Socialization of culture and coping with discrimination among American Indian families: Examining cultural correlates of youth outcomes

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 317-341

  Yasui, Miwa ^a   Dishion, Thomas J ^b   Stormshak, Elizabeth ^c   Ball, Alison ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^d Colville Confederated Tribes ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

American Indian youth; Cultural socialization; Discrimination; Ethnic identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84987865366     PISSN: 23342315     EISSN: 1948822X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/682575     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Adams, G., Fryberg, S. A., Garcia, D. M., & Delgado-Torres, E. U. (2006). The psychology of engagement with Indigenous identities: A cultural perspective. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12, 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.493
2. Aud, S., Fox, M. A., & KewalRamani, A. (2010). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups (NCES 2010-015). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
3. Bennett, M. D. (2006). Cultural resources and school engagement among African American youths: The role of racial socialization and ethnic identity. Children and Schools, 28, 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cs/28.4.197
4. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Fit indexes, Lagrange multipliers, constraint changes and incomplete data in structural models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 163–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_3
5. Bowman, P. J., & Howard, C. (1985). Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study of Black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 134–141.
6. Boykin, A. W., & Toms, F. D. (1985). Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33–51). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
7. Brave Heart, M. Y. B., & DeBruyn, L. M. (1998). The American Indian Holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 8, 56–78.
8. Brookings Institution, Institute for Government Research. (1928). The problem of Indian Administration: Report of a survey made at the request of Honorable Hubert Work, Secretary of the Interior, and submitted to him, February 21, 1928. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED087573.pdf
9. Brown, C. M., & Smirles, K. E. (2005). Examining the bicultural ethnic identity of adolescents of a Northeastern Indian tribe. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 29, 81–100.
10. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
11. Buriel, R., & DeMent, T. (1997). Immigration and sociocultural changes in Mexican, Chinese, and Vietnamese American families. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & N. Landale (Eds.), Immigration and the family: Research and policy on U.S. immigrants. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Castro, F. G., Barrera, M., & Steiker, L. K. H. (2010). Issues and challenges in the design of culturally adapted evidence-based interventions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-033109-132032
14. Caughy, M. O., Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, K. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American children. Child Development, 73, 1611–1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00493
15. Coard, S., J., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, H. C., & Brotman, L. M. (2004). Towards culturally relevant preventive interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. America Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31, 463–484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jcfs.0000022035.07171.f8
16. Conger, R. D., Patterson, G. R., & Ge, X. (1995). It takes two to replicate: A mediational model for the impact of parents’ stress on adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 66, 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131192
17. Constantine, M. G., & Blackmon, S. B. (2002). Black adolescents’ racial socialization experiences: Their relations to home, school, and peer self-esteem. Journal of Black Studies, 32, 332–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193470203200303
18. Deater-Deckard, K., & Petrill, S. A. (2004). Parent–child dyadic mutuality and child behavior problems: An investigation of gene–environment processes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1171–1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00309.x
19. Delgado, M. (1995). Community asset assessment and substance abuse prevention: A case study involving the Puerto Rican community. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 4(4), 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J029v04n04_04
20. Demo, D., & Hughes, M. (1990). Socialization and racial identity among Black Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 364–374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786741
21. Dionne, R., Davis, B., Sheeber, L., & Madrigal, L. (2009). Initial evaluation of a cultural approach to implementation of evidence-based parenting interventions in American Indian communities. Journal of Community Psychology, 37, 911–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20336
22. Dishion, T. J., & Bullock, B. (2001). Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: An ecological analysis of the nurturance hypothesis. In J. G. Borkowski, S. Landesman Ramey, & M. Bristol-Power (Eds.), Parenting and the child’s world: Influences on intellectual, academic, and social–emotional development (pp. 231–249). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Dishion, T. J., Bullock, B. M., & Granic, I. (2002). Pragmatism in modeling peer influence: Dynamics, outcomes, and change processes. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 969–981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579402004169
24. Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., & Kavanagh, K. (2003). The Family Check-Up with high-risk young adolescents: Preventing early-onset substance use by parent monitoring. Behavior Therapy, 34, 553–571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(03)80035-7
25. Ehlers, C. L., Gizer, I. R., Gilder, D. A., Ellingson, J. M., & Yehuda, R. (2013). Measuring historical trauma in an American Indian community sample: Contributions of substance dependence, affective disorder, conduct disorder and PTSD. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133, 180–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.011
26. Fischer, A. R., & Shaw, C. M. (1999). African Americans’ mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.395
27. Forgatch, M. S. (1984). A two-stage analysis of family problem solving: Global and microsocial. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, Oregon Social Learning Center.
