G. (1991) Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations. London: The Dryden Press.
43. Cialdini, R.B. (1993) Influence: Science and Practice. New York: William Morrow.
44. Clawson, J. (1950) ‘Lewin’s Psychology and Motives in Marketing’, in R. Cox and W. Alderson (eds) Theory in Marketing, pp. 43–52. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
45. Coggins, P. (1994) ‘Who is the Recycler?’, Journal of Waste Management and Resource Recovery 1: 69–75.
46. Conner, M. and Armitage, C. (1998) ‘Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Review and Avenues for Further Research’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28: 1429–1464.
47. Cook, T. and Campbell, D. (1979) Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis for Field Settings. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
48. Courneya, K. (1995) ‘Understanding Readiness for Regular Physical Activity in Older Individuals: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Health Psychology 14: 80–87.
49. Cronbach, L. (1951) ‘Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests’, Psychometrics 16: 297–334.
50. Davies, J. (2001) ‘A Test of Multi-attribute Models in the Context of Recycling Behaviour’, PhD thesis, Keele University.
51. Dennison, C. and Shepherd, R. (1995) ‘Adolescent Food Choice: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 8: 9–23.
52. de Oliver, M. (1999) ‘Attitudes and Inaction: A Case Study of the Manifest Demographics of Urban Water Conservation’, Environment and Behavior 31: 372–394.
53. DETR (1995) Waste Strategy for England and Wales: Sustainable Waste Management. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
54. DETR (1998a) Sustainable Development: Less Waste More Value. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
55. DETR (1998b) The Environment in Your Pocket. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
56. DETR (2000) Waste Strategy 2000. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
57. Derksen, L. and Gartrell, J. (1993) ‘The Social Context of Recycling’, American Sociological Review 58: 434–442.
58. DeVellis, B., Blalock, S. and Sandler, R. (1990) ‘Predicting Participation in Cancer Screening: The Role of Perceived Behaviour Control’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20: 639–660.
59. Dewbkoski, S. and Hanmer-Lloyd, S. (1994) The Environmental–Value–Attitude–Esteem Model: A Framework to Guide the Understanding of Environmentally Conscious Consumer Behaviour’, Journal of Marketing Management 10: 593–623.
60. Dewit, J. and Teunis, G. (1994) ‘Behavioral Risk Reduction Strategies to Prevent HIV-infection Among Homosexual Men’, Aids Education and Prevention 6: 493–505.
61. DeYoung, R. (1986) ‘Some Psychological Aspects of Recycling: The Structure of Conservation Satisfaction’, Environment and Behavior 18: 435–449.
62. DeYoung, R. (1989) ‘Exploring the Differences Between Recyclers and Non-recyclers: The Role of Information’, Journal of Environmental Systems 18: 341–351.
63. Dillman, D. (1978) Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. New York: Wiley.
64. Doll, J. and Ajzen, I. (1992) ‘Accessibility and Stability of Predictors in the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 754–765.
65. Eagly, A. and Chaiken, S. (1993). The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
66. East, R. (1993) ‘Investment Decisions and the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Economic Psychology 14: 167–176.
67. East, R. (1997) Consumer Behavior; Advances and Applications in Marketing. London: Prentice Hall.
68. Ellen, P. (1994) ‘Do We Know What We Need to Know? Objective and Subjective Knowledge Effects on Pro-ecological Behaviours’, Journal of Business Research 30: 43–4452.
69. Eriksen, R. (1985) Questionnaire Analysis: Recycling in Tarup. Danish Archive Dataaffect.
70. Everett, J. and Pierce, J. (1996) Waste Watch/LARAC.
71. Fazio, R.H. (1986) How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior?’, in R.M. Sorrentino and E.T. Higgins (eds) Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, pp. 204–243. Chichester: Wiley.
72. Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
73. Fisher, R. (1993) ‘Social Desirability Bias and the Validity of Indirect Questioning’, Journal of Consumer Research 20: 303–315.
74. Folkes, V.S. and Kiesler, T. (1991) ‘Social Cognition: Consumers’ Inferences about the Self and Others’, in T.S. Robertson and H.H. Kassarjian (eds) Handbook of Consumer Behaviour, pp. 281–315. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
75. Foxall, G.R. (1983) Consumer Choice. London: Macmillan.
76. Foxall, G.R. (1984) ‘Consumers’ Intentions and Behaviour: A Note on Research and a Challenge to Researchers’, Journal of the Market Research Society 26: 231–241.
