Carbon nanofibers

Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 233-262

  Kim, Yoong A ^a   Hayashi, Takuya ^a   Endo, Morinobu ^a   Dresselhaus, Mildred S ^b  

^a SHINSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON FIBERS; CARBON NANOFIBERS; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; FIBER REINFORCED MATERIALS; FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS; HYBRID MATERIALS; ORGANIC POLYMERS; SCAFFOLDS (BIOLOGY); YARN;

BONE TISSUE SCAFFOLDS; CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITIONS (CVD); ELECTRODE MATERIAL; HYBRID TYPE; KEY MATERIALS; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; SPECIFIC AREAS;

CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS;

EID: 84992309144     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20595-8_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. J.B. Donnet, R.C. Bansal: Carbon Fibers (Marcel Dekker, New York 1984)
2. L.H. Peebles: Carbon Fibers (CRC, Boca Raton 1994)
3. D.D.L. Chung: Carbon Fiber Composites (Butterworth Heinemann, Boston 1994)
4. M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, K. Sugihara, I.L. Spain, H.A. Goldberg: Graphite Fiber and Filaments (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1988)
5. A. Oberlin, M. Endo, T. Koyama: Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition, J. Cryst. Growth 32, 335-349 (1976)
6. R.T.K. Baker: Catalytic growth of carbon filaments, Carbon 27, 315-323 (1989)
7. G.G. Tibbetts: Why are carbon filaments tubular?, J. Cryst. Growth 66, 632-637 (1984)
8. M. Endo: Grow carbon fibers in the vapor phase, Chem. Technol. 18, 568-576 (1988)
9. N.M. Rodriguez: A review of catalytically grown carbon nanofibers, J. Mater. Res. 8, 3233-3250 (1993)
10. G.G. Tibbetts: Vapor-grown carbon fibers: Status and prospects, Carbon 27, 745-747 (1989)
11. S. lijima: Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354, 56-58 (1991)
12. M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, P. Eklund: Science ofFullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (Academic, New York 1996)
13. R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, D.S. Dresselhaus: Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (Imperial College Press, London 1998)
14. T.W. Ebbesen: Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Properties (CRC, London 1997)
15. N.M. Rodriguez, A. Chambers, R.T.K. Baker: Catalytic engineering of carbon nanostructures, Langmuir 11, 3862-3866 (1995)
16. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, T. Fukai, T. Hayashi, K. Oshida, M. Terrones, T. Yanagisawa, S. Higaki, M.S. Dres-selhaus: Structural characterization of cup-stacked type nanofibers with an entire hollow core, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1267-1269 (2002)
17. S.H. Yoon, S. Lim, Y. Song, Y. Ota, W.M. Qiao, A. Tanaka, I. Mochida: KOH activation of carbon nanofibers, Carbon 42,1723-1729 (2004)
18. S.H. Yoon, C.W. Park, H.J. Yang, Y. Korai, I. Mochida, R.T.K. Baker, N.M. Rodriguez: Novel carbon nanofibers of high graphitization as anodic materials for lithium ion secondary batteries, Carbon 42, 21-32 (2004)
19. Q.F. Liu, W.C. Ren, Z.G. Cheng: Semiconducting properties of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes, Carbon 47, 731-736 (2009)
20. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, M. Ezaka, K. Osada, T. Yanag-isawa, T. Hayashi, M. Terrones, M.S. Dresselhaus: Selective and efficient impregnation of metal nanoparticles on cup-stacked-type nanofibers, Nano Lett. 3, 723-726 (2003)
