메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 739-758

A War on Cops? The Effects of Ferguson on the Number of U.S. Police Officers Murdered in the Line of Duty

Author keywords

Ferguson Effect; line of duty death; murder; police; time series

Indexed keywords


EID: 84989233482     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2016.1236205     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (93)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 85017633205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gun violence spiked—and arrests declined—in Chicago right after the Laquan McDonald video release
    • Arthur, R., & Asher, J., (2016, April 11). Gun violence spiked—and arrests declined—in Chicago right after the Laquan McDonald video release. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved April 12, 2016 from http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gun-violence-spiked-and-arrests-declined-in-chicago-right-after-the-laquan-mcdonald-video-release/
    • (2016) FiveThirtyEight
    • Arthur, R.1    Asher, J.2
  • 2
    • 84984289310 scopus 로고
    • Police killings and capital punishment: The post-Furman period
    • Bailey, W. C., & Peterson, R. D., (1987). Police killings and capital punishment:The post-Furman period. Criminology, 25, 1-26.10.1111/crim.1987.25.issue-1
    • (1987) Criminology , vol.25 , pp. 1-26
    • Bailey, W.C.1    Peterson, R.D.2
  • 3
    • 33646180572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police murders: An examination of historical trends in the killing of law enforcement officers in the United States, 1947 to 1998
    • Batton, C., & Wilson, S., (2006). Police murders:An examination of historical trends in the killing of law enforcement officers in the United States, 1947 to 1998. Homicide Studies, 10, 79-97.10.1177/1088767905285449
    • (2006) Homicide Studies , vol.10 , pp. 79-97
    • Batton, C.1    Wilson, S.2
  • 4
    • 85020158418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black Lives Matter:Freedom and Justice for all Black Lives. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2015, from http://blacklivesmatter.com/
  • 6
    • 84861522524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond procedural justice: A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice
    • Bottoms, A., & Tankebe, J., (2012). Beyond procedural justice:A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102, 119-170.
    • (2012) The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.102 , pp. 119-170
    • Bottoms, A.1    Tankebe, J.2
  • 8
    • 0010003951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A linear poisson autoregressive model: The poisson AR(p) model
    • Brandt, P. T., & Williams, J. T., (2001). A linear poisson autoregressive model:The poisson AR(p) model. Political Analysis, 9, 164-184.10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a004869
    • (2001) Political Analysis , vol.9 , pp. 164-184
    • Brandt, P.T.1    Williams, J.T.2
  • 10
    • 84982371477 scopus 로고
    • Testing for autocorrelation in dynamic linear models
    • Breusch, T. S., (1978). Testing for autocorrelation in dynamic linear models. Australian Economic Papers, 17, 334-355.10.1111/j.1467-8454.1978.tb00635.x
    • (1978) Australian Economic Papers , vol.17 , pp. 334-355
    • Breusch, T.S.1
  • 11
    • 0040749806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reassessment of the D.C. gun law: Some cautionary notes on the use of interrupted time series designs for policy impact assessment
    • Britt, C. L., Kleck, G., & Bordua, D. J., (1996). A reassessment of the D.C. gun law:Some cautionary notes on the use of interrupted time series designs for policy impact assessment. Law & Society Review, 30, 361-380.10.2307/3053963
    • (1996) Law & Society Review , vol.30 , pp. 361-380
    • Britt, C.L.1    Kleck, G.2    Bordua, D.J.3
  • 13
    • 84928846517 scopus 로고
    • Conflict theory and police killings
    • Chamlin, M. B., (1989). Conflict theory and police killings. Deviant Behavior, 10, 353-368.10.1080/01639625.1989.9967822
    • (1989) Deviant Behavior , vol.10 , pp. 353-368
    • Chamlin, M.B.1
  • 14
    • 84981263353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public perceptions of the justifiability of police shootings: The role of body cameras in a pre/post Ferguson experiment
    • Culhane, S. E., Boman, J. H., & Schweitzer, K., (2016). Public perceptions of the justifiability of police shootings:The role of body cameras in a pre/post Ferguson experiment. Police Quarterly, 19, 251-274.
