The Tribological Performance of Black Oxide Coating in Rolling/Sliding Contacts

Tribology Transactions

Volumn 60, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 557-574

  Brizmer, V ^a   Stadler, K ^b   van Drogen, M ^a   Han, B ^c   Matta, C ^a   Piras, E ^a,d  

^a SKF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE   (Netherlands)

^b SKF GMBH   (Germany)

^c SKF Global Technical Centre China   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

black oxide; boundary friction; Coatings; iron oxide; micropitting; smearing; surface distress; wear

Indexed keywords

COATINGS; FRICTION; IRON OXIDES; LUBRICATION; PROTECTIVE COATINGS; TRIBOLOGY; WEAR OF MATERIALS;

BOUNDARY FRICTION; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; MICRO-PITTING; ROLLING/SLIDING CONTACT; SMEARING; SURFACE DISTRESS; THEORETICAL MODELING; TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE;

BLACK COATINGS;

EID: 84988569491     PISSN: 10402004     EISSN: 1547397X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2016.1186258     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. MIL-C-13924C. (1990), “Specification—Coating, Oxide, Black, for Ferrous Metals.
2. DIN 50938. (2000), “Black Oxide Treatment of Ferrous Material; DIN 50938 Iron Oxide Coatings on Iron or Steel—Requirements and Test Methods 2000-04.
3. Holweger, W., (2012), “Interaction of Rolling Bearing Fatigue Life with New Material Phenomenons,” VDI Congress–Antriebsstränge in Windenergieanlagen Bremerhaven, Germany, November 15, 2012.
4. Stadler, K., (2013), How Black Oxide Coating Can Make an Impact on Cutting O&M Costs for Wind Turbines, 4th ed., SKF Evolution.
5. Lier, H.v., and Hentschke, C., (2013), Investigations on the Performance of black Oxidized Rolling Element Bearings, VDI-report nr. 2202, Aachen, Germany.
6. Stadler, K., Han, B., Brizmer, V., and Pasaribu, R., (2015), Benefits of Using Black Oxidized Bearings in Wind Applications, 2nd ed., SKF Evolution.
7. Mahmoudi, B., Tury, B., Hager, C. H., and Doll, G. L., (2015), “Effects of Black Oxide and a WC/a-C:H Coating on the Micropitting of SAE 52100 Bearing Steel,” Tribology Letters, 58 (20), pp 1–9.
8. Evans, R. D., Hager, C. H., Kang, Y. S., and Doll, G. L., (2015), “Comparison of Black Oxide and Tungsten Carbide–Reinforced Diamond-Like Carbon (WC/a-C:H) Surface Treatments for Rolling Element Bearings,” Tribology Transactions, 58, pp 444–453.
9. Rosinski, J., and Smurthwaite, D., (2010), “Troubleshooting Wind Gearbox Problems,” Gear Solutions, February 2010, pp 22–33. Retrieved from:http://www.gearsolutions.com/media/uploads/assets/Digital_Editions/feb_2010/#?page=24.
10. Herr, D., and Heidenreich, D., (2015), “How Turbulent Winds Abuse Wind Turbine Drivetrains,” Wind Power Engineering, Retrieved from:http://www.windpowerengineering.com/design/how-turbulent-windabuse-wind-turbine-drivetrains/.
11. Uyama, H., (2011), “The Mechanism of White Structure Flaking in Rolling Bearings,” NREL Workshop, 15–17 November, 2011, Broomfield., CO.
12. Strandell, I., Fajiers, C., and Lund, T., (2010), “Corrosion—One Root Cause for Premature Bearing Failures,” 37th Leeds–Lyon Symposium on Tribology, September 2010, Leeds, UK.
13. Erichello, R., Budney, R., and Eckert, R., (2013), “Investigations of Bearing Failures Associated with White Etching Areas in Wind Turbine Gearboxes,” Tribology Transactions, 56, pp 1069–1076.
14. Kotzalas, M. N., and Doll, G. L., (2010), “Tribological Advancements for Reliable Wind Turbine Performance,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 368, pp 4829–4850.
15. Holweger, W., Wolf, M., Merk, D., Blass, T., Goss, M., Loos, J., Barteldes, S., and Jakovics, A. (2015), “White Etching Crack Root Cause Investigations,” Tribology Transactions, 58, pp 59–69.
16. Bankestrom, O., (2013), Field Measurements for Wind Turbine Main Bearings, VDI Wissensforum, COWEC, Berlin.
17. Stadler, K., Vaes, D., and Ersson, M., (2015), “Premature Bearing Failures & White Etching Cracks,” 16th ATK/CWD Congress, March 3–4, 2015, Aachen, Germany.
18. Stadler, K., and Baum, J., (2014), “Premature White Etching Crack Bearing Failures in Wind Gearboxes,” STLE Annual Meeting, Lake Buena Vista, FL, May 18–22.
19. Tamada, K., and Tanaka, H., (1996), “Occurrence of Brittle Flaking on Bearings Used for Automotive Electrical Instruments and Auxiliary Devices,” Wear, 199., pp 245–252