21. Y.K. Choi, Y. Gotoh, K.I. Sugimoto, S.M. Song, T. Yanagisawa, M. Endo: Processing and characterization of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced by cup-stacked carbon nanotubes, Polymer 46, 11489-11498 (2005)
22. T. Yokozeki, Y. Iwahori, S. Ishiwata: Matrix cracking behaviors in carbon fiber/epoxy laminates filled with cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs), Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38, 917-924 (2007)
23. T. Yokozeki, Y. Iwahori, S. Ishiwata, K. Enomoto: Mechanical properties of CFRP laminates manufactured from unidirectional prepregs using CSCNT-dispersed epoxy, Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38, 2121-2130 (2007)
24. T. Yokozeki, Y. Iwahori, M. Ishibashi, T. Yanagisawa, K. Imai, M. Arai, T. Takayashi, K. Enomoto: Fracture toughness improvement of CFRP laminates by dispersion of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes, Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 2268-2273 (2009)
25. K. Saito, M. Ohtani, F. Fukuzumi: Electron-transfer reduction of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes affording cup-shaped carbons with controlled diameter and size, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 14216-14217 (2006)
26. T. Hasobe, H. Murata, P.V. Kamat: Photoelectrochemistry of stacked-cup carbon nanotube film: Tube-length dependence and charge transfer with excited porphyrin, J. Phys. Chem. C111,16626-16634 (2007)
27. S. Ramakrishna, K. Fujihara, W.-E. Teo, T.-C. Lim, Z. Ma: An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers (World Scientific, Singapore 2005)
28. D.H. Renecker, A.L. Yarine, H. Fong, S. Koomb-hongse: Bending instability of electrically charged liquid jets of polymer solutions in electrospinning, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4531 (2000)
29. Y.M. Shin, M.M. Hohman, G.C. Martin: Processing and microstructural characterization of porous biocompatible protein polymer thin films, Polymer 40, 7397-7407 (1999)
30. I.D. Norris, M.M. Shaker, F.K. Ko, A.G. MacDi-armid: Electrostatic fabrication of ultrafine conducting fibers: polyaniline/polyethylene oxide blends, Synth. Met. 114, 109-114 (2000)
31. F. Ko, Y. Gogotsi, A. Ali, N. Naguib, H. Ye, G. Yang, C. Li, P. Willis: Electrospinning of continuous carbon nanotube-filled nanofiber yarns, Adv. Mater. 15, 1161-1165 (2003)
32. C. Vozzi, C.J. Flaim, F. Bianchi, A. Ahluwalia, S. Bha-tia: Microfabricated PLGA scaffolds: a comparative study for application to tissue engineering, Mater. Sci. Eng. 20, 43-47 (2002)
33. C. Kim, K.S. Yang: Electrochemical properties of carbon nanofiber web as an electrode for supercapacitor prepared by electrospinning, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1216-1218 (2003)
34. R. Dersch, M. Steinhart, U. Boudriot, A. Greiner, J.H. Wendorff: Nanoprocessing of polymers: applications in medicine, sensors, catalysis, photonics, Polym. Adv. Technol. 16, 276-282 (2005)
35. K. Aoki, Y. Usui, N. Narita, N. Ogiwara, N. lashigaki, K. Nakamura, H. Kato, K. Sano, N. Ogiwara, K. Kametani, C. Kim, S. Taruta, Y.A. Kim, M. Endo, N. Saito: A thin carbon fiber web as a scaffold for bone tissue regeneration, Small 5, 1540-1546 (2009)
36. C. Kim, K.S. Yang, M. Kojima, K. Yoshida, Y.J. Kim, Y.A. Kim, M. Endo: Fabrication of electrospun-derived carbon nanofiber web for the anode material of lithium-ion secondary batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater. 16, 2393-2397 (2006)