77. Foxall, G.R. (1987) ‘Radical Behaviourism and Consumer Research: Theoretical Promise and Empirical Problems’, International Journal of Research in Marketing 4: 111–129.
78. Foxall, G.R. (1994) ‘Environment-impacting Consumer Behaviour: A Framework for Social Marketing and Demarketing’, in M. Baker (ed.) Perspectives on Marketing Management, Vol 4, pp. 27–53. Chichester: Wiley.
79. Foxall, G.R. (1996) Consumers in Context: The BPM Research Program. New York and London: Routledge.
80. Foxall, G.R. (1997a) ‘The Explanation of Consumer Behaviour: From Social Cognition to Environmental Control’, International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1997 12: 229–288.
81. Foxall, G.R. (1997b) Marketing Psychology: The Paradigm in the Wings. London: Macmillan.
82. Foxall, G.R. (2001) ‘Social Marketing for Environmental Conservation’, in G.R. Foxall (ed.) Consumer Behavior Analysis: Critical Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge.
83. Fredericks, A. and Dossett, D. (1983) ‘Attitude–Behaviour Relations: A Comparison of the Fishbein–Ajzen and Bentler–Speckart Models’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 501–512.
84. Giles, M. and Cairns, E. (1995) ‘Blood Donation and Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour: An Examination of Perceived Behaviour Control’, British Journal of Social Psychology 34: 173–188.
85. Godin, G. and Kok, G. (1996) ‘The Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Review of its Applications to Health-related Behaviours’, American Journal of Health Promotion 11: 87–98.
86. Godin, G., Maticka-Tyndale, E., Adrien, A., Manson-Singer, S., Willms, D. and Cappon, P. (1996) ‘Cross-cultural Testing of Three Social Cognitive Theories: An Application to Condom Use’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26: 1556–1586.
87. Godin, G., Valois, P. and LePage, L. (1993) ‘The Pattern of Influence of Perceived Behavioural Control upon Exercising Behaviour – An Application of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Behavioral Medicine 16: 81–102.
88. Godin, G., Valois, P., LePage, L. and Desharnais, M. (1992) ‘Predictors of Smoking Behaviour: An Application of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour’, British Journal of Addiction 87: 1335–1343.
89. Granberg, D. and Holmberg, S. (1990) ‘The Intention–Behaviour Relationship Between U.S. and Swedish Voters’, Social Psychology Quarterly 53: 44–54.
90. Guagnano, G.A., Stern, P. and Dietz, T. (1995) ‘Influences on Attitude–Behaviour Relationships: A Natural Experiment with Kerbside Recycling’, Environment and Behavior 27: 699–718.
91. Hair, J., Anderson, R. and Tatham, R. (1995) Multivariate Data Analysis, 4th edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
92. Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. and Black, W. (1992) Multivariate Data Analysis. Oxford: Maxwell Macmillan.
93. Hardyck, C. and Petrinovich, L. (1976) Introduction to Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
94. Harrison, D. and Liska, L. (1994) ‘Promoting Regular Exercise in Organizational Fitness Programs: Health Related Differences in Motivational Building Blocks’, Personnel Psychology 47: 47–71.
95. Heberlein, T. (1975) ‘Social Norms and Environmental Quality’, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York.
96. Heberlin, I.A. and Black, J. (1981) ‘Cognitive Consistency and Environmental Actions’, Environment and Behavior 13: 717–734.
97. Hilgard, E. (1980) ‘The Trilogy of Mind: Cognition, Affection and Conation’, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 16: 107–117.
98. Hines, J., Hungerford, H. and Tomera, A. (1986) ‘Analysis and Synthesis of Research on Environmental Behaviour: A Meta-analysis’, Journal of Environmental Education 18: 1–118.
99. Hoelter, J. (1982) ‘The Analysis of Covariance Structures: Goodness-of-Fit Indices’,in J. Hair, R. Anderson, R. Tatham and W. Black (eds) Multivariate Data Analysis,pp. 325–344. Oxford: Maxwell Macmillan.