    • (2016) Police Quarterly , vol.19 , pp. 251-274
    • Culhane, S.E.1    Boman, J.H.2    Schweitzer, K.3
  • 15
    • 85020157191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from the director. In institute for intergovernmental research
    • Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice
    • Davis, R. L., (2015). Letter from the director. In institute for intergovernmental research, After-Action Assessment of the Police Response to the August 2014 Demonstrations in Ferguson, Missouri (pp. ix-x). Washington, DC:Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.
    • (2015) After-Action Assessment of the Police Response to the August 2014 Demonstrations in Ferguson, Missouri , pp. ix-x
    • Davis, R.L.1
  • 16
    • 85020142304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police face recruiting shortage due to war on cops
    • DeMarche, E., (2015, September 7). Police face recruiting shortage due to war on cops. New York Post. Retrieved from http://nypost.com/2015/09/07/police-face-recruiting-shortage-due-to-war-on-cops
    • (2015) New York Post.
    • DeMarche, E.1
  • 17
    • 0000472488 scopus 로고
    • Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root
    • Dickey, D., & Fuller, W., (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.10.2307/1912517
    • (1981) Econometrica , vol.49 , pp. 1057-1072
    • Dickey, D.1    Fuller, W.2
  • 18
    • 78650014134 scopus 로고
    • Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression, I
    • Durbin, J., & Watson, G. S., (1950). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression, I. Biometrika, 37, 409-428.
    • (1950) Biometrika , vol.37 , pp. 409-428
    • Durbin, J.1    Watson, G.S.2
  • 19
    • 80355147349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Death in the line of duty: Game warden mortality in the United States, 1886–2009
    • Eliason, S. L., (2011). Death in the line of duty:Game warden mortality in the United States, 1886–2009. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 319-326.10.1007/s12103-010-9087-x
    • (2011) American Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.36 , pp. 319-326
    • Eliason, S.L.1
  • 20
    • 38249015349 scopus 로고
    • The effects of emergency medical care on the homicide rate: Some additional evidence
    • Giacopassi, D. J., Sparger, J. R., & Stein, P. M., (1992). The effects of emergency medical care on the homicide rate:Some additional evidence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 20, 249-259.10.1016/0047-2352(92)90049-F
    • (1992) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.20 , pp. 249-259
    • Giacopassi, D.J.1    Sparger, J.R.2    Stein, P.M.3
  • 22
    • 0000681385 scopus 로고
    • Testing against general autoregressive and moving average error models when the regressors include lagged dependent variables
    • Godfrey, L. G., (1978). Testing against general autoregressive and moving average error models when the regressors include lagged dependent variables. Econometrica, 46, 1293-1301.10.2307/1913829
    • (1978) Econometrica , vol.46 , pp. 1293-1301
    • Godfrey, L.G.1
  • 24
    • 0005339055 scopus 로고
    • Damned on arrival: A preliminary study on the relationship between homicide, emergency medical care, and race
    • Hanke, P. J., & Gundlach, J. H., (1995). Damned on arrival:A preliminary study on the relationship between homicide, emergency medical care, and race. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23, 313-323.10.1016/0047-2352(95)00022-I
    • (1995) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.23 , pp. 313-323
    • Hanke, P.J.1    Gundlach, J.H.2
  • 25
    • 84977265587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killings of police officers on the rise
    • Hattem, J., (2015, May 11). Killings of police officers on the rise. The Hill. Retrieved from http://thehill.com/policy/national-security/241594-fbi-officer-killings-on-the-rise
    • (2015) The Hill
    • Hattem, J.1
  • 26
    • 85020153735 scopus 로고
    • Invictus
    • Bowyer J.W., Brooks J.L., (eds), 2nd ed., New York, NY: Appleton Century Crofts
    • Henley, W. E., (1954). Invictus. In J. W., Bowyer, & J. L., Brooks (Eds.), The Victorian age:Prose, poetry, and drama (2nd ed.). New York, NY:Appleton Century Crofts.