37. R. Bacon: Production of graphite whiskers, J. Appl. Phys. 31, 283-290 (1960)
38. M. Endo, R. Saito, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus: From carbon fibers to carbon nanotubes. In: Carbon Nanotubes, ed. byT.W. Ebbesen (CRC, NewYork 1997) pp. 35-105
39. A. Oberlin: High-resolution TEM studies of carbonization and graphitization, Chem. Phys. Carbon 22, 1-135 (1989)
40. L.H. Peebles, Y.G. Yanovsky, A.G. Sirota, V.V. Bogdanov, P.M. Levit: Mechanical properties of carbon fibers. In: Carbon Fibers, ed. byJ.B. Donnet (Marcel Dekker, New York 1998) pp. 311-370
41. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, K. Nishimura, T. Matushita, K. Miyashita, M.S. Dresselhaus: Vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCFs): basic properties and battery application, Carbon 39,1287-1297 (2001)
42. M. Endo, K. Takeuchi, K. Kobori, K. Takahashi, H.W. Kroto, A. Sarkar: Pyrolytic carbon nanotubes from vapor-grown carbon fibers, Carbon 33, 873-881 (1995)
43. H.J. Dai, A.G. Rinzler, P. Nikolaev, A. Thess, D.T. Colbert, R.E. Smalley: Single-wall nanotubes produced by metal-catalyzed disproportionation of carbon monoxide, Chem. Phys. Lett. 260, 471-475 (1996)
44. C.N.R. Rao, R. Sen, B.C. Satisshkumar, A. Govindaraj: Large aligned-nanotube bundles from ferrocene pyrolysis, Chem. Commun. 15, 1525-1526 (1998)
45. R. Andrews, D. Jacques, A.M. Rao, F. Derbyshire, D. Qian, X. Fan, E.C. Dickey, J. Chen: Continuous production of aligned carbon nanotubes: a step closer to commercial realization, Chem. Phys. Lett. 303, 467-474 (1999)
46. R. Kamalakaran, M. Terrones, T. Seeger, P. Kohler-Redlich, M. Ruhle, Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, M. Endo: Synthesis of thick and crystalline nanotube arrays by spray pyrolysis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 3385-3387 (2000)
47. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, Y. Fukai, T. Hayashi, M. Terrones, H. Terrones, M.S. Dresselhaus: Comparison study of semi-crystalline and highly crystalline multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1531-1533 (2001)
48. H. Terrones, T. Hayashi, M. Munoz-Navia, M. Terrones, Y.A. Kim, N. Grobert, R. Kamalakaran, J. Dorantes-Davila, R. Escudero, M.S. Dresselhaus, M. Endo: Graphitic cones in palladium catalysed carbon nanofibers, Chem. Phys. Lett. 343, 241-250 (2001)
49. J.F. Despres, E. Daguerre, K. Lafdi: Flexibility of graphene layers in carbon nanotubes, Carbon 33, 87-89 (1995)
50. M. Kosaka, T.W. Ebbesen, H. Hiura, K. Tanigaki: Annealing effect on carbon nanotubes. An ESR study, Chem. Phys. Lett. 233, 47-51 (1995)
51. M. Endo, K. Nishimura, Y.A. Kim, K. Hakamada, T. Matushita, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus: Raman spectroscopic characterization of submicron vapor-grown carbon fibers and carbon nanofibers obtained by pyrolyzing hydrocarbons, J. Mater. Res. 14, 4474-4477 (1999)
52. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, T. Yanagisawa, H. Muramatsu, M. Ezaka, H. Terrones, M. Terrones, M.S. Dresselhaus: Microstructural changes induced in stacked cup carbon nanofibers by heat treatment, Carbon 41, 1941-1947 (2003)
53. J. Campos-Delgado, H. Farhat, Y.A. Kim, A. Reina, J. Kong, M. Endo, H. Muramatsu, T. Hayashi, H. Terrones, M. Terrones, M.S. Dresselhaus: Resonant Raman study on bulk and isolated graphitic nanoribbons, Small 5, 2698-2702 (2009)
54. G. Katagiri, H. Ishida, A. Ishitani: Raman spectra of graphite edge planes, Carbon 26, 565-571 (1988)
