Recent progress and performance evaluation for polyaniline/graphene nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrodes

Nanotechnology

Volumn 27, Issue 44, 2016, Pages

  Moussa, Mahmoud ^a,b   El Kady, Maher F ^c,d   Zhao, Zhiheng ^a   Majewski, Peter ^a   Ma, Jun ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b Beni Suef University   (Egypt)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

composites; grapheme; gravimetric and volumetric capacitances; polyaniline; supercapacitors

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITE MATERIALS; ELECTRODES; ELECTROLYTES; NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYANILINE;

DEVICE FABRICATIONS; ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE; ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE; GRAPHEME; NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITES; PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS; SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRODES; VOLUMETRIC CAPACITANCE;

SUPERCAPACITOR;

EID: 84991377739     PISSN: 09574484     EISSN: 13616528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/44/442001     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Alvi F, Ram M K, Basnayaka P A, Stefanakos E, Goswami Y and Kumar A 2011 Graphene-polyethylenedioxythiophene conducting polymer nanocomposite based supercapacitor Electrochim. Acta 56 9406-12
2. Armand M and Tarascon J M 2008 Building better batteries Nature 451 652-7
3. Cao X, Yin Z and Zhang H 2014 Three-dimensional graphene materials: preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors Energy Environ. Sci. 7 1850-65
4. Chen C, Yang Q-H, Yang Y, Lv W, Wen Y, Hou P-X, Wang M and Cheng H-M 2009 Self-assembled free-standing graphite oxide membrane Adv. Mater. 21 3007-11
5. Chen L-F, Huang Z-H, Liang H-W, Yao W-T, Yu Z-Y and Yu S-H 2013 Flexible all-solid-state high-power supercapacitor fabricated with nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber electrode material derived from bacterial cellulose Energy Environ. Sci. 6 3331-8
6. Chen S, Zhu J, Wu X, Han Q and Wang X 2010 Graphene oxide-MnO2 nanocomposites for supercapacitors ACS Nano 4 2822-30
7. Chen T and Dai L 2014 Flexible supercapacitors based on carbon nanomaterials J. Mater. Chem. A 2 10756-75
8. Chen W, Rakhi R B and Alshareef H N 2013 Capacitance enhancement of polyaniline coated curved-graphene supercapacitors in a redox-active electrolyte Nanoscale 5 4134-8
9. Chen W, Xia C and Alshareef H N 2015 Graphene based integrated tandem supercapacitors fabricated directly on separators Nano Energy 15 1-8
10. Chen Z, Augustyn V, Wen J, Zhang Y, Shen M, Dunn B and Lu Y 2011 High-performance supercapacitors based on intertwined CNT/V2O5 nanowire nanocomposites Adv. Mater. 23 791-5
11. Chen Z, Ren W, Gao L, Liu B, Pei S and Cheng H-M 2011 Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition Nat. Mater. 10 424-8
12. Chi K, Zhang Z, Xi J, Huang Y, Xiao F, Wang S and Liu Y 2014 Freestanding graphene paper supported three-dimensional porous graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite synthesized by inkjet printing and in flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 16312-9
13. Cong H-P, Ren X-C, Wang P and Yu S-H 2013 Flexible graphene-polyaniline composite paper for high-performance supercapacitor Energy Environ. Sci. 6 1185-91
14. D'Arcy J M et al 2014 Vapor-phase polymerization of nanofibrillar poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for supercapacitors ACS Nano 8 1500-10
15. Dai L, Chang D W, Baek J-B and Lu W 2012 Carbon nanomaterials for advanced energy conversion and storage Small 8 1130-66
16. Domingues S H, Salvatierra R V, Oliveira M M and Zarbin A J G 2011 Transparent and conductive thin films of graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites prepared through interfacial polymerization Chem. Commun. 47 2592-4
