Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in the Community: Trends and Lessons Learned

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 377-390

  van Duin, David ^a   Paterson, David L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Readmission; Tigecycline; Transmission

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AVOPARCIN; CARBAPENEM; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; COLISTIN; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; METICILLIN; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM; CARBAPENEMASE PRODUCING ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED INFECTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE PRODUCING ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; GENE EXPRESSION; HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS; CROSS INFECTION; PUBLIC HEALTH;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; PUBLIC HEALTH;

EID: 84991316353     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: 15579824     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.02.004     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. 1 Spellberg, B., Blaser, M., Guidos, R.J., et al. Combating antimicrobial resistance: policy recommendations to save lives. Clin Infect Dis 52:Suppl 5 (2011), S397–S428.
2. 2 Vardakas, K.Z., Rafailidis, P.I., Konstantelias, A.A., et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with infections due to multi-drug resistant gram negative bacteria: the study, the patient, the bug or the drug?. J Infect 66 (2013), 401–414.
3. 3 Bodi, M., Ardanuy, C., Rello, J., Impact of gram-positive resistance on outcome of nosocomial pneumonia. Crit Care Med 29 (2001), N82–N86.
4. 4 Perez, F., van Duin, D., Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a menace to our most vulnerable patients. Cleve Clin J Med 80 (2013), 225–233.
5. 5 Ena, J., Dick, R.W., Jones, R.N., et al. The epidemiology of intravenous vancomycin usage in a university hospital. A 10-year study. JAMA 269 (1993), 598–602.
6. 6 Morin, C.A., Hadler, J.L., Population-based incidence and characteristics of community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections with bacteremia in 4 metropolitan Connecticut areas, 1998. J Infect Dis 184 (2001), 1029–1034.
7. 7 Friedman, N.D., Kaye, K.S., Stout, J.E., et al. Health care–associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 137 (2002), 791–797.
8. 8 American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America, Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 (2005), 388–416.
9. 9 Safdar, N., Maki, D.G., The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida. Ann Intern Med 136 (2002), 834–844.
10. 10 Van Duin, D., Cober, E., Richter, S., et al. Tigecycline therapy for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) bacteriuria leads to tigecycline resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 20:12 (2014), O1117–O1120.
11. 11 Kaye, K.S., Harris, A.D., Samore, M., et al. The case-case-control study design: addressing the limitations of risk factor studies for antimicrobial resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26 (2005), 346–351.
12. 12 Harris, A.D., Carmeli, Y., Samore, M.H., et al. Impact of severity of illness bias and control group misclassification bias in case-control studies of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26 (2005), 342–345.
13. 13 McKinnell, J.A., Kunz, D.F., Chamot, E., et al. Association between vancomycin-resistant enterococci bacteremia and ceftriaxone usage. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 33 (2012), 718–724.
14. 14 Costerton, J.W., Stewart, P.S., Greenberg, E.P., Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284 (1999), 1318–1322.
15. 15 Ruimy, R., Angebault, C., Djossou, F., et al. Are host genetics the predominant determinant of persistent nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in humans?. J Infect Dis 202 (2010), 924–934.
16. 16 DeLeo, F.R., Otto, M., Kreiswirth, B.N., et al. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 375 (2010), 1557–1568.
17. 17 Witte, W., Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: what do we need to know?. Clin Microbiol Infect 15:Suppl 7 (2009), 17–25.
18. 18 Saravolatz, L.D., Pohlod, D.J., Arking, L.M., Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a new source for nosocomial outbreaks. Ann Intern Med 97 (1982), 325–329.
19. 19 Thurlow, L.R., Joshi, G.S., Richardson, A.R., Virulence strategies of the dominant USA300 lineage of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 65 (2012), 5–22.
20. 20 Alam, M.T., Read, T.D., Petit, R.A. 3rd, et al. Transmission and microevolution of USA300 MRSA in U.S. households: evidence from whole-genome sequencing. MBio, 6, 2015, e00054.
21. 21 Graveland, H., Duim, B., van Duijkeren, E., et al. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and humans. Int J Med Microbiol 301 (2011), 630–634.
22. 22 Murray, B.E., Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. N Engl J Med 342 (2000), 710–721.
23. 23 Coque, T.M., Tomayko, J.F., Ricke, S.C., et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from nosocomial, community, and animal sources in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 (1996), 2605–2609.
24. 24 Silverman, J., Thal, L.A., Perri, M.B., et al. Epidemiologic evaluation of antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 36 (1998), 830–832.
25. 25 Bruinsma, N., Stobberingh, E., de Smet, P., et al. Antibiotic use and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from healthy volunteers in the Dutch community. Infection 31 (2003), 9–14.
26. 26 Bates, J., Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the community and the relevance of farm animals to human infection. J Hosp Infect 37 (1997), 89–101.
27. 27 Klare, I., Badstubner, D., Konstabel, C., et al. Decreased incidence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry meat and from fecal samples of humans in the community after discontinuation of avoparcin usage in animal husbandry. Microb Drug Resist 5 (1999), 45–52.
