‘The Insignia of Women’: Dress, Gender and Identity on the Roman Funerary Monument of Regina from Arbeia

Archaeological journal

Volumn 169, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 281-311

  Carroll, Maureen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84987854652     PISSN: 00665983     EISSN: 23732288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00665983.2012.11020916     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin, 1863
2. ILS Dessau, H., Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Berlin, 1892–1916
3. RIU Die römischen Inschriften Ungarns. Amsterdam and Bonn, 1972–2001
4. CASSIUS, DIO, Roman History. Cassius Dio, Roman History (trans. E. Cary), 1927, London: Heinemann
5. COLUMELLA, On Agriculture. Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, On Agriculture and Trees in Three Volumes (trans. E. S. Forster and E. H. Heffner), 1955, London: Heinemann
6. GAIUS, Institutes. Gaius, The Institutes (trans. W. M. Gordon and O. F. Robinson), 1997, London: Duckworth
7. JUVENAL, Satire. Juvenal and Persius (trans. J. Henderson), 2004, London: Heinemann
8. LIVY, Ab urbe condita. Livy in Thirteen Volumes, Vol. III Books V, VI and VII. (trans. B. O. Foster), 1924, London: Heinemann
9. LIVY, Roman History. Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean: Books XXXI—XLV of the History of Rome from its Foundation (trans. H. Bettenson), 1976, London: Penguin Classics
10. PLINY, Letters. Pliny the Younger, Letters and Panegyricus (trans. B. Radice), 1969, London: Heinemann
11. PLINY, Natural History. Pliny. Natural History, Volume II Books III—VII (trans. H. Rackham). 1969, London: Heinemann
12. PLUTARCH, Antony. Plutarch, Lives in Eleven Volumes (trans. B. Perrin), 1959, London: Heinemann POLYBIUS, Histories. Polybius, The Histories (trans. F. W. Walbank and C. Habicht), 2010, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
13. SUETONIUS, Augustus. Suetonius, (trans. J. C. Rolfe), 1914, London: Heinemann
14. ADAMS, J. N., 1998. Two notes of RIB, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 123, 235–36
15. ADAMS, J. N., 2003. Bilingualism and the Latin Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
16. ALLASON-JONES, L., (ed.) 2011. Artefacts in Roman Britain. Their Purpose and Use, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
17. ALLASON-JONES, L., 2012. Women in Roman Britain, in S. L., James and S., Dillon (eds) A Companion to Women in the Ancient World, 467–77, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell
18. AUDOLLENT, A., 1922. Les tombes gallo-romaines à inhumation des Martres-de-Veyre, Puy-de-Dôme, Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 13, 275–328
19. AURISICCHIO, C., FERRO, D., MARTINELLI, G., CESARO, S. N., and RAPINESI, I. A., 2002. A study of a distaff of the second century A.D. from a necropolis of Boccone D'Aste (Rome, Italy)-tomb 75, J. Cultural Heritage, 3.2, 107–16
20. BARTH, F., 1969. Introduction, in F., Barth (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organisation of Cultural Difference, 1–38, London: Allen and Unwin
21. BÉDOYÈRE, DE LA G., 2001. Eagles over Britannia. The Roman Army in Britain, Stroud: Tempus
22. BIDWELL, P., and SPEAK, S., 1994. Excavations at South Shields Roman Fort, Vol. 1, Newcastle: Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne
23. BIRLEY, A. R., 1979. The People of Roman Britain, London: Batsford
24. BÖHME-SCHÖNBERGER, A., 1995. Das Mainzer Grabmal von Menimane und Blussus als Zeugnis des Romanisierungsprozesses, in W., Czysz, C.-M., Hüssen, H.-P., Kuhnen, C. S., Sommer and G., Weber (eds) Provinzialrömische Forschungen. Festschrift für Günter Ulbert zum 65. Geburtstag, 1–11, Espelkamp: Verlag Marie Leihdorf
25. BÖHME-SCHÖNBERGER, A., 2003. Menimae, Blussus und das Mädchen vom Frauenlobplatz. Sind sie einheimisch-keltisch, romanisiert oder…?, in Noelke 2003, 285–90
26. BOPPERT, W., 1992. Zivile Grabsteine aus Mainz und Umgebung. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani Deutschland II. 6: Germania Superior, Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums
27. BRADLEY, K., 1994. Slavery and Society at Rome, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
28. BRANDL, U., 2008. Uxores, coniuges, libertae. Frauen in Inschriften römischer Legionäre—Versuch einer numerischen Bestandsaufname, in U., Brandl (ed.) Frauen und Römisches Militär. Beiträge eines Runden Tisches in Xanten vom 7. bis 9. Juli 2005, 52–61, Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Int. Ser., 1759
29. BRANIGAN, K., 1985. The Catuvellauni. Stroud: Alan Sutton
30. BUCKLAND, W. W., 1975. A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
31. CAMPBELL, B., 1978. The marriage of soldiers under the Empire, J. Roman Studies, 68, 153–66
32. CARR, G., 2006. Creolised Bodies and Hybrid Identities. Examining the Early Roman Period in Essex and Hertfordshire, Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser., 418
33. CARROLL, M., 2001. Romans, Celts and Germans. The German Provinces of Rome, Stroud: Tempus
34. CARROLL, M., 2002. Measuring time and inventing histories in the early Empire: Roman and Germanic perspectives, in M., Carruthers, C., van Driel Murray, A., Gardner, J., Lucas, L., Revell and E. V., Swift (eds) TRAC 11. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference 2001, 104–12, Oxford: Oxbow