55. M. Endo, T. Hayashi, S.H. Hong, T. Enoki, M.S. Dresselhaus: Scanning tunneling microscope study of boron-doped highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5670-5674 (2001)
56. P.G. Collins, M. Hersam, M. Arnold, R. Martel, P. Avouris: Current saturation and electrical breakdown in multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3128-3131 (2001)
57. A.P. Graham, G.S. Duesberg, R.V. Seidel, M. Liebau, E. Unger, W. Pamler, F. Kreupl, W. Hoenlein: Carbon nanotubes for microelectronics?, Small 1, 382-390 (2005)
58. B.Q. Wei, R. Vajtai, P.M. Ajayan: Reliability and current carrying capacity of carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1172-1174 (2001)
59. B.T. Kelly: Physics of Graphite (Springer, New York 1981)
60. N. Kurita, M. Endo: Molecular orbital calculations on electronic and Li-adsorption properties of sulfur-, phosphorus-and silicon-substituted disordered carbons, Carbon 40, 253-260 (2002)
61. H. Jiang, C. Wu, A. Zhang, P. Yang: Structural characteristics of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers during oxidative stabilization, Compos. Sci. Technol. 29, 33-44 (1987)
62. H. Ogawa, K. Saito: Oxidation behavior of polyacrylonitrile fibers evaluated by new stabilization index, Carbon 33, 783-788 (1995)
63. P.L. Walker: Chemistry and Physics of Carbon (Marcel Dekker, New York 1971)
64. R.J. Nemanichi, S.A. Solin: First-and second-order Raman scattering from finite-size crystals of graphite, Phys. Rev. B 20, 392-401 (1970)
65. K. Kaneko, J. Imai: Adsorption of NO2 on activated carbon fibers, Carbon 27, 954-955 (1989)
66. S.H. Joo, S.J. Choi, I.W. Oh, J.Y. Kwak, Z. Liu, O. Terasaki, R. Ryoo: Ordered nanoporous arrays of carbon supporting high dispersions of platinum nanoparticles, Nature 412,169-172 (2001)
67. L. Schlapbach, A. Zuttel: Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications, Nature 414, 353-358 (2001)
68. M. Terrones: Science and technology of the twenty-first century: synthesis, propertypes, and applications of carbon nanotubes, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 33, 419-501 (2003)
69. E. Bekyarova, V. Murata, M. Yudasaka, D. Kasuya, S. Iijima, H. Tanaka, K. Kaneko: Single-wall nanostructured carbon for methane storage, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 4681-4684 (2003)
70. H. Take, T. Matsumoto, K. Yoshino: Anodic properties of porous carbon with periodic nanostructure, Synth. Met. 135-136, 731-732 (2003)
71. R.C. Bansal, J.B. Donnet, H.F. Stoeckli: Active Carbon (Marcel Dekker, New York 1988)
72. Z. Yang, Y. Xia, R. Mokaya: Zeolite ZSM-5 with unique supermicropores synthesized using mesoporous carbon as a template, Adv. Mater. 16, 727-732 (2004)
73. J.W. Lee, S.J. Han, T.H. Hyeon: Synthesis of new nanoporous carbon materials using nanostructured silica materials as templates, J. Mater. Chem. 14, 478-486 (2004)
74. A.B. Fuertes: A low-cost synthetic route to meso-porous carbons with narrow pore size distributions and tunable porosity through silica xerogel templates, Chem. Mater. 16, 449-455 (2004)
75. J. Ozaki, N. Endo, W. Ohizumi, K. Igarashi, M. Naka-hara, A. Oya: Novel preparation method for the production of mesoporous carbon fiber from a polymer blend, Carbon 35, 1031-1033 (1997)
76. A. Oya, N. Kasahara: Preparation of thin carbon fibers from phenol-formaldehyde polymer microbeads dispersed in polyethylene matrix, Carbon 38, 1141-1144 (2000)
77. D. Hulicova, F. Sato, K. Okabe, M. Koishi, A. Oya: An attempt to prepare carbon nanotubes by the spinning of microcapsules, Carbon 39,1438-1442 (2001)