17. Fan H, Zhao N, Wang H, Xu J and Pan F 2014 3D conductive network-based free-standing PANI-RGO-MWNTs hybrid film for high-performance flexible supercapacitor J. Mater. Chem. A 2 12340-7
18. Fan H S, Wang H, Zhao N, Xu J and Pan F 2014 Nano-porous architecture of N-doped carbon nanorods grown on graphene to enable synergetic effects of supercapacitance Sci. Rep. 4 7426
19. Fan W, Zhang C, Tjiu W W, Pramoda K P, He C and Liu T 2013 Graphene-wrapped polyaniline hollow spheres as novel hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor applications ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 3382-91
20. Frackowiak E and Béguin F 2001 Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors Carbon 39 937-50
21. Futaba D N, Hata K, Yamada T, Hiraoka T, Hayamizu Y, Kakudate Y, Tanaike O, Hatori H, Yumura M and Iijima S 2006 Shape-engineerable and highly densely packed single-walled carbon nanotubes and their application as super-capacitor electrodes Nat. Mater. 5 987-94
22. Gamby J, Taberna P L, Simon P, Fauvarque J F and Chesneau M 2001 Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors J. Power Sources 101 109-16
23. Gao Z, Yang W, Wang J, Wang B, Li Z, Liu Q, Zhang M and Liu L 2012 A new partially reduced graphene oxide nanosheet/polyaniline nanowafer hybrid as supercapacitor electrode material Energy & Fuels 27 568-75
24. Gao Z, Yang W, Wang J, Wang B, Li Z, Liu Q, Zhang M and Liu L 2013 A new partially reduced graphene oxide nanosheet/polyaniline nanowafer hybrid as supercapacitor electrode material Energy & Fuels 27 568-75
25. Geim A K and Novoselov K S 2007 The rise of graphene Nat. Mater. 6 183-91
26. Giri S, Ghosh D and Das C K 2014 Growth of vertically aligned tunable polyaniline on graphene/ZrO2 nanocomposites for supercapacitor energy-storage application Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 1312-24
27. Han X et al 2014 Scalable holey graphene synthesis and dense electrode fabrication toward high-performance ultracapacitors ACS Nano 8 8255-65
28. Hernandez Y et al 2008 High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite Nat. Nano 3 563-8
29. Hou J, Shao Y, Ellis M W, Moore R B and Yi B 2011 Graphene-based electrochemical energy conversion and storage: fuel cells, supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13 15384-402
30. Hu C-C, Chang K-H, Lin M-C and Wu Y-T 2006 Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO2 for next generation supercapacitors Nano Lett. 6 2690-5
31. Hu C, Song L, Zhang Z, Chen N, Feng Z and Qu L 2015 Tailored graphene systems for unconventional applications in energy conversion and storage devices Energy Environ. Sci. 8 31-54
32. Hu H, Zhao Z, Wan W, Gogotsi Y and Qiu J 2013 Ultralight and highly compressible graphene aerogels Adv. Mater. 25 2219-23
33. Hu J, Kang Z, Li F and Huang X 2014 Graphene with three-dimensional architecture for high performance supercapacitor Carbon 67 221-9
34. Huang J, Sumpter B G and Meunier V 2008 Theoretical model for nanoporous carbon supercapacitors Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 520-4
35. Huang Y F and Lin C W 2012 Facile synthesis and morphology control of graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites via in situ polymerization process Polymer 53 2574-82
36. Itoi H, Nishihara H, Kogure T and Kyotani T 2011 Three-dimensionally arrayed and mutually connected 1.2 nm nanopores for high-performance electric double layer capacitor J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 1165-7
37. Jacobson M Z 2009 Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security Energy Environ. Sci. 2 148-73
38. Jiang L, Sheng L, Long C and Fan Z 2015 Densely packed graphene nanomesh-carbon nanotube hybrid film for ultra-high volumetric performance supercapacitors Nano Energy 11 471-80