20. Vegter, R. H., and Slycke, J. T., (2010), “The Role of Hydrogen on Rolling Contact Fatigue Response of Rolling Element Bearings,” Journal of ASTM International, 7(2), pp 1–12.
21. Kino, N., and Otani, K., (2003), “The Influence of Hydrogen on Rolling Contact Fatigue Life and Its Improvement,” JSAE Review, 24, pp 289–294.
22. Lyckx, J., (2011), “Hammering Wear Impact Fatigue Hypothesis WEC/irWEA Failure Mode on Roller Bearings,” NREL Workshop, November 15–17, 2011, Broomfield, CO, USA.
23. Reichelt, M., Weirich, T. E., Meyer, J., Wolf, T., Loos, J., Gold, P. W., and Fajfrowski, M. (2006), “TEM and Nanomechanical Studies on Tribological Surface Modifications Formed on Roller Bearings under Controlled Lubrication Conditions,” Journal of Materials Science, 41, pp 4543–4553.
24. Pasaribu, H. R., and Lugt, P. M., (2012), “The Composition of Reaction Layers on Rolling Bearings Lubricated with Gear Oils and Its Correlation with Rolling Bearing Performance,” Tribology Transactions, 55(3), pp 351–356.
25. Song, R. H., Pyung, S. I., and Oriani, R. A., (1991), “The Hydrogen Permeation through Passivating Film on Iron Modulation Method,” Electrochemica Acta, 36(5/6), pp 825–831.
26. SKF (1999), “No Wear Anywhere,” SKF Evolution Online.
27. Loos, J., Bergmann, I., and Goss, M., (2015), “Influence of Currents from Electrostatic Charges on WEC Formation in Rolling Bearings,” Tribology Transactions, DOI:10.1080/10402004.2015.1118582.
28. Morales-Espejel, G. E., and Brizmer, V., (2011), “Micropitting Modelling in Rolling–Sliding Contacts:Application to Rolling Bearings,” Tribology Transactions, 54, pp 625–643.
29. Bongardt, C., and Beilicke, R., (2013), The Influence and Clarification of the Mechanism of Grey Straining Generation During Transient Running Conditions in Rolling Element Bearings, FVA 627 I–Wälzlagergraufleckigkeit, Frankfurt am Main.
30. Dang Van, K., Griveau, B., and Message, O., (1989), “On a New Multiaxial Fatigue Limit Criterion:Theory and Application,” Biaxial and Multiaxial Fatigue, Brown, M., and Miller, K., (Eds.), pp 479–498, Mechanical Engineering Publications, London.
31. Wöhler, A., (1870), “Über die Festigkeitsversuche mit Eisen und Stahl” [On the Strength of Iron and Steel], Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, 20, pp 73–106.
32. Palmgren, A. G., (1924), “Die Lebensdaur von Kugellagern” [Life Duration of Roller Bearings], Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure, 68(14), pp 339–341.
33. Archard, J., (1953), “Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces,” Journal of Applied Physics, 24(8), pp 981–988.
34. van Drogen, M., (2005), The Transition to Adhesive Wear of Lubricated Sliding Contacts, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
35. Wadewitz, M., and Meerkamm, H., (1993), Root Causes for Smearing Damage in Rolling-/Plain Contacts - Final Report, VDI Bericht, Düsseldorf, Germany.
36. SKF (2011), SKF Engineering Handbook. Available at:http://eks.skf.net/eng-handbook.
37. SKF (1994), “Bearing Failures and Their Causes,” SKF Product Information 401. http://www.skf.com/files/099926.pdf.
38. Eglinger, M., and Meerkamm, H., (1995), The Influence of the Lubricants and Roller Characteristics on the Development of Smearing Damages, VDI Bericht, Düsseldorf, Germany.
39. Hambrecht, R., (1999), Smearing Damage in Grease Lubricated Rolling Element Bearings, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
40. Scherb, B. J., and Zech, J., (2001), “A Study on the Smearing and Slip Behavior of Radial Cylindrical Roller Bearings,” Schriftenreihe FH Nürnberg, 5, pp 1–20.
41. DIN 50320. (1979), Wear—Terms and Definitions, Analysis of Wear Mechanisms in Tribological Systems, Classification of Wear Fields, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
42. Blau, P. J., (2005), “On the Nature of Running-In,” Tribology International, 38, pp 1007–1012.
43. Spikes, H., (2004), “The History and Mechanisms of ZDDP,” Tribology Letters, 17, pp 469–489.
44. Brizmer, V., Pasaribu, H. R., and Morales-Espejel, G. E., (2013), “Micropitting Performance of Oil Additives in Lubricated Rolling Contacts,” Tribology Transactions, 56(5), pp 739–748.
45. Morales-Espejel, G. E., Brizmer, V., and Piras, E., (2015), “Roughness Evolution in Mixed Lubrication Condition due to Mild Wear,” Journal of Engineering Tribology, 229(11), pp 330–346.