100. Hopper, J. and McCarl Nielsen, J. (1991) ‘Recycling as Altruistic Behaviour: Normative and Behavioural Strategies to Expand Participation in a Community Recycling Program’, Environment and Behavior 23: 195–220.
101. Hunt, S., Sparkman, R. and Wilcox, J. (1982) ‘The Pretest in Survey Research: Issues and Preliminary Findings’, Journal of Marketing Research 19: 265–275.
102. Johnson, R. and Wichern, D. (1982) Applied Multivariate Statistics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
103. Josephs, R., Larricks, R., Steele, C. and Nisbett, R. (1992) ‘Protecting the Self from the Negative Consequences of Risky Decisions’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62: 26–37.
104. Kaiser, H. (1958) ‘The Varimax Criterion for Analytic Rotation in Factor Analysis’, Psychometrika 23: 187–200.
105. Kashima, Y., Gallois, C. and McCamish, M. (1993) ‘The Theory of Reasoned Action and Cooperative Behaviour: It Takes Two to use a Condom’, British Journal of Social Psychology 32: 227–239.
106. Katz, D. (1960) ‘The Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes’, Public Opinion Quarterly 24: 163–204.
107. Kelly, C. and Breinlinger, S. (1995) ‘Attitudes, Intentions and Behaviour: A Study of Women’s Participation in Collective Action’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25: 1430–1445.
108. Kimiecik, J. (1992) ‘Predicting Vigorous Activity of Corporate Employees: Comparing the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14: 192–206.
109. Klobas, J. (1995) ‘Beyond Information Quality: Fitness for Purpose and Electronic Information Resource Use’, Journal of Information Science 21: 95–114.
110. Knox, S. and De Chernatony, L. (1994) ‘Attitudes, Personal Norms and Intentions’, in M. Jenkins and S. Knox (eds) Advances in Consumer Marketing, pp. 85–98. London: Kogan Page.
111. Kuhl, J. and Beckman, J., eds (1985) Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior. New York: Springer Verlag.
112. Kurland, N. (1996) ‘Sales Agents and Clients: Ethics, Incentives and a Modified Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Human Relations 49: 51–74.
113. Lee, Y., DeYoung, R. and Marans, R. (1995) ‘Factors Influencing Individual Recycling Behaviour in Office Settings: A study of Office Workers in Taiwan’, Environment and Behavior 27: 380–403.
114. Liska, A. (1984) ‘A Critical Examination of the Causal Structure of the Fishbein/Ajzen Attitude–Behaviour Model’, Social Psychology Quarterly 47: 621–66674.
115. Lutz, R.J. (1981) ‘The Role of Attitude Theory in Marketing’, in H.H. Kassarjian and T.S. Robertson (eds) Perspectives in Consumer Behavior, pp. 233–250. Dallas, TX: Scott, Foresman & Co.
116. McCaul, K., Sandgren, A., O’Neill, H. and Hinsz, V. (1993) ‘The Value of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, Perceived Control and Self-efficacy Expectations for Predicting Health-protective Behaviours’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 14: 231–252.
117. McGuire, W. (1985) ‘Attitudes and Attitude Change, in G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. II, pp. 233–346. New York: Random House.
118. McKenzie-Mohr, D. Nemiroff, L.S., Beers, L. and Desmorais, S. (1995) ‘Determinants of Responsible Environmental Behaviour’, Journal of Social Issues 51(4): 139–156.
119. Madden, T., Ellen, P. and Ajzen, I. (1992) ‘A Comparison of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Theory of Reasoned Action’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18: 3–9.
120. Maio, G. and Olson, J. (1994) ‘Value–Attitude–Behaviour Relations: The Moderating Role of Attitude Functions’, British Journal of Social Psychology 33: 301–312.
121. Malhotra, N. (1993) Marketing Research – An Applied Orientation. London: Prentice Hall.
122. Manstead, A. and Parker, D. (1995) ‘Evaluating and Extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, European Review of Social Psychology 6: 69–95.
123. Manstead, A., Parker, D., Reason, J. and Baxter, J. (1992) ‘Intentions to Commit Driving Violations: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 77: 317–326.