39. Jordá-Beneyto M, Lozano-Castelló D, Suárez-García F, Cazorla-Amorós D and Linares-Solano Á 2008 Advanced activated carbon monoliths and activated carbons for hydrogen storage Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 112 235-42
40. Jost K, Dion G and Gogotsi Y 2014 Textile energy storage in perspective J. Mater. Chem. A 2 10776-87
41. Jurewicz K, Delpeux S, Bertagna V, Béguin F and Frackowiak E 2001 Supercapacitors from nanotubes/polypyrrole composites Chem. Phys. Lett. 347 36-40
42. Kim K S, Zhao Y, Jang H, Lee S Y, Kim J M, Kim K S, Ahn J-H, Kim P, Choi J-Y and Hong B H 2009 Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes Nature 457 706-10
43. Kulkarni S B, Patil U M, Shackery I, Sohn J S, Lee S, Park B and Jun S 2014 High-performance supercapacitor electrode based on a polyaniline nanofibers/3D graphene framework as an efficient charge transporter J. Mater. Chem. A 2 4989-98
44. Kumar N A, Choi H-J, Shin Y R, Chang D W, Dai L and Baek J-B 2012 Polyaniline-grafted reduced graphene oxide for efficient electrochemical supercapacitors ACS Nano 6 1715-23
45. Kurra N, Jiang Q and Alshareef H N 2015 A general strategy for the fabrication of high performance microsupercapacitors Nano Energy 16 1-9
46. Li D, Huang J and Kaner R B 2009 Polyaniline nanofibers: a unique polymer nanostructure for versatile applications Acc. Chem. Res. 42 135-45
47. Li D, Li Y, Feng Y, Hu W and Feng W 2015 Hierarchical graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites prepared by interfacial electrochemical polymerization for flexible solid-state supercapacitors J. Mater. Chem. A 3 2135-43
48. Li H, Wang J, Chu Q, Wang Z, Zhang F and Wang S 2009 Theoretical and experimental specific capacitance of polyaniline in sulfuric acid J. Power Sources 190 578-86
49. Li J, Xie H, Li Y, Liu J and Li Z 2011 Electrochemical properties of graphene nanosheets/polyaniline nanofibers composites as electrode for supercapacitors J. Power Sources 196 10775-81
50. Li L, Raji A-R O, Fei H, Yang Y, Samuel E L G and Tour J M 2013 Nanocomposite of polyaniline nanorods grown on graphene nanoribbons for highly capacitive pseudocapacitors ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 6622-7
51. Li S, Luo Y, Lv W, Yu W, Wu S, Hou P, Yang Q, Meng Q, Liu C and Cheng H-M 2011 Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes grown on graphene paper as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries and dye-sensitized solar cells Adv. Energy Mater. 1 486-90
52. Li Z-F, Zhang H, Liu Q, Sun L, Stanciu L and Xie J 2013 Fabrication of high-surface-area graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites and their application in supercapacitors ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 2685-91
53. Liu C, Yu Z, Neff D, Zhamu A and Jang B Z 2010 Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density Nano Lett. 10 4863-8
54. Liu M, Miao Y-E, Zhang C, Tjiu W W, Yang Z, Peng H and Liu T 2013 Hierarchical composites of polyaniline-graphene nanoribbons-carbon nanotubes as electrode materials in all-solid-state supercapacitors Nanoscale 5 7312-20
55. Lu X, Dou H, Yang S, Hao L, Zhang L, Shen L, Zhang F and Zhang X 2011 Fabrication and electrochemical capacitance of hierarchical graphene/polyaniline/carbon nanotube ternary composite film Electrochim. Acta 56 9224-32
56. Lv W, Li Z, Zhou G, Shao J-J, Kong D, Zheng X, Li B, Li F, Kang F and Yang Q-H 2014 Tailoring microstructure of graphene-based membrane by controlled removal of trapped water inspired by the phase diagram Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 3456-63
57. Ma B, Zhou X, Bao H, Li X and Wang G 2012 Hierarchical composites of sulfonated graphene-supported vertically aligned polyaniline nanorods for high-performance supercapacitors J. Power Sources 215 36-42
58. Mahmoud M, Maher F E-K, Hao W, Andrew M, Qinqin Z, Jian X, Peter M and Jun M 2015 High-performance supercapacitors using graphene/polyaniline composites deposited on kitchen sponge Nanotechnology 26 075702