78. Z.-M. Huang, Y.-Z. Zhang, M. Kotaki, S. Ramakrishn: A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 2223-2253 (2003)
79. Y. Wang, S. Serrano, J.J. Santiago-Aviles: Conductivity measurement of electrospun PAN-based carbon nanofiber, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21, 1055-1057 (2002)
80. Y. Wang, J.J. Santiago-Aviles, R. Furlan, I. Ramos: Pyrolysis temperature and time dependence of electrical conductivity evolution for electrostatically generated carbon nanofibers, IEEE Trans. Nanotech-nol. 2, 39-43 (2003)
81. Y. Wang, S. Serrano, J.J. Santiago-Aviles: Raman characterization of carbon nanofibers prepared using electrospinning, Synth. Met. 138, 423-427 (2003)
82. S.Y. Gu, J. Ren, Q.L. Wu: Preparation and structures of electrospun PAN nanofibers as a precursor of carbon nanofibers, Synth. Met. 155,157-161 (2005)
83. S.Y. Gu, J. Ren, G.J. Vancso: Process optimization and empirical modeling for electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber precursor ofcarbon nanofibers, Eur. Polym. J. 41, 2559-2568 (2005)
84. D. Lai, Y. Xia: Electrospinning of nanofibers: reinventing the wheel, Adv. Mater. 16,1151-1170 (2004)
85. D. Hulicova, K. Hosoi, S. Kuroda, H. Abe, A. Oya: Carbon nanotubes prepared by spinning and carbonizing fine core-shell polymer microspheres, Adv. Mater. 14, 452-455 (2002)
86. E. Zussman, A.L. Yarin, A.V. Brazilevsky, R. Avrahami, M. Feldman: Electrospun PAN/PMMA-derived carbon nanotubes, Adv. Mater. 18, 348-353 (2006)
87. J. Brandrup, E.H. Immergut, E.A. Grulke, D. Bloch: Polymer Handbook (Wiley, New York 2005)
88. M. Winter, J.O. Besenhard, M.E. Spahar, P. Novak: Electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, Adv. Mater. 10, 725-763 (1998)
89. T.D. Burchell: Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1999)
90. M. Endo, C. Kim, K. Nishimura, T. Fujino, K. Miyashita: Recent development of carbon materials for Li ion batteries, Carbon 38,183-197 (2000)
91. E. Frackowiak, F. Beguin: Electrochemical storage of energy in carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbons, Carbon 40, 1775-1787 (2002)
92. E. Yasuda, M. Inagaki, K. Kaneko, M. Endo, A. Oya, Y. Tanabe: Carbon Alloy (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2003)
93. V.A. Nalimova, D.E. Sklovsky, G.N. Bondarenko, H. Alvergnat-Gaucher, S. Bonnamy, F. Beguin: Lithium interaction with carbon nanotubes, Synth. Met. 88, 89-93 (1997)
94. B. Gao, A. Kleinhammes, X.P. Tang, C. Bower, L. Fleming, Y. Wu, O. Zhou: Electrochemical intercalation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with lithium, Chem. Phys. Lett. 307, 153-157 (1999)
95. F. Leroux, K. Metenier, S. Gautier, E. Frackowiak, S. Bonnamy, F. Beguin: Electrochemical insertion of lithium in catalytic multi-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Power Source 81-82, 317-322 (1999)
96. A.S. Claye, J.E. Fischer, C.B. Huffman, A.G. Rinzler, R.E. Smalley: Solid-state electrochemistry of the Li single wall carbon nanotube system, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 2845-2852 (2000)
97. R.S. Morris, B.G. Dixon, T. Gennett, R. Raffaelle, M.J. Heben: High-energy, rechargeable Li-ion battery based on carbon nanotube technology, J. Power Source 138, 277-280 (2004)
98. G.L. Che, B.B. Lakshmi, E.R. Fisher, C.R. Martin: Carbon nanotubule membranes for electrochemical energy storage and production, Nature 393, 346-349 (1998)
99. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, K. Nishimura, T. Matushita, K. Miyashita, M.S. Dresselhaus: Vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCFs): Basic properties and their battery applications, Carbon 39, 1287-1297 (2001)
100. C. Sotowa, G. Origi, M. Takeuchi, Y. Nishimura, K. Takeuchi, I.Y. Jang, Y.J. Kim, T. Hayashi, Y.A. Kim, M. Endo, M.S. Dresselhaus: The reinforcing effect of combined carbon nanotubes and acetylene blacks on the cathode electrode of lithium ion batteries, ChemSusChem 1, 911-915 (2008)
101. F. Fong, K. Sacken, J.R. Dahn: Studies of lithium intercalation into carbons using nonaqueous electrochemical cells, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137, 2009-2013 (1990)
102. S.H. Yoon, C.W. Park, H.J. Yang, Y. Korai, I. Mochida, R.T.K. Baker, N.M. Rodriguez: Novel carbon nanofibers of high graphitization as anodic materials for lithium ion secondary batteries, Carbon 42, 21-32 (2004)
103. T. Doi, A. Fukuda, Y. Iriyama, T. Abe, Z. Ogumi, K. Nakagawa, T. Ando: Low-temperature synthesis of graphitized nanofibers for reversible lithium-ion insertion/extraction, Electrochem. Commun. 7,10-13 (2005)
104. J.K. Lee, K.W. An, J.B. Ju, B.W. Cho, W.I. Cho, D. Park, K.S. Yun: Electrochemical properties of PAN-based carbon fibers as anodes for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, Carbon 39,1299-1305 (2001)
105. B.E. Conway: Electrochemical Supercapacitors-Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications (Kluwer, New York 1999)
106. A.G. Pandolfo, A.F. Hollenkamp: Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors, J. Power Source 157, 11-27 (2006)
107. A. Yoshida, I. Tanahashi, A. Nishino: Effect of concentration of surface acidic functional groups on electric double-layer properties of activated carbon fibers, Carbon 28, 611-615 (1990)
108. A. Nishino: Capacitors: operating principles, current market and technical trends, J. Power Source 60, 137-147 (1990)
109. J.P. Zheng: Ruthenium oxide-carbon composite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors, Elec-trochem. Solid-State Lett. 2, 359-361 (1999)
110. E. Frackowiak, F. Béguin: Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors, Carbon 39, 937-950 (2001)
111. M. Endo, T. Maeda, T. Takeda, Y.J. Kim, K. Koshiba, H. Hara, M.S. Dresselhaus: Capacitance and pore-size distribution in aqueous and nonaque-ous electrolytes using various activated carbon electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 148, 4910-4914 (2001)
112. C. Niu, E.K. Sichel, R. Hoch, D. Moy, H. Tennent: High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70,1480-1482 (1997)
113. C.Y. Liu, A.J. Bard, F. Wudl, I. Weitz, J.R. Heath: Electrochemical characterization of films of singlewalled carbon nanotubes and their possible application in supercapacitors, Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2, 577-578 (1999)
114. E. Frackowiak, K. Metenier, V. Bertagna, F. Béguin: Supercapacitor electrodes from multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2421-2423 (2000)
115. K.H. An, W.S. Kim, Y.S. Park, Y.C. Choi, S.M. Lee, D.C. Chung, D.J. Bae, S.C. Lim, Y.H. Lee: Supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes, Adv. Mater. 13, 497-500 (2001)
116. E. Frackowiak, F. Béguin: Electrochemical storage of energy in carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbons, Carbon 40,1775-1787 (2002)
117. 2 activation of polymer-coated fibers, Carbon 40, 1181-1191 (2002)