    • (1954) The Victorian age: Prose, poetry, and drama
    • Henley, W.E.1
  • 27
    • 0003991890 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Hirschi, T., (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley:University of California Press.
    • (1969) Causes of delinquency
    • Hirschi, T.1
  • 28
    • 84983921282 scopus 로고
    • Black visibility, city size, and social control
    • Jackson, P. I., (1986). Black visibility, city size, and social control. The Sociological Quarterly, 27, 185-203.10.1111/tsq.1986.27.issue-2
    • (1986) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.27 , pp. 185-203
    • Jackson, P.I.1
  • 29
    • 84925928845 scopus 로고
    • Race and the war on crime: The sociopolitical determinants of municipal police expenditures in 90 non-Southern U.S. Cities
    • Jackson, P. I., & Carroll, L., (1981). Race and the war on crime:The sociopolitical determinants of municipal police expenditures in 90 non-Southern U.S. Cities. American Sociological Review, 46, 290-305.10.2307/2095061
    • (1981) American Sociological Review , vol.46 , pp. 290-305
    • Jackson, P.I.1    Carroll, L.2
  • 30
    • 84938049538 scopus 로고
    • Inequality and police strength: Conflict theory and coercive control in metropolitan areas
    • Jacobs, D., (1979). Inequality and police strength:Conflict theory and coercive control in metropolitan areas. American Sociological Review, 44, 913-925.10.2307/2094716
    • (1979) American Sociological Review , vol.44 , pp. 913-925
    • Jacobs, D.1
  • 31
    • 79959468678 scopus 로고
    • Inequality and police use of deadly force: An empirical assessment of a conflict hypothesis
    • Jacobs, D., & Britt, D., (1979). Inequality and police use of deadly force:An empirical assessment of a conflict hypothesis. Social Problems, 26, 403-412.10.2307/800504
    • (1979) Social Problems , vol.26 , pp. 403-412
    • Jacobs, D.1    Britt, D.2
  • 32
    • 0036017412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subordination and violence against state control agents: Testing political explanations for lethal assaults against the police
    • Jacobs, D., & Carmichael, J. T., (2002). Subordination and violence against state control agents:Testing political explanations for lethal assaults against the police. Social Forces, 80, 1223-1251.10.1353/sof.2002.0027
    • (2002) Social Forces , vol.80 , pp. 1223-1251
    • Jacobs, D.1    Carmichael, J.T.2
  • 33
    • 84954455475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reverse racism effect: Are cops more hesitant to shoot black than white suspects?
    • James, L., James, S. M., & Vila, B. J., (2016). The reverse racism effect:Are cops more hesitant to shoot black than white suspects? Criminology & Public Policy, 15, 457-479.10.1111/capp.2016.15.issue-2
    • (2016) Criminology & Public Policy , vol.15 , pp. 457-479
    • James, L.1    James, S.M.2    Vila, B.J.3
  • 34
    • 84939881356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic bias in decisions to shoot seen through a stronger lens: Experimental results from high-fidelity laboratory simulations
    • James, L., Klinger, David, & Vila, B., (2014). Racial and ethnic bias in decisions to shoot seen through a stronger lens:Experimental results from high-fidelity laboratory simulations. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10, 323-340.10.1007/s11292-014-9204-9
    • (2014) Journal of Experimental Criminology , vol.10 , pp. 323-340
    • James, L.1    Klinger, D.2    Vila, B.3
  • 35
    • 85020151012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal examination of officer deaths from vehicle pursuits
    • Johnson, R. R., (2013). A longitudinal examination of officer deaths from vehicle pursuits. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 15, 77-94.10.1350/ijps.2013.15.2.304
    • (2013) International Journal of Police Science & Management , vol.15 , pp. 77-94
    • Johnson, R.R.1
  • 37
    • 52949120695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the county-level structural covariates of police homicides
    • Kaminski, R. J., (2008). Assessing the county-level structural covariates of police homicides. Homicide Studies, 12, 350-380.10.1177/1088767908323863
    • (2008) Homicide Studies , vol.12 , pp. 350-380
    • Kaminski, R.J.1
  • 38
    • 0036463049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of changes in police and general homicides: 1930–1998
    • Kaminski, R. J., & Marvell, T. B., (2002). A comparison of changes in police and general homicides:1930–1998. Criminology, 40, 171-190.10.1111/crim.2002.40.issue-1
    • (2002) Criminology , vol.40 , pp. 171-190
    • Kaminski, R.J.1    Marvell, T.B.2
  • 39
    • 58149121477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessing political explanations for murders of police
    • Kaminski, R. J., & Stucky, T. D., (2009). Reassessing political explanations for murders of police. Homicide Studies, 13, 3-20.10.1177/1088767908326678
    • (2009) Homicide Studies , vol.13 , pp. 3-20
    • Kaminski, R.J.1    Stucky, T.D.2
  • 41
    • 85017586276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Walter scott effect’: North charleston traffic stops cut in half after shooting, but is it the lasting change critics seek?