59. Mao L, Zhang K, On Chan H S and Wu J 2012 Surfactant-stabilized graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites for high performance supercapacitor electrode J. Mater. Chem. 22 80-5
60. Meng Y, Wang K, Zhang Y and Wei Z 2013 Hierarchical porous graphene/polyaniline composite film with superior rate performance for flexible supercapacitors Adv. Mater. 25 6985-90
61. Moussa M, Zhao Z, El-Kady M F, Liu H, Michelmore A, Kawashima N, Majewski P and Ma J 2015 Free-standing composite hydrogel films for superior volumetric capacitance J. Mater. Chem. A 3 15668-74
62. Nishihara H and Kyotani T 2012 Templated nanocarbons for energy storage Adv. Mater. 24 4473-98
63. Niu Z, Liu L, Zhang L, Zhou W, Chen X and Xie S 2015 Programmable nanocarbon-based architectures for flexible supercapacitors Adv. Energy Mater. 5 1500677
64. Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V and Firsov A A 2004 Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films Science 306 666-9
65. Park S and Ruoff R S 2009 Chemical methods for the production of graphenes Nat Nano 4 217-24
66. Qiu J-D, Shi L, Liang R-P, Wang G-C and Xia X-H 2012 Controllable deposition of a platinum nanoparticle ensemble on a polyaniline/graphene hybrid as a novel electrode material for electrochemical sensing Chem. Eur J. 18 7950-9
67. Ryu K S, Kim K M, Park N-G, Park Y J and Chang S H 2002 Symmetric redox supercapacitor with conducting polyaniline electrodes J. Power Sources 103 305-9
68. Shao Y, El-Kady M F, Lin C-W, Zhu G, Marsh K L, Hwang J Y, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H and Kaner R B 2016 3D freeze-casting of cellular graphene films for ultrahigh-power-density supercapacitors Adv. Mater. 28 6719-26
69. Shao Y, El-Kady M F, Wang L J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H, Mousavi M F and Kaner R B 2015 Graphene-based materials for flexible supercapacitors Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 3639-65
70. Shen J, Yang C, Li X and Wang G 2013 High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on nanoarchitectured polyaniline/graphene/carbon nanotube and activated graphene electrodes ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 8467-76
71. Simon P and Gogotsi Y 2013 Capacitive energy storage in nanostructured carbon-electrolyte systems Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1094-103
72. Song B, Li L, Lin Z, Wu Z-K, Moon K-S and Wong C-P 2015 Water-dispersible graphene/polyaniline composites for flexible micro-supercapacitors with high energy densities Nano Energy 16 470-8
73. Stoller M D, Park S, Zhu Y, An J and Ruoff R S 2008 Graphene-based ultracapacitors Nano Lett. 8 3498-502
74. Stoller M D and Ruoff R S 2010 Best practice methods for determining an electrode material's performance for ultracapacitors Energy Environ. Sci. 3 1294-301
75. Tan Y B and Lee J-M 2013 Graphene for supercapacitor applications J. Mater. Chem. A 1 14814-43
76. Tang Z, Shen S, Zhuang J and Wang X 2010 Noble-metal-promoted three-dimensional macroassembly of single-layered graphene oxide Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 4603-7
77. Tao X Y, Zhang X B, Zhang L, Cheng J P, Liu F, Luo J H, Luo Z Q and Geise H J 2006 Synthesis of multi-branched porous carbon nanofibers and their application in electrochemical double-layer capacitors Carbon 44 1425-8
78. Tao Y et al 2013 Towards ultrahigh volumetric capacitance: graphene derived highly dense but porous carbons for supercapacitors Sci. Rep. 3 2975
79. Wang D-W, Li F, Chen Z-G, Lu G Q and Cheng H-M 2008 Synthesis and electrochemical property of boron-doped mesoporous carbon in supercapacitor Chem. Mater. 20 7195-200
80. Wang D-W, Li F, Zhao J, Ren W, Chen Z-G, Tan J, Wu Z-S, Gentle I, Lu G Q and Cheng H-M 2009 Fabrication of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode ACS Nano 3 1745-52