35. CARROLL, M., 2006. Spirits of the Dead. Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press
36. CARROLL, M., 2010. Götter, Sterbliche und ethnische Identität am Niederrhein: Die Aussage der römischen Weihedenkmäler, Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter, 19, 97–106
37. CHERRY, D., 1990. The Minician law: marriage and the Roman citizenship, Phoenix, 44.3, 244–66
38. CLELAND, L., HARLOW, M., and LLEWELLYN-JONES, L., (eds) The Clothed Body in the Ancient World, Oxford: Oxbow
39. COLLEDGE, M. A. R., 1976. The Art of Palmyra, London: Thames and Hudson
40. COLLINGWOOD, R. G., and WRIGHT, R. P., 1995. The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, Vol. 1, Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing
41. COLLIS, J., 2003. The Celts. Origins and Reinventions. Stroud: Tempus
42. COOL, H. E. M., 2010. Objects of glass, shale, bone and metal (except nails), in P., Booth, A., Simmonds, A., Boyle, S., Clough, H. E. M., Cool and D., Poore (eds) The Late Roman Cemetery at Lankhills, Winchester. Excavations 2000–2005, 267–308, Oxford: Oxford Archaeology
43. COTTICA, D., 2007. Spinning in the Roman world: from everyday craft to metaphor of destiny, Gilles and Nosch 2007, 221–28
44. COULSTON, J. C., and PHILLIPS, E. J., 1988. Hadrian's Wall West of the North Tyne, and Carlisle, Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani, Great Britain 1.6, Oxford: Oxford University Press
45. CUNLIFFE, B., 1997. The Ancient Celts, Oxford: Oxford University Press
46. CROOM, A., 2001. Roman Clothing and Fashion, Stroud: Tempus
47. D'AMBRA, E., 1993. The cult of virtues and the funerary relief of Ulpia Epigone, in E., D'Ambra (ed.) Roman Art in Context. An Anthology, 104–14, Engelwood Cliffes, N. J.: Prentice-Hall
48. D'AMBRA, E., 2007. Roman Women, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
49. DAVIS, F., 1992. Fashion, Culture and Identity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
50. DERKS, T., 2009. Ethnic identity on the Roman frontier. The epigraphy of Batavi and other Lower Rhine tribes, in T., Derks and N., Roymans (eds) Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition, 239–82, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
51. DIRVEN, L., 1999. The Palmyrenes of Dura Europos. A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria, Leiden: Brill
52. ECKARDT, H., (ed.) 2010. Roman Diasporas. Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire, Portsmouth, R. I.: J. of Roman Archaeol.
53. ECKARDT, H., CHENERY, C., LEACH, S., MÜLDNER, G., and NIMMO, E., 2010. A long way from home: diaspora communities in Roman Britain, in Eckardt 2010, 99–130
54. EDMONDSON, J., and KEITH, A., (eds) 2008. Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
55. EICHER, J. B., (ed.) 1995. Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time, Oxford and Washington, D.C.: Berg
56. ELLIS EVANS, D., 1967. Gaulish Personal Names, Oxford: Clarendon
57. EMMERSON, A. L. C., 2011. Evidence for Junian Latins in the tombs of Pompeii? J. Roman Archaeol., 24, 161–90
58. ERDKAMP, P., 2005. The Grain Market in the Roman Empire. A Social, Political and Economic Study, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
59. FACSÁDY, A. R., 1997. Répresentations de parures sur les stèles funéraires du Musée d'Aquincum, in B., Djurić and I., Lazar (eds) Akten des IV. Internationalen Kolloquiums über Probleme des provinzialrömischen Kunstschaffens, Celje 8th—12th May 1995, 103–06, Ljubljana: Narodni Muzej Slovenije
60. e Siècles après J.C., 42–48, Lyon: Musée de la Civilisation gallo-romaine
61. FERRIS, I. M., 2000. Enemies of Rome. Barbarians through Roman Eyes, Stroud: Sutton
62. FREIGANG, Y., 2007. Die Grabmäler der gallo-römischen Kultur im Moselland. Studien zur Sebstdarstellung einer Gesellschaft, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 44.1, 277–440
63. GABELMANN, H., 1972. Die Typen der römischen Grabstelen am Rhein, Bonner Jahrbuch, 172, 65–140
64. GALSTERER, H., and B. 1975. Die römischen Steininschriften aus Köln, Cologne: Greven and Bechtold
65. GARBSCH, J., 1965. Die norisch-pannonische Frauentracht im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert, Munich: Beck
66. GARBSCH, J., 1985. Die norisch-pannonische Tracht, in H., Temporini and W., Haase (eds) Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II. 12.3, 546–77, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
67. GARDNER, A., 2007. Fluid Frontiers: Cultural Interaction on the Edge of Empire, Stanford J. Archaeol., 5, 43–60
68. GARDNER, J. F., and WIEDEMANN, T., 1991. The Roman Household. A Sourcebook, London: Routledge
69. GARNSEY, P., 1970. Septimius Severus and the Marriage of Soldiers, in T. S., Brown and W. K., Pritchett (eds) California Studies in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 3, 45–54, Berkeley: University of California Press
70. GILLES, C., and NOSCH, M.-L. B., (eds) 2007. Ancient Textiles. Production, Craft and Society, Oxbow: Oxford
71. GLEBA, M., 2011. The ‘distaff side’ of early Iron Age aristocratic identity in Italy, M., Gleba and H. W.Horsnæs (eds) Communicating Identity in Italic Iron Age Communities, 27–32, Oxford: Oxbow
72. GOLDMAN, B., 2001. Graeco-Roman dress in Syro-Mesopotamia