28. 28 D'Agata, E.M., Jirjis, J., Gouldin, C., et al. Community dissemination of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Am J Infect Control 29 (2001), 316–320.
29. 29 Poole, T.L., Hume, M.E., Campbell, L.D., et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from community wastewater from a semiclosed agri-food system in Texas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (2005), 4382–4385.
30. 30 Omotola, A.M., Li, Y., Martin, E.T., et al. Risk factors for and epidemiology of community-onset vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in southeast Michigan. Am J Infect Control 41 (2013), 1244–1248.
31. 31 Wolfe, C.M., Cohen, B., Larson, E., Prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic-resistant community-associated bloodstream infections. J Infect Public Health 7 (2014), 224–232.
32. 32 Foucault, M.L., Depardieu, F., Courvalin, P., et al. Inducible expression eliminates the fitness cost of vancomycin resistance in enterococci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 (2010), 16964–16969.
33. 33 Johnsen, P.J., Townsend, J.P., Bohn, T., et al. Retrospective evidence for a biological cost of vancomycin resistance determinants in the absence of glycopeptide selective pressures. J Antimicrob Chemother 66 (2011), 608–610.
34. 34 Gilmore, M.S., Rauch, M., Ramsey, M.M., et al. Pheromone killing of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583 by native commensal strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112 (2015), 7273–7278.
35. 35 Munoz-Price, L.S., Weinstein, R.A., Acinetobacter infection. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 1271–1281.
36. 36 Falagas, M.E., Karveli, E.A., Kelesidis, I., et al. Community-acquired Acinetobacter infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26 (2007), 857–868.
37. 37 Eveillard, M., Kempf, M., Belmonte, O., et al. Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the hospital and potential involvement in emerging human community-acquired infections. Int J Infect Dis 17 (2013), e802–e805.
38. 38 Poirel, L., Nordmann, P., Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Infect 12 (2006), 826–836.
39. 39 Sengstock, D.M., Thyagarajan, R., Apalara, J., et al. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging pathogen among older adults in community hospitals and nursing homes. Clin Infect Dis 50 (2010), 1611–1616.
40. 40 Queenan, A.M., Pillar, C.M., Deane, J., et al. Multidrug resistance among Acinetobacter spp. in the USA and activity profile of key agents: results from CAPITAL Surveillance 2010. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73 (2012), 267–270.
41. 41 Zeana, C., Larson, E., Sahni, J., et al. The epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: does the community represent a reservoir?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 (2003), 275–279.
42. 42 Davis, J.S., McMillan, M., Swaminathan, A., et al. A 16-year prospective study of community-onset bacteremic Acinetobacter pneumonia: low mortality with appropriate initial empirical antibiotic protocols. Chest 146 (2014), 1038–1045.
43. 43 Peng, C., Zong, Z., Fan, H., Acinetobacter baumannii isolates associated with community-acquired pneumonia in West China. Clin Microbiol Infect 18 (2012), E491–E493.
44. 44 Paterson, D.L., The epidemiological profile of infections with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Clin Infect Dis 43:Suppl 2 (2006), S43–S48.
45. 45 Hassett, D.J., Sutton, M.D., Schurr, M.J., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa hypoxic or anaerobic biofilm infections within cystic fibrosis airways. Trends Microbiol 17 (2009), 130–138.
46. 46 O'Malley, C.A., Infection control in cystic fibrosis: cohorting, cross-contamination, and the respiratory therapist. Respir Care 54 (2009), 641–657.
47. 47 Rodriguez-Bano, J., Lopez-Prieto, M.D., Portillo, M.M., et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of community-acquired, healthcare-associated and nosocomial bloodstream infections in tertiary-care and community hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 16 (2010), 1408–1413.
48. 48 Anderson, D.J., Moehring, R.W., Sloane, R., et al. Bloodstream infections in community hospitals in the 21st century: a multicenter cohort study. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e91713.
49. 49 Hattemer, A., Hauser, A., Diaz, M., et al. Bacterial and clinical characteristics of health care- and community-acquired bloodstream infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57 (2013), 3969–3975.
50. 50 Ulug, M., Gedik, E., Girgin, S., et al. Pyogenic liver abscess caused by community-acquired multidrug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Braz J Infect Dis, 14, 2010, 218.
51. 51 Pitout, J.D., Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases in the community: the tip of the iceberg?. Curr Pharm Des 19 (2013), 257–263.
52. 52 Doi, Y., Park, Y.S., Rivera, J.I., et al. Community-associated extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infection in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 56 (2013), 641–648.
53. 53 Petty, N.K., Ben Zakour, N.L., Stanton-Cook, M., et al. Global dissemination of a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111 (2014), 5694–5699.
54. 54 Banerjee, R., Strahilevitz, J., Johnson, J.R., et al. Predictors and molecular epidemiology of community-onset extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infection in a Midwestern community. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 34 (2013), 947–953.
55. 55 Leistner, R., Meyer, E., Gastmeier, P., et al. Risk factors associated with the community-acquired colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positive Escherichia Coli. An exploratory case-control study. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e74323.
56. 56 Gopal Rao, G., Batura, D., Batura, N., et al. Key demographic characteristics of patients with bacteriuria due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a multiethnic community, in North West London. Infect Dis (Lond) 47:10 (2015), 719–724.