81. Wang H, Hao Q, Yang X, Lu L and Wang X 2009 Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for supercapacitors Electrochem. Commun. 11 1158-61
82. Wang H, Hao Q, Yang X, Lu L and Wang X 2010 A nanostructured graphene/polyaniline hybrid material for supercapacitors Nanoscale 2 2164-70
83. Wang L, Ye Y, Lu X, Wen Z, Li Z, Hou H and Song Y 2013 Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on reduced graphene oxide sheets for supercapacitors Sci. Rep. 3 3568
84. Wang Q, Yan J and Fan Z 2016 Carbon materials for high volumetric performance supercapacitors: design, progress, challenges and opportunities Energy Environ. Sci. 9 729-62
85. Wang Y, Shi Z, Huang Y, Ma Y, Wang C, Chen M and Chen Y 2009 Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials J. Phys. Chem. C 113 13103-7
86. Wei W, Cui X, Chen W and Ivey D G 2011 Manganese oxide-based materials as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes Chem. Soc. Rev. 40 1697-721
87. Worsley M A et al 2012 Mechanically robust 3D graphene macroassembly with high surface area Chem. Commun. 48 8428-30
88. Wu Q, Sun Y, Bai H and Shi G 2011 High-performance supercapacitor electrodes based on graphene hydrogels modified with 2-aminoanthraquinone moieties Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 11193-8
89. Wu Q, Xu Y, Yao Z, Liu A and Shi G 2010 Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films ACS Nano 4 1963-70
90. Wu X-L and Xu A-W 2014 Carbonaceous hydrogels and aerogels for supercapacitors J. Mater. Chem. A 2 4852-64
91. Wu Z-S, Sun Y, Tan Y-Z, Yang S, Feng X and Müllen K 2012 Three-dimensional graphene-based macro- and mesoporous frameworks for high-performance electrochemical capacitive energy storage J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 19532-5
92. Xia X, Hao Q, Lei W, Wang W, Wang H and Wang X 2012 Reduced-graphene oxide/molybdenum oxide/polyaniline ternary composite for high energy density supercapacitors: synthesis and properties J. Mater. Chem. 22 8314-20
93. Xie Y, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Tsang Y H, Lau S P, Huang H and Chai Y 2014 Stretchable all-solid-state supercapacitor with wavy shaped polyaniline/graphene electrode J. Mater. Chem. A 2 9142-9
94. Xu J, Wang K, Zu S-Z, Han B-H and Wei Z 2010 Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on graphene oxide sheets with synergistic effect for energy storage ACS Nano 4 5019-26
95. Xu Y, Hennig I, Freyberg D, James Strudwick A, Georg Schwab M, Weitz T and Chih-Pei Cha K 2014 Inkjet-printed energy storage device using graphene/polyaniline inks J. Power Sources 248 483-8
96. Xu Y, Lin Z, Huang X, Liu Y, Huang Y and Duan X 2013 Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel films ACS Nano 7 4042-9
97. Xu Y, Lin Z, Huang X, Wang Y, Huang Y and Duan X 2013 Functionalized graphene hydrogel-based high-performance supercapacitors Adv. Mater. 25 5779-84
98. Xu Y, Lin Z, Zhong X, Huang X, Weiss N O, Huang Y and Duan X 2014 Holey graphene frameworks for highly efficient capacitive energy storage Nat. Commun. 5 4554
99. Xu Y, Sheng K, Li C and Shi G 2010 Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process ACS Nano 4 4324-30
100. Xu Y, Tao Y, Zheng X, Ma H, Luo J, Kang F and Yang Q-H 2015 A metal-free supercapacitor electrode material with a record high volumetric capacitance over 800 F cm-3 Adv. Mater. 27 8082-7
101. Xu Z and Gao C 2011 Graphene chiral liquid crystals and macroscopic assembled fibres Nat. Commun. 2 571
102. Xu Z, Zhang Y, Li P and Gao C 2012 Strong, conductive, lightweight, neat graphene aerogel fibers with aligned pores ACS Nano 6 7103-13
103. Xue M, Li F, Zhu J, Song H, Zhang M and Cao T 2012 Structure-based enhanced capacitance: in situ growth of highly ordered polyaniline nanorods on reduced graphene oxide patterns Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 1284-90