124. Manstead, A., Proffitt, C. and Smart, J. (1983) ‘Predicting and Understanding Mothers’ Infant Feeding Intention and Behavior: Testing the Theory of Reasoned Action’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44: 657–671.
125. Marsh, A. and Matheson, J. (1983) Smoking Attitudes and Behavior. London: HMSO.
126. Millar, M. and Tesser, A. (1986) ‘Effects of Affective and Cognitive Focus on the Attitude–Behaviour Relation’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 270–276.
127. Mintel Market Intelligence (1994) Mintel Special Report: ‘The Green Consumer’. London: Mintel.
128. Montgomery, D. and Peck, E. (1992) Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis. New York: Wiley.
129. Morojele, N. and Stephenson, G. (1992) ‘The Minnesota Model in the Treatment of Addiction: A Social Psychological Assessment of Changes in Beliefs and Attributions’, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 2: 25–41.
130. Morrison, D., Gillmore, M. and Baker, S. (1995) ‘Determinants of Condom Use Among High-risk Heterosexual Adults: A Test of the Theory of Reasoned Action’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25: 651–676.
131. Netemeyer, R., Andrews, J. and Durvasala, S. (1993) ‘A Comparison of Three Behavioural Intentions Models: The Case of Valentine’s Day Gift-giving’, Advances in Consumer Research 20: 135–141.
132. Netemeyer, R. and Burton, S. (1990) ‘Examining the Relationship Between Voting Behaviour, Intention, Perceived Behaviour Control, and Expectations’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20: 661–680.
133. Netemeyer, R., Burton, S. and Johnston, M. (1991) ‘A Comparison of Two Models for the Prediction of Volitional and Goal Directed Behaviours: A Confirmatory Analysis Approach’, Social Psychology Quarterly 54: 87–100.
134. Neter, J., Wasserman, W. and Kutner, M. (1989) Applied Linear Regression Models. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
135. Norman, P. and Smith, L. (1995) ‘The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Exercise: An Investigation into the Role of Prior Behaviour, Behavioural Intentions, and Attitude Variability’, European Journal of Social Psychology 25: 403–415.
136. Nucifora, J., Gallois, C. and Kashima, Y. (1993) ‘Influences on Condom Use Among Undergraduates: Testing the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour’, in D. Terry, C. Gallois and M. McCamish (eds) The Theory of Reasoned Action: Its Application to AIDS-Preventive Behavior, pp. 47–64. Oxford: Pergamon.
137. Nunnally, J. (1967) Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
138. Olson, J. and Zanna, M. (1993) ‘Attitudes and Attitude Change’, Annual Review of Psychology 44: 117–154.
139. Oskamp, S., Harrington, M.J., Edwards, T.C., Sherwood, D.L., Okuda, S.M. and Swanson, D.C. (1991) ‘Factors Influencing Household Recycling Behaviour’, Environment and Behavior 23: 494–519.
140. Parker, D., Manstead, S. and Stradling, S. (1995) ‘Extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour: The Role of the Personal Norm’, British Journal of Social Psychology 34: 127–138.
141. Pieters, R. (1989) Attitudes and Behavior in a Source Separation Program: A Garbology Approach. Delft: Euburon.
142. Pieters, R. (1991) ‘Changing Garbage Disposal Patterns of Consumers: Motivation, Ability and Performance’, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 10: 59–76.
143. Pieters, R. and Verhallen, T. (1986) ‘Participation in Source Separation Projects: Design Characteristics and Perceived Costs and Benefits’, Resources and Conservation 12: 95–111.
144. Pieters, R. and Verplanken, B. (1995) ‘Intention–Behaviour Consistency: Effects of Consideration Set Size, Involvement and Need for Cognition’, European Journal of Social Psychology 25: 531–543.
145. Pomazal, R. and Jaccard, J. (1976) ‘An Informational Approach to Altruistic Behaviour’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33: 317–326.
146. Prothero, A. (1990) ‘Green Consumerism and the Societal Marketing Concept: Marketing Strategies in the 1990s’, Journal of Marketing Management 6: 87–103.
147. Raats, M. (1992) ‘The Role of Beliefs and Sensory Responses to Milk in Determining the Selection of Milks of Different Fat Content’, unpublished paper.