    • Knapp, A., (2016, April 2). ‘Walter scott effect’:North charleston traffic stops cut in half after shooting, but is it the lasting change critics seek? The Post and Courier. Retrieved April 3, from http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20160402/PC16/160409955
    • (2016) The Post and Courier
    • Knapp, A.1
  • 43
    • 0002768969 scopus 로고
    • Specifying and testing the threat hypothesis: Police use of deadly force
    • Liska A.E., (ed), Albany: State University of New York Press
    • Liska, A. E., & Yu, J., (1992). Specifying and testing the threat hypothesis:Police use of deadly force. In A. E., Liska (Ed.), Social threat and social control (pp. 53-68). Albany:State University of New York Press.
    • (1992) Social threat and social control , pp. 53-68
    • Liska, A.E.1    Yu, J.2
  • 44
    • 0000937159 scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on the legal order: The capacity for social control
    • Liska, A. E., Lawrence, J. J., & Benson, M., (1981). Perspectives on the legal order:The capacity for social control. American Journal of Sociology, 87, 413-426.10.1086/227465
    • (1981) American Journal of Sociology , vol.87 , pp. 413-426
    • Liska, A.E.1    Lawrence, J.J.2    Benson, M.3
  • 45
    • 0017846358 scopus 로고
    • On a measure of lack of fit in time series models
    • Ljung, G. M., & Box, G. E. P., (1978). On a measure of lack of fit in time series models. Biometrika, 65, 297-303.10.1093/biomet/65.2.297
    • (1978) Biometrika , vol.65 , pp. 297-303
    • Ljung, G.M.1    Box, G.E.P.2
  • 47
    • 84956574276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new nationwide crime wave
    • Mac Donald, H., (2015, May 29). The new nationwide crime wave. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-nationwide-crime-wave-1432938425
    • (2015) Wall Street Journal
    • Mac Donald, H.1
  • 48
    • 85020142985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ferguson Effect detractors are wrong
    • Mac Donald, H., (2016a, March 21). Ferguson Effect detractors are wrong. Quillette. Retrieved from www.quillette.com/2016/03/21/ferguson-effect-detractors-are-wrong
    • (2016) Quillette
    • Mac Donald, H.1
  • 49
    • 85020142993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stat crimes matter: How researchers try to obscure the existence of the Ferguson Effect
    • Mac Donald, H., (2016b, February 22). Stat crimes matter:How researchers try to obscure the existence of the Ferguson Effect. City Journal. Retrieved from http://www.city-journal.org/html/stat-crimes-matter-14277.html
    • (2016) City Journal
    • Mac Donald, H.1
  • 51
    • 85020142385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interrupted Time Series Models
    • Bruinsma G., Weisburd D., (eds), 2nd ed., New York, NY: Springer
    • McDowall, D., & McCleary, R., (2014). Interrupted Time Series Models. In G., Bruinsma, & D., Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (2nd ed., pp. 2653-2665). New York, NY:Springer.