104. Yan J, Wang Q, Lin C, Wei T and Fan Z 2014 Interconnected frameworks with a sandwiched porous carbon layer/graphene hybrids for supercapacitors with high gravimetric and volumetric performances Adv. Energy Mater. 4 1400500
105. Yan J, Wei T, Fan Z, Qian W, Zhang M, Shen X and Wei F 2010 Preparation of graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite as electrode material for supercapacitors J. Power Sources 195 3041-5
106. Yan J, Wei T, Shao B, Fan Z, Qian W, Zhang M and Wei F 2010 Preparation of a graphene nanosheet/polyaniline composite with high specific capacitance Carbon 48 487-93
107. Yang X, Cheng C, Wang Y, Qiu L and Li D 2013 Liquid-mediated dense integration of graphene materials for compact capacitive energy storage Science 341 534-7
108. Yang X, Zhu J, Qiu L and Li D 2011 Bioinspired effective prevention of restacking in multilayered graphene films: towards the next generation of high-performance supercapacitors Adv. Mater. 23 2833-8
109. Yang Z, Zhang J, Kintner-Meyer M C W, Lu X, Choi D, Lemmon J P and Liu J 2011 Electrochemical energy storage for green grid Chem. Rev. 111 3577-613
110. Yu D, Goh K, Wang H, Wei L, Jiang W, Zhang Q, Dai L and Chen Y 2014 Scalable synthesis of hierarchically structured carbon nanotube-graphene fibres for capacitive energy storage Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 555-62
111. Yu G, Xie X, Pan L, Bao Z and Cui Y 2013 Hybrid nanostructured materials for high-performance electrochemical capacitors Nano Energy 2 213-34
112. Yu P, Zhao X, Huang Z, Li Y and Zhang Q 2014 Free-standing three-dimensional graphene and polyaniline nanowire arrays hybrid foams for high-performance flexible and lightweight supercapacitors J. Mater. Chem. A 2 14413-20
113. Yuan C, Zhang X, Su L, Gao B and Shen L 2009 Facile synthesis and self-assembly of hierarchical porous NiO nano/micro spherical superstructures for high performance supercapacitors J. Mater. Chem. 19 5772-7
114. Yuan L, Yao B, Hu B, Huo K, Chen W and Zhou J 2013 Polypyrrole-coated paper for flexible solid-state energy storage Energy Environ. Sci. 6 470-6
115. Zhai Y, Dou Y, Zhao D, Fulvio P F, Mayes R T and Dai S 2011 Carbon materials for chemical capacitive energy storage Adv. Mater. 23 4828-50
116. Zhang K, Zhang L L, Zhao X S and Wu J 2010 Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes Chem. Mater. 22 1392-401
117. Zhang L L, Zhou R and Zhao X S 2010 Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes J. Mater. Chem. 20 5983-92
118. Zhang S and Pan N 2015 Supercapacitors performance evaluation Adv. Energy Mater. 5 1401401
119. Zhang X, Sui Z, Xu B, Yue S, Luo Y, Zhan W and Liu B 2011 Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources J. Mater. Chem. 21 6494-7
120. Zhao Y, Hu C, Hu Y, Cheng H, Shi G and Qu L 2012 A versatile, ultralight, nitrogen-doped graphene framework Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 11371-5
121. Zhou S, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Wang X, Li J and Wang F 2013 Graphene-wrapped polyaniline nanofibers as electrode materials for organic supercapacitors Carbon 52 440-50
122. Zhu J, Chen M, Qu H, Zhang X, Wei H, Luo Z, Colorado H A, Wei S and Guo Z 2012 Interfacial polymerized polyaniline/graphite oxide nanocomposites toward electrochemical energy storage Polymer 53 5953-64
123. Zhu Y et al 2012 A seamless three-dimensional carbon nanotube graphene hybrid material Nat. Commun. 3 1225
124. Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk J W, Potts J R and Ruoff R S 2010 Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications Adv. Mater. 22 3906-24
125. Zuo Z, Kim T Y, Kholmanov I, Li H, Chou H and Li Y 2015 Ultra-light hierarchical graphene electrode for binder-free supercapacitors and lithium-ion battery anodes Small 11 4922-30