118. N. Yalcin, V. Sevinc: Studies of the surface area and porosity of activated carbons prepared from rice husks, Carbon 38, 1943-1945 (2000)
119. A. Huidobro, A.C. Pastor, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso: Preparation of activated carbon cloth from viscous rayon: Part IV. Chemical activation, Carbon 39, 389-398 (2001)
120. J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre: Application of carbon nanotubes as supports in heterogeneous catalysis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 7935-7936 (1994)
121. W. Li, C. Liang, J. Qiu, W. Zhou, H. Han, Z. Wei, G. Sun, Q. Xin: Carbon nanotubes as support for cathode catalyst of a direct methanol fuel cell, Carbon 40, 791-794 (2002)
122. H.C. Choi, M. Shim, S. Bangsaruntip, H. Dai: Spontaneous reduction of metal ions on the sidewalls of carbon nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 9058-9059 (2002)
123. L.R. Radovic, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso: Carbon materials in catalysis, Chem. Phys. Carbon 25, 243-358 (1997)
124. M.C. Roman-Martinez, D. Cazoria-Amoros, A. Linares-Solano, C. Salinas-Martinez De Lecea, H. Ya-mashita, M. Anpo: Metal-support interaction in Pt/C catalysts. Influence of the support surface chemistry and the metal precursor, Carbon 33, 3-13 (1995)
125. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, M. Ezaka, K. Osada, T. Yanag-isawa, T. Hayashi, M. Terrones, M.S. Dresselhaus: Selective and efficient impregnation of metal nanoparticles on cup-stacked-type nanofibers, Nano Lett. 3, 723-726 (2003)
126. C. Kim, Y.A. Kim, J.H. Kim, M. Kataoka, M. Endo: Self-assembled palladium nanoparticles on carbon nanofibers, Nanotechnology 19, 145-602 (2008)
127. K.A. Faraj, T.H. van Kuppevelt, W.F. Daamen: Construction of collagen scaffolds that mimic the three-dimensional architecture of specific tissues, Tissue Eng. 13, 2387-2394 (2007)
128. M.T. Valarmathi, M.J. Yost, R.L. Goodwin, J.D. Potts: The influence of proepicardial cells on the osteogenic potential of marrow stromal cells in a three-dimensional tubular scaffold, Biomaterials 29, 2203-2216 (2008)
129. J. Glowacki, S. Mizuno: Collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering, Biopolymers 89, 338-344 (2008)
130. A. Atala, S.B. Bauer, S. Soker, J.J. Yoo, A.B. Retik: Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty, Lancet 367, 1241-1246 (2006)
131. J.C. Chachques, J.C. Trainini, N. Lago, O.H. Masoli, J.L. Barisani, M. Cortes-Morichetti, O. Schussler, A. Carpentier: Myocardial assistance by grafting a new bioartificial upgraded myocardium (MAGNUM clinical trial): one year follow-up, Cell Transplant. 16, 927-934 (2007)
132. F. DeLustro, J. Dasch, J. Keefe, L. Ellingsworth: Immune responses to allogeneic and xenogeneic implants of collagen and collagen derivatives, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 260, 263-279 (1990)
133. D. Butler: Last chance to stop and think on risks of xenotransplants, Nature 391, 320-324 (1998)
134. F.H. Bach, J.A. Fishman, N. Daniels, J. Proimos, B. Anderson, C.B. Carpenter, L. Forrow, S.C. Robson, H.V. Fineberg: Uncertainty in xenotransplantation: individual benefit versus collective risk, Nat. Med. 4, 141-144 (1998)
135. J.R. Parsons, A.B. Weiss, R.S. Schenk, H. Alexander, F. Pavlisko: Long-term follow-up of achilles tendon repair with an absorbable polymer carbon fiber composite, Foot Ankle. 9, 179-184 (1989)
136. T. Visuri, O. Kiviluoto, M. Eskelin: Carbon fiber for repair of the rotator cuff. A 4-year follow-up of 14 cases, Acta Orthop. Scand. 62, 356-359 (1991)