28. Galliher, R. V., Jones, M. D., & Dahl, A. (2011). Concurrent and longitudinal effects of ethnic identity and experiences of discrimination on psychosocial adjustment of Navajo adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 47, 509–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021061
29. García Coll, C. T., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B.H., & Vázquez García, B. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891–1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131600
30. García Coll, C. T., & Magnuson, K. (1997). The psychological experience of immigration: A developmental perspective. In A. Booth (Ed.), Immigration and the family: Research and policy on U.S. immigrants (pp. 91–131). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
31. Goodkind, J., LaNoue, M., Lee, C., Freeland, L., & Freund, R. (2012). Involving parents in a community-based, culturally grounded mental health intervention for American Indian youth: Parent perspectives, challenges and results. Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 468–478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21480
32. Hawkins, E. H., Cummins, L. H., & Marlatt, G. A. (2004). Preventing substance abuse in American Indian and Alaska Native youth: Promising strategies for healthier communities. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 304–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.304
33. House, L. E., Stiffman, A. R., & Brown, E. (2006). Unraveling cultural threads: A qualitative study of culture and ethnic identity among urban Southwestern American Indian youth, parents, and elders. Journal of Child and Family Studies,15, 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9038-9
34. Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1, 200–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0104_4
35. Hughes, D., Hagelskamp, C., Way, N., & Foust, M. D. (2009). The role of mothers’ and ado-lescents’ perceptions of ethnic-racial socialization in shaping ethnic-racial identity among early adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 605–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9399-7
36. Hughes, D. L., & Johnson, D. J. (2001). Correlates in children’s experiences of parents’ racial socialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 981–995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00981.x
37. Hughes, D. L., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747–770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
38. Kavanagh, K., Absalom, K., Beil, Jr., W., & Schliessmann, L. (1999). Connecting and becoming culturally competent: A Lakota example. Advances in Nursing Science, 21, 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00012272-199903000-00005
39. Kenyon, D. B., & Carter, J. S. (2011). Ethnic identity, sense of community, and psychological well-being among Northern Plains American Indian youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20412
40. Knight, G. P., Bernal, M. E., Garza, C. A., Cota, M. K., & Ocampo, K. A. (1993). Family socialization and the ethnic identity of Mexican-American children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 273–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022193241007
41. Kovacs, M. (1992). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. New York, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
42. Jones, M. D., & Galliher, R. (2007). Navajo ethnic identity: Predictors of psychosocial outcomes in Navajo adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 683–696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00541.x
43. LaFromboise, T. D., Hoyt, D. R., Oliver, L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2006). Family, community and school influences on resilience among American Indian adolescents in the upper Midwest. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20090
44. LaFromboise, T. D., & Medoff, L. (2004). Sacred spaces: The role of context in American Indian youth development. In M. Weist (Ed.), Community planning to foster resilience in children (pp. 45–63). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
45. LaFromboise, T. D., Medoff, L., Lee, C. C., & Harris, A. (2007). Psychosocial and cultural correlates of suicidal ideation among American Indian early adolescents on a Northern Plains reservation Research in Human Development, 4, 119–143.
46. Lesane-Brown, C. L. (2006). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26, 400–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.001
47. McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J., Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. (2006). Mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization in African American families: Implications for youth. Child Development, 77, 1387–1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00942.x
48. Metzler, C. W., Biglan, A., Rusby, J. C., & Sprague, J. R. (2001). Evaluation of a comprehensive behavior management program to improve school-wide positive behavior support. Education & Treatment of Children, 24, 448–479. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42900503
49. Miranda, J., Bernal, G., Lau, A., Kohn, L., Hwang, W. C., & LaFromboise, T. (2005). State of the science on psychosocial interventions for ethnic minorities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 113–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143822
50. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2011). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
51. Myhra, L. L. (2011). “It runs in the family”: Intergenerational transmission of historical trauma among urban American Indians and Alaska Natives in culturally specific sobriety maintenance programs. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 18 (2), 17–40.
52. Nies, J. (1996). Native American history: A chronology of a culture’s vast achievements and their links to world events. New York, NY: Ballantine.
53. Noh, S., Beiser, M., & Kaspar, V. (2003). Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 232–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.2.232
54. O’Connor, L. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Graber, J. (2000). Black and White girls’ racial preferences in media and peer choices and the role of socialization for Black girls. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 510–521.
55. Oetting, E. R., & Beauvais, F. (1990). Orthogonal cultural identification theory: The cultural identification of minority adolescents. International Journal of Addiction, 25, 655–685.
56. Ou, Y. S., & McAdoo, H. P. (1993). Socialization of Chinese American children. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Ethnicity: Strength in diversity (pp. 245–270). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
57. Perry, S. W. (2004). American Indians and crime-A BJS statistical profile, 1992–2002 (NCJ 203097). U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/otj/docs/american_indians_and_crime.pdf
58. Peters, M. F. (1985). Racial socialization of Black children. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp.33–51). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
59. Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074355489272003
60. Phinney, J. S., & Alipuria, L. (1990). Ethnic identity in college students from four ethnic groups. Journal of Adolescence, 13, 171–184.
