Conceptualizing Work—Family Balance: Implications for Practice and Research

Advances in Developing Human Resources

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 455-471

  Grzywacz, Joseph G ^a   Carlson, Dawn S ^b  

^a ALFRED P SLOAN FOUNDATION   (United States)

^b BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

construct development; family friendly policy; management practices; measurement; work family balance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84990375001     PISSN: 15234223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1523422307305487     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Allen, T.D., Herst, D.E., Bruck, C.S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278–308.
2. Bianchi, S.M., Casper, L.M., & King, R.B. (2005). Complex connections: A multidisciplinary look at work, family, health, and well-being research. In S. M. Bianchi, L. M. Casper, & R. B. King (Eds.), Work, family, health and well-being (pp. 1–17). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3. Bond, J.T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J.E. (1998). The National Study of the Changing Workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.
4. Bond, J.T., Thompson, C., Galinsky, E., & Prottas, D. (2002). Highlights of the National Study of the Changing Workforce: Executive summary. Retrieved May 24, 2006, from http://www.familiesandwork.org/summary/nscw2002.pdf
5. Bragger, J.D., Rodriguez-Srednicki, O., Kutcher, E.J., Indovino, L., & Rosner, E. (2005). Work–family conflict, work–family culture, and organizational citizenship behavior among teachers. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20, 303–324.
6. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006). Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type, 2004-05 annual averages (Table 4). Retrieved May 24, 2006, from http://www.bls.gov.news.release/famee.t04.htm
7. Butler, A.B., Grzywacz, J.G., Bass, B.L., & Linney, K.D. (2005, November). Predicting work–family balance from work–family conflict and facilitation among couples. Poster presented at the 67th Annual Conference of the National Council on Family Relations. Phoenix, AZ.
8. Caminiti, S. (2005, September 19). Work-life: What happens when employees enjoy flexible work arrangements? They are happier and more productive (Supplement). Fortune, pp. S2–S7.
9. Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M., Wayne, J.H., & Grzywacz, J.G. (2006). Measuring the positive side of the work–family interface: Development and validation of a work– family enrichment scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 131–164.
10. Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M., & Williams, L.J. (2000). Construction and validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249–276.
11. Chao, L. (2005, November 29). What GenXers need to be happy at work. The Wall Street Journal, p. B6.
12. Clark, S.C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747–770.
13. Corporate Voices for Working Families. (2005). Business impacts of flexibility: An imperative for expansion. Boston: WFD Consulting.
14. Darrah, C.N. (2005). Anthropology and the workplace–workforce mismatch. In S. M. Bianchi, L. M. Casper, & R. B. King (Eds), Work, family, health and well-being (pp. 201–214). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
15. Dwyer, K.P. (2005, December 4). Still searching for equilibrium in the work-life balancing act. New York Times, section 10, pp. 1, 3.
16. Eby, L.T., Casper, W.J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 127–197.
17. Edwards, J.R. (1995). Alternatives to difference scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64, 307–324.
18. Edwards, J.R. (2001). Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: An integrative analytic framework. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 144–192.
19. Edwards, J.R., & Bagozzi, R.P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Methods, 5, 155–174.
20. Frone, M.R. (2000). Work–family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: The National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 888–895.
21. Frone, M.R. (2003). Work–family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
22. Frone, M.R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M.L. (1997). Relation of work–family conflict to health outcomes: A four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 325–335.
23. Gergen, K.J. (1973). Social psychology as history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 309–320.
24. Greenhaus, J.H., & Allen, T.D. (2006, March). Work–family balance: Exploration of a concept. Paper presented at the Families and Work Conference, Provo, UT.
25. Greenhaus, J.H., & Beutell, N.J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.
26. Greenhaus, J.H., Collins, K.M., & Shaw, J.D. (2003). The relation between work–family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 510–531.
27. Greenhaus, J.H., & Powell, G.N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work–family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72–92.
28. Grzywacz, J.G., & Bass, B.L. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work–family fit. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 248–261.
29. Grzywacz, J.G., & Butler, A.B. (2005). The impact of job characteristics on work-to-family facilitation: Testing a theory and distinguishing a construct. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 97–109.
30. Grzywacz, J.G., & Keyes, C.L.M. (2005, November). Work–family balance and health: Broadening the conceptualization of health. Paper presented at the 67th Annual Conference of the National Council on Family Relations. Phoenix, AZ.