148. Raats, M., Shepherd, R. and Sparks, P. (1995) ‘Including Moral Dimensions of Choice within the Structure of the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 33: 387–403.
149. Ramsey, S., Lord, C., Wallace, D. and Pugh, M. (1994) ‘The Role of Subtypes in Attitudes towards Superordinate Social Categories’, British Journal of Social Psychology 33: 387–403.
150. Randall, D. and Gibson, A. (1991) ‘Ethical Decision Making in the Medical Profession – An Application to the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Journal of Business Ethics 10: 111–122.
151. Richard, L., Dedobbeleer, N., Champagne, F. and Potvin, L. (1994) ‘Predicting Child Restraint Device Use: A Comparison of Two Models’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24: 1837–1847.
152. Richard, R., Van der Pligt, J. and de Vries, N. (1996a) ‘Anticipated Affect and Behavioural Choice’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 18: 111–129.
153. Richard, R., Van der Pligt, J. and de Vries, N. (1996b) ‘Anticipated Affective Reactions and Prevention of AIDS’, British Journal of Social Psychology 34: 9–21.
154. Richardson, N., Shepherd, R. and Elliman, N. (1993) ‘Current Attitudes and Future Influences on Meat Consumption in the UK’, Appetite 21: 41–51.
155. Rutter, D., Quine, L. and Chesham, D. (1995) ‘Predicting Safer Riding Behaviour and Accidents: Demography, Beliefs and Behaviour in Motorcycling Safety’, Psychology and Health 10: 369–386.
156. Sahni, A. (1994) ‘Incorporating Perceptions of Financial Control in Purchase Prediction: An Empirical Examination of the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, Advances in Consumer Research 21: 442–448.
157. Samdahl, D.M. and Robertson, R. (1989) ‘Social Determinants of Environmental Concern: Specification and Test of the Model’, Environment and Behavior 21: 57–81.
158. Schwartz, S. (1968a) ‘Awareness of Consequences and the Influence of Moral Norms on Interpersonal Behaviour’, Sociometry 31: 355–369.
159. Schwartz, S. (1968b) ‘Words, Deeds and the Perception of Consequences and Responsibility in Action Situations’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10: 232–242.
160. Schwartz, S. (1970) ‘Elicitation of Moral Obligation and Self-sacrificing Behaviour: An Experimental Study of Volunteering to be a Bone Marrow Donor’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15: 283–293.
161. Schwartz, S. (1977) ‘Normative Influences on Altruism’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 10: 221–279.
162. Schwartz, S. and Howard, J. (1980) ‘Explanations of the Moderating Effect of Responsibility Denial on the Personal Norm–Behaviour Relationship’, Social Psychology Quarterly 43: 441–446.
163. Schwartz, S. and Tessler, R. (1972) ‘A Test of a Model of Reducing Measured Attitude–Behaviour Inconsistencies’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 24: 225–236.
164. Schwepker, C. and Cornwell, T. (1991) ‘An Examination of Ecologically Concerned Consumers and their Intention to Purchase Ecologically Packaged Products’, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 10: 77–101.
165. Sellitz, C., Wrightsman, L. and Cook, S. (1976) Research Methods in Social Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
166. Shepherd, R. and Towler, G. (1992) ‘Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes and Fat Intake: Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action’, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 5: 387–397.
167. Sheppard, B., Hartwick, J. and Warshaw, P. (1988) ‘The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modification and Future Research’, Journal of Consumer Research 15: 325–343.
168. Shrum, L., Lowrey, T. and McCarty, J. (1995) ‘Applying Social and Traditional Marketing Principles to the Reduction of Household Waste’, American Behavioral Scientist 38: 646–657.
169. Smith, M., Bruner, J. and White, R. (1956) Opinions and Personality. New York: Wiley.
170. Sparks, P. (1994) ‘Attitudes Towards Food: Applying, Assessing and Extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour’, in D. Rutter and L. Quine (eds) Social Psychology and Health: European Perspectives, pp. 25–46. Aldershot: Avebury.
171. Sparks, P. and Shepherd, R. (1992) ‘Self-identity and the Theory of Planned Behaviour: Assessing the Role of Identification with “Green Consumerism”’, Social Psychology Quarterly 55: 388–399.
172. Sparks, P., Hedderley, D. and Shepherd, R. (1992) ‘An Investigation into the Relationship between Perceived Control, Attitude Variability and the Consumption of Two Common Foods’, European Journal of Social Psychology 22: 55–71.
173. Sparks, P., Shepherd, R. and Frewer, L. (1995) ‘Assessing and Structuring Attitudes toward the Use of Gene Technology in Food Production: The Role of Perceived Ethical Obligation’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 16: 267–285.
174. Stern, P., Dietz, T. and Black, J. (1986) ‘Support for Environmental Protection: The Role of Moral Norms’, Population and Environment 8: 204–222.
175. Taylor, S. and Todd, P. (1995) ‘An Integrated Model of Waste Management Behaviour: A Test of Household Recycling and Composting Intentions’, Environment and Behavior 27: 199–220.
176. Terry, D. and O’Leary, J. (1995) ‘The Theory of Planned Behaviour: The Effects of Perceived Behaviour Control and Self-efficacy’, British Journal of Social Psychology 34: 199–220.
177. Thogersen, J. (1994) ‘A Model of Recycling Behaviour: With Evidence from Danish Source Separation Programs’, International Journal of Research in Marketing 11: 145–163.
178. Thogersen, J. (1996) ‘Recycling and Morality: A Critical Review of the Literature’, Environment and Behavior 28: 536–558.
179. Towler, G. and Shepherd, R. (1991) ‘Modification of Fishbein and Ajzen’s Theory of Reasoned Action to Predict Chip Consumption’, Food Quality and Preference 3: 37–45.
180. Triandis, H. (1980) ‘Values, Attitudes and Interpersonal Behaviour’, in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, pp. 195–259. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
181. Tucker, P., Murney, G. and Lamont, J. (1997) ‘Participation in Recycling: A Comparative Study of Four Kerbside Collection Schemes’, Journal of Waste Management and Resource Recovery 4: 11–20.
182. Van Liere, K. and Dunlap, R. (1978) ‘Moral Norms and Environmental Behaviour: An Application of Schwartz’s Norm–Activation Model to Yard Burning’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 8: 174–188.
183. Van Liere, K. and Dunlap, R. (1980) ‘The Social Basis of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses Explanations and Empirical Evidence’, Public Opinion Quarterly 44: 181–197.
184. van Raaij, W. and Verhallen, T. (1983) ‘Patterns of Residential Energy Use’, Journal of Economic Psychology 4: 85–106.
185. Vermette, L. and Godin, G. (1996) ‘Nurses’ Intentions to Provide Home Care: The Impact of AIDS and Homosexuality’, AIDS Care 8: 479–488.
186. Vining, J. and Ebreo, A. (1990) ‘What Makes a Recycler? A Comparison of Recyclers and Non-recyclers’, Environment and Behavior 22: 55–73.
187. Vining, J. and Ebreo, A. (1992) ‘Predicting Recycling Behavior from Global and Specific Environmental Attitudes and Changes in Recycling Opportunities’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22: 1580–1607.
188. Warshaw, P. and Davis, F. (1985) ‘Disentangling Behavioral Intention and Behavioral Expectation’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 21: 213–228.
189. White, K., Terry, D. and Hogg, M. (1994) ‘Safer Sex Behaviour: The Role of Attitudes, Norms and Control Factors’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24: 2164–2192.
190. Wicker, A. (1969) ‘Attitude versus Actions: The Relationship of Verbal and Overt Behaviour Responses to Attitude Objects’, Social Issues 25: 41–78.
191. Wilson, T. and Dunn, D. (1986) ‘Effects of Introspection on Attitude–Behaviour Consistency: Analyzing Reasons versus Focusing on Feelings’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22: 249–263.
192. Wimmer, F. (1993) ‘Empirical Insights in the Environmental Consciousness and Environmental Behaviour of Consumers’, in G. Wagner (ed.) Business Management and Environmental Protection, pp. 44–78. Stuttgart: Poeschl Verlag.
193. Zuckerman, M. and Reiss, H. (1978) ‘Comparison of Three Models for Predicting Altruistic Behaviour’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 498–510.