57. 57 Rogers, B.A., Ingram, P.R., Runnegar, N., et al. Community-onset Escherichia coli infection resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in low-prevalence countries. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58 (2014), 2126–2134.
58. 58 Ko, W.C., Paterson, D.L., Sagnimeni, A.J., et al. Community-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: global differences in clinical patterns. Emerg Infect Dis 8 (2002), 160–166.
59. 59 Li, W., Sun, G., Yu, Y., et al. Increasing occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant hypervirulent (hypermucoviscous) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in China. Clin Infect Dis 58 (2014), 225–232.
60. 60 Tamma, P.D., Han, J.H., Rock, C., et al. Carbapenem therapy is associated with improved survival compared with piperacillin-tazobactam for patients with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 60 (2015), 1319–1325.
61. 61 Rodriguez-Bano, J., Navarro, M.D., Retamar, P., et al., Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases–Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa/Grupo de Estudio de Infección Hospitalaria Group, β-Lactam/β-lactam inhibitor combinations for the treatment of bacteremia due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: a post hoc analysis of prospective cohorts. Clin Infect Dis 54 (2012), 167–174.
62. 62 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. 2013. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/. Accessed July 10, 2015.
63. 63 Yigit, H., Queenan, A.M., Anderson, G.J., et al. Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 (2001), 1151–1161.
64. 64 Nordmann, P., Cuzon, G., Naas, T., The real threat of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 9 (2009), 228–236.
65. 65 Schwaber, M.J., Carmeli, Y., Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a potential threat. JAMA 300 (2008), 2911–2913.
66. 66 Hirsch, E.B., Tam, V.H., Detection and treatment options for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs): an emerging cause of multidrug-resistant infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:6 (2010), 1119–1125.
67. 67 Neuner, E.A., Yeh, J.Y., Hall, G.S., et al. Treatment and outcomes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 69 (2011), 357–362.
68. 68 van Duin, D., Kaye, K.S., Neuner, E.A., et al. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a review of treatment and outcomes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 75 (2013), 115–120.
69. 69 Epstein, L., Hunter, J.C., Arwady, M.A., et al. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes. JAMA 312 (2014), 1447–1455.
70. 70 Khajuria, A., Praharaj, A.K., Kumar, M., et al. Emergence of Escherichia coli, co-producing NDM-1 and OXA-48 carbapenemases, in urinary isolates, at a tertiary care centre at Central India. J Clin Diagn Res 8 (2014), DC01–DC04.
71. 71 Bhargava, A., Hayakawa, K., Silverman, E., et al. Risk factors for colonization due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among patients exposed to long-term acute care and acute care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 35 (2014), 398–405.
72. 72 Walsh, T.R., Weeks, J., Livermore, D.M., et al. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis 11 (2011), 355–362.
73. 73 Wang, Y., Wu, C., Zhang, Q., et al. Identification of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 in Acinetobacter lwoffii of food animal origin. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e37152.
74. 74 Pannaraj, P.S., Bard, J.D., Cerini, C., et al. Pediatric carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Los Angeles, California, a high-prevalence region in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 34 (2015), 11–16.
75. 75 Hussain, A., Ranjan, A., Nandanwar, N., et al. Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of Escherichia coli isolates belonging to clinical sequence type 131 (ST131), clinical non-ST131, and fecal non-ST131 lineages from India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58 (2014), 7240–7249.
76. 76 Peirano, G., Schreckenberger, P.C., Pitout, J.D., Characteristics of NDM-1-producing Escherichia coli isolates that belong to the successful and virulent clone ST131. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 (2011), 2986–2988.
77. 77 Hawkey, P.M., Jones, A.M., The changing epidemiology of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 64:Suppl 1 (2009), i3–i10.
78. 78 Marathe, N.P., Regina, V.R., Walujkar, S.A., et al. A treatment plant receiving waste water from multiple bulk drug manufacturers is a reservoir for highly multi-drug resistant integron-bearing bacteria. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e77310.
79. 79 Forsberg, K.J., Reyes, A., Wang, B., et al. The shared antibiotic resistome of soil bacteria and human pathogens. Science 337 (2012), 1107–1111.
80. 80 Wagner, B., Filice, G.A., Drekonja, D., et al. Antimicrobial stewardship programs in inpatient hospital settings: a systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 35 (2014), 1209–1228.
81. 81 Gangat, M.A., Hsu, J.L., Antibiotic stewardship: a focus on ambulatory care. S D Med Spec No (2015), 44–48.
82. 82 Vinski, J., Bertin, M., Sun, Z., et al. Impact of isolation on hospital consumer assessment of healthcare providers and systems scores: is isolation isolating?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 33 (2012), 513–516.
83. 83 Coates, T., Bax, R., Coates, A., Nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus with mupirocin: strengths, weaknesses and future prospects. J Antimicrob Chemother 64 (2009), 9–15.
84. 84 Chen, A.F., Wessel, C.B., Rao, N., Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in orthopaedic surgery and reduction of surgical site infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471 (2013), 2383–2399.