The Child–Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Development, Psychometric Properties, and Associations With Stress, Distress, and Psychiatric Symptoms

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

Volumn 34, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 634-652

  Flett, Gordon L ^a   Hewitt, Paul L ^b   Besser, Avi ^c   Su, Chang ^a   Vaillancourt, Tracy ^d   Boucher, Daniel ^e   Munro, Yvette ^a   Davidson, Lisa A ^a   Gale, Olga ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c SAPIR ACADEMIC COLLEGE   (Israel)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^e Simcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board   (Canada)

Author keywords

anxiety; depression; motivation; psychopathology; self oriented perfectionism; socially prescribed perfectionism; stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84988036890     PISSN: 07342829     EISSN: 15575144     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0734282916651381     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Asseraf M., Vaillancourt T., (2015). Longitudinal links between perfectionism and depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 43, 895-908.
2. Austin G. W., Leschied A. D., Jaffe P. G., Sas L., (1986). Factor structure and construct validity of the Basic Personality Inventory with juvenile offenders. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 18, 238-247.
3. Bas A. V., Siyez D. M., (2010). Adaptability of the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale to Turkish: The reliability and validity study. Elementary Education Online, 9, 898-909.
4. Bento C., Pereira A. T., Saraiva J. M., Macedo A., (2014). Children and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Validation in a Portuguese adolescent sample. Psychology/Psicologia Reflexao e Critica, 27, 228-232. doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201427203159
5. Castro J., Gila A., Gual P., Lahortiga F., Saura B., Toro J., (2004). Perfectionism dimensions in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 392-398.
6. Cattell R. B., (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140-161.
7. Crandall V. C., Crandall V. J., Katkovsky W., (1965). A children’s social desirability questionnaire. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 27-36.
8. Cronbach L. J., (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
9. Damian L. E., Stoeber J., Negru O., Baban A., (2013). On the development of perfectionism in adolescence: Perceived parental expectations predict longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 688-693. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.021
10. Deci E. L., Ryan R. M., (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1037.
11. Ellis A., (2002). The role of irrational beliefs in perfectionism. In Flett G. L., Hewitt P. L., (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 217-229). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
12. Essau C. A., Leung P. W. L., Conradt J., Cheng H., Wong J., (2008). Anxiety symptoms in Chinese and German adolescents: Their relationship with early learning experiences, perfectionism, and learning motivation. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 801-810.
13. Flesch R., (1979). How to write plain English: A book for lawyers and consumers. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
14. Flett G. L., Coulter L.-M., Hewitt P. L., Nepon T., (2011). Perfectionism, rumination, worry, and depressive symptoms in early adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 26, 159-176.
15. Flett G. L., Hewitt P. L., (2014). A proposed framework for preventing perfectionism and promoting resilience and mental health among vulnerable children and adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 51, 899-912. doi:10.1002/pits.21792
16. Flett G. L., Hewitt P. L., Demerjian A., Sturman E. D., Sherry S. B., Cheng W., (2012). Perfectionistic automatic thoughts and psychological distress in adolescents: An analysis of the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 91-104.
17. Flett G. L., Hewitt P. L., Su C., Flett K. D., (2016). Perfectionism in language learners: Review, conceptualization, and recommendations for teachers and school psychologists. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 31, 75-101.
18. Garner D. M., Garfinkel P. E., (1979). The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9, 273-279.
19. Garner D. M., Olmstead M. P., Polivy J., (1983). Development and validation of a multi-dimensional Eating Disorder Inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34.
20. Greenaway R., Howlin P., (2010). Dysfunctional attitudes and perfectionism and their relationship to anxious and depressive symptoms in boys with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1179-1187.
21. Gunning R., (1952). The technique of clear writing. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
22. Harman H. H., (1976). Modern factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
23. Hawkins C. C., Watt H. M. G., Sinclair K. E., (2006). Psychometric properties of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale with Australian adolescent girls: Clarification of multidimensionality and perfectionist typology. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 1001-1022.
24. Herman K.C., Wang K., Trotter R., Reinke W. M., Ialongo N., (2013). Developmental trajectories of maladaptive perfectionism among African American adolescents. Child Development, 84, 1633-1650.
25. Hewitt P. L., Blasberg J. S., Flett G. L., Besser A., Sherry S. B., Caelian C... Birch S., (2011). Perfectionistic self-presentation in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation—Junior Form. Psychological Assessment, 23, 125-142. doi:10.1037/a0021147
26. Hewitt P. L., Flett G. L., (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456-470.
27. Hewitt P. L., Newton J., Flett G. L., Callander L., (1997). Perfectionism and suicide ideation in adolescent psychiatric patients. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 95-101.
28. Holden R. R., Reddon J. R., Jackson D. N., (1983). The construct heuristic applied to the measurement of psychopathology. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 13, 37-46.
29. Huggins L., Davis M. C., Rooney R., Kane R., (2008). Socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism as predictors of depressive diagnosis in preadolescents. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 18, 182-194.
30. Jackson D. N., (1970). A sequential system for personality scale development. In Spielberger C. D., (Ed.), Current topics in clinical and community psychology (pp. 61-96). New York, NY: Academic Press.
31. Jackson D. N., (1989). Basic Personality Inventory manual. Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems.
32. Janis I. L., Field P. B., (1959). A behavioral assessment of persuasibility: Consistency of individual differences. In Hovland C. I., Janis I. L., (Eds.), Personality and persuasibility (pp.29-54). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
33. Lounsbury J. W., Tatum H., Gibson L. W., Park S.-H., Sundstrom E. D., Hamrick F. L., Wilburn D., (2003). The development of a Big Five Adolescent Personality Inventory. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 21, 111-133.
34. Martel M. M., Goth-Owens T., Martinez-Torteya C., Nigg J. T., (2010). A person-centered personality approach to heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 186-196.
35. McCreary B. T., Joiner T. E., Schmidt N. B., Ialongo N. S., (2004). The structure and correlates of perfectionism in African American children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33, 313-324.
36. Nowicki S., Strickland B. R., (1973). A locus of control scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 148-155.
37. Nunnally J. C., (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
38. O’Connor R. C., Dixon D., Rasmussen S., (2009). The structure and temporal stability of the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale. Psychological Assessment, 21, 437-443.
39. Pliner P., Chaiken S., Flett G. L., (1990). Gender differences in concern with body weight and physical appearance over the lifespan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 263-273.
40. Rice K. G., Ashby J. S., Gilman R., (2011). Classifying adolescent perfectionists. Psychological Assessment, 23, 563-577.
41. Roxborough H., Hewitt P. L., Kaldas J., Flett G. L., Caelian C., Sherry S... Sherry D. L., (2012). Perfectionistic self-presentation, socially prescribed perfectionism, and suicide in youth: A test of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42, 217-233.
42. Ryan R. M., Connell J. P., (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749-761.
43. Sironic A., Reeve R. A., (2015). A combined analysis of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS), and Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R): Different perfectionist profiles in adolescent high school students. Psychological Assessment, 27, 1471-1483.
44. Soreni N., Streiner D., McCabe R., Bullard C., Swinson R., Greco A... Szatmari P., (2014). Dimensions of perfectionism in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 136-143.
45. Stornelli D., Flett G. L., Hewitt P. L., (2009). Perfectionism, achievement, and affect in children: A comparison of students from gifted, arts, and regular programmes. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24, 267-283.
46. Sun J., Dunne M. P., Hou X., Xu A., (2011). Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents: Development, validity, and reliability within Chinese students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 534-546.