61. Prelow, H. M., Danoff-Burg, S., Swenson, R. R., & Pugliano, D. (2004). The impact of ecological risk and perceived discrimination on the psychological adjustment of African American and European American youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 375–389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20007
62. Reid, M. J., Webster-Stratton, C., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2001). Parent training in Head Start: A comparison of program response among African American, Asian American, Caucasian, and Hispanic mothers. Prevention Science, 2, 209–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013618309070
63. Rivas-Drake, D. (2011). Ethnic-racial socialization and adjustment among Latino college students: The mediating roles of ethnic centrality, public regard, and perceived barriers to opportunity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 606–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9564-z
64. Schmader, T., Major, B., & Gramzow, R. H. (2001). Coping with ethnic stereotypes in the academic domain: Perceived injustice and psychological disengagement. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00203
65. Schweigman, K., Soto, C., Wright, S., & Unger, J. (2011). The relevance of cultural activities in ethnic identity among California Native American youth. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43, 343–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.629155
66. Scott, L. D. (2003). The relation of racial identity and racial socialization to coping with discrimination among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Studies, 33, 520–538.
67. Stevenson, H. C. (1995). Relationship of adolescent perceptions of racial socialization to racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00957984950211005
68. Stevenson, H. C., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002). Development of the Teenager Experience of Racial Socialization scale: Correlates of race-related socialization frequency from the perspective of Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 28, 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798402028002002
69. Stubben, J. D. (2001). Working with and conducting research among American Indian families. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1466–1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027642010444009004
70. Szalacha, L. A., Erkut, S., Garcia Coll, C., Alarcon, O., Fields, J. P., & Ceder, I. (2003). Discrimination and Puerto Rican children’s and adolescents’ mental health. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 141–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.9.2.141
71. Thornton, M. C., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Allen, W. R. (1990). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization. Child Development, 61, 401–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131101
72. Thornton, B., & Sanchez, J. E. (2010). Promoting resiliency among Native American students to prevent dropouts. Education, 131, 455–464. Retrieved from http://www.projectinnovation.biz/education
73. Tran, A. G., & Lee, R. M. (2010). Perceived ethnic–racial socialization, ethnic identity, and social competence among Asian American late adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 169–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016400
74. Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Fine, M. A. (2004). Examining ethnic identity among Mexican-origin adolescents living in the United States. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986303262143
75. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and eth-nicity—A supplement to Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General (SMA01-3613). Rockville, MD: Author. Retrieved from http://health-equity.pitt.edu/866/1/sma-01-3613.pdf
76. Walls, M., Johnson, K., Whitbeck, L., & Hoyt, D. (2006). Mental health and substance abuse services preferences among American Indian people of the Northern Midwest. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 521–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-006-9054-7
77. Winderowd, C., Montgomery, D., Stumblingbear, G., Harless, D., & Hicks, K. (2008). Development of the American Indian enculturation scale to assist counseling practice. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 15(2), 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5820/aian.1502.2008.1
78. Whitbeck, L., Adams, G., Hoyt, D., & Chen, X. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 119–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AJCP.0000027000.77357.31
79. Whitbeck, L. B., McMorris, B. J., Hoyt, D. R., Stubben, J. D., & LaFromboise, T. A. (2002). Perceived discrimination, traditional practices, and depressive symptoms among American Indians in the upper Midwest. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090234
80. Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., McMorris, B. J., Chen, X., & Stubben, J. D. (2001). Perceived discrimination and early substance use among American Indian children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 405–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090187
81. Whitesell, N. R., Mitchell, C. M., Kaufman, C. E., & Spicer, P. (2006). Developmental trajectories of personal and collective self-concept among American Indian adolescents. Child Development, 77, 1487–1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00949.x
82. Whitesell, N. R., Mitchell, C. M., Spicer, P, & Voices of Indian Teens Project Team. (2009). A longitudinal study of self-esteem, cultural identity, and academic success among American Indian adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013456
83. Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71, 1197–1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7106012
84. Yasui, M., C. R. Dorham, & T. J. Dishion. (2004). Ethnic identity and psychological adjustment: A validity analysis for European American and African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 807–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260098
85. Yoder, K. A., Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., & LaFromboise, T. (2006). Suicidal ideation among American Indian youths. Archives of Suicide Research, 10, 177–190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811110600558240
86. Zimmerman, M. A., Ramirez, J., Washienko, K. M., Walter, B., & Dyer, S. (1994). Enculturation hypothesis: Exploring direct and positive effects among Native American youth. In H. I. McCubbin, E. A. Thompson, A. I. Thompson, & J. E. Fromer (Eds.), Resiliency in ethnic minority families, Vol. 1: Native and immigrant American Families (pp. 199–220). Madison, WI: Center for Excellence in Family Studies, University of Wisconsin.