31. Grzywacz, J.G., & Marks, N.F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work–family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111–126.
32. Halpern, D.F. (2005). Psychology at the intersection of work and family: Recommendations for employers, working families, and policymakers. American Psychologist, 60, 397–409.
33. Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., & Keyes, C.L.M. (2002). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the gallup studies. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 205–224). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
34. Jansen, N. W. H., Kant, I.J., van Amelsvoort, L.G.P.M., Kristensen, T.S., Swaen, G.M.H., & Nijhuis, F.J.N. (2006). Work–family conflict as a risk factor for sickness absence. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63, 488–494.
35. Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., & Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
36. Keene, J.R., & Quadagno, J. (2004). Predictors of perceived work–family balance: Gender difference or gender similarity. Sociological Perspectives, 47, 1–23.
37. Keyes, C.L., & Grzywacz, J.G. (2005). Health as a complete state: The added value in work performance and healthcare costs. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47, 523–532.
38. Keyes, C.L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207–222.
39. Kirchmeyer, C. (2000). Work-life initiatives: Greed or benevolence regarding workers' time? In C. L. Cooper & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior (Vol. 7, pp. 79–93). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
40. Kossek, E.E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work–family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139–149.
41. Kossek, E.E., & Ozeki, C. (1999). Bridging the work–family policy and productivity gap: A literature review. Community Work & Family, 2, 139–149.
42. Lachman, M.E., & Boone-James, J. (1997). Charting the course of midlife development: An overview. In M. E. Lachman & J. Boone-James (Eds.), Multiple paths of midlife development (pp. 1–20). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
43. Lobel, S.A. (1991). Allocation of investment in work and family roles: Alternative theories and implications for research. Academy of Management Review, 16, 507–521.
44. MacDermid, S.M. (2005). (Re)Considering conflict between work and family. In E. E. Kossek & S. Lambert (Eds.), Work and family integration in organizations: New directions for theory and practice (pp. 19–40). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
45. MacDermid, S.M., Roy, K., & Zvonkovic, A. (2005). Don't stop at the borders: Dynamic and contextual approaches to theorizing about work and family. In V. L. Bengtson, A. C. Acock, K. R. Allen, P. Dilworth-Anderson, & D. M. Klein (Eds.), Sourcebook on family theory and research methods (pp. 493–516). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Major, V.S., Klein, K.J., & Ehrhart, M.G. (2002). Work time, work interference with family, and psychological distress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 427–436.
47. Marks, S.R., Huston, T.L., Johnson, E.M., & MacDermid, S.M. (2001). Role balance among White married couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1083–1098.
48. Marks, S.R., & MacDermid, S.M. (1996). Multiple roles and the self: A theory of role balance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 417–432.
49. McLeroy, K.R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15, 351–377.
50. Netemeyer, R.G., Boles, J.S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict scales and family–work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400–410.
51. Parasuraman, S., & Greenhaus, J.H. (2002). Toward reducing some critical gaps in work–family research. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 299–312.
52. Rapoport, R., Bailyn, L., Fletcher, J.K., & Pruitt, B.H. (2002). Beyond work–family balance: Advancing gender equity and workplace performance. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
53. Spence, K.W. (1944). The nature of theory construction in contemporary psychology. Psychological Review, 51, 47–68.
54. Stokols, D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10, 282–298.
55. Stokols, D., Grzywacz, J.G., McMahan, S., & Phillips, K. (2003). Increasing the health promotive capacity of human environments. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 4–13.
56. Tetrick, L.E., & Buffardi, L.C. (2006). Measurement issues in research on the work– home interface. In F. Jones, R. J. Burke, & M. Westman (Eds.), Work-life balance: A psychological perspective (pp. 90–114). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
57. Thoits, P.A. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48, 174–187.
58. Thoits, P.A. (1995). Identity-relevant events and psychological symptoms: A cautionary tale. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 72–82.
59. Thomas, E.J., & Biddle, B.J. (1966). Basic concepts for classifying the phenomena of role. In B. J. Biddle & E. J. Thomas (Eds.), Role theory: Concepts and research (pp. 23–63). New York: Wiley.
60. Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 398–412.
61. Voydanoff, P. (2005). Toward a conceptualization of perceived work–family fit and balance: A demands and resources approach. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 822–836.
62. Wayne, J.H., Musisca, N., & Fleeson, W. (2004). Considering the role of personality in the work–family experience: Relationships of the big five to work–family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 108–130.