    • (2014) Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice , pp. 2653-2665
    • McDowall, D.1    McCleary, R.2
  • 54
    • 85020159366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A bird’s eye view of civilians killed by police in 2015: Further evidence of implicit bias
    • in press
    • Nix, J., Campbell, B. A., Byers, E. H., & Alpert, G. P., (in press). A bird’s eye view of civilians killed by police in 2015:Further evidence of implicit bias. Criminology & Public Policy.
    • Criminology & Public Policy
    • Nix, J.1    Campbell, B.A.2    Byers, E.H.3    Alpert, G.P.4
  • 55
    • 84945265069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of negative publicity on police self-legitimacy
    • Nix, J., & Wolfe, S. E., (2015). The impact of negative publicity on police self-legitimacy. Justice Quarterly Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/07418825.2015.110295410.1080/07418825.2015.1102954
    • (2015) Justice Quarterly
    • Nix, J.1    Wolfe, S.E.2
  • 56
    • 84977268161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity to the Ferguson Effect: The role of managerial organizational justice
    • Advance online publication
    • Nix, J., & Wolfe, S. E., (2016). Sensitivity to the Ferguson Effect:The role of managerial organizational justice. Journal of Criminal Justice. Advance online publication, 47, 12-20.
    • (2016) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.47 , pp. 12-20
    • Nix, J.1    Wolfe, S.E.2
  • 57
    • 77956888124 scopus 로고
    • Testing for unit roots in time series regression
    • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P., (1988). Testing for unit roots in time series regression. Biometrika, 75, 335-346.10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
    • (1988) Biometrika , vol.75 , pp. 335-346
    • Phillips, P.C.B.1    Perron, P.2
  • 59
    • 84956693635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Was there a Ferguson Effect on crime rates in large U.S. cities?
    • Pyrooz, D. C., Decker, S. H., Wolfe, S. E., & Shjarback, J. A., (2016). Was there a Ferguson Effect on crime rates in large U.S. cities? Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 1-8.10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.01.001
    • (2016) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.46 , pp. 1-8
    • Pyrooz, D.C.1    Decker, S.H.2    Wolfe, S.E.3    Shjarback, J.A.4
  • 61
    • 85020145857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police say officers hesitating to use deadly force
    • Reese, S., (2014, November 27). Police say officers hesitating to use deadly force. Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/27/police-say-officers-hesitating-to-use-deadly-force/
    • (2014) Washington Times
    • Reese, S.1
  • 63
    • 85020141542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police commissioner: Bad old days of crime may be back
    • Safir, H., (2015, June 5). Police commissioner:Bad old days of crime may be back. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/3908254/howard-safir-crime
    • (2015) Time
    • Safir, H.1
  • 65
    • 0027420435 scopus 로고
    • Defiance, deterrence, and irrelevance: A theory of the criminal sanction
    • Sherman, L. W., (1993). Defiance, deterrence, and irrelevance:A theory of the criminal sanction. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 445-473.10.1177/0022427893030004006
    • (1993) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.30 , pp. 445-473
    • Sherman, L.W.1
  • 67
  • 68
    • 84911446023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Law enforcement duties and sudden cardiac death among police officers in United States: Case distribution study
    • Varvarigou, V., Farioli, A., Korre, M., Sato, S., Dahabreh, I. J., & Kales, S. N., (2014). Law enforcement duties and sudden cardiac death among police officers in United States:Case distribution study. British Medical Journal, 349, g6534. Retrieved from http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/349/bmj.g6534.full.pdf
    • (2014) British Medical Journal , vol.349 , pp. g6534
    • Varvarigou, V.1    Farioli, A.2    Korre, M.3    Sato, S.4    Dahabreh, I.J.5    Kales, S.N.6
  • 69
    • 84956579097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The alleged “Ferguson Effect” and police willingness to engage in community partnership
    • Wolfe, S. E., & Nix, J., (2016). The alleged “Ferguson Effect” and police willingness to engage in community partnership. Law and Human Behavior, 40, 1-10. doi:10.1037/lhb0000164
    • (2016) Law and Human Behavior , vol.40 , pp. 1-10
    • Wolfe, S.E.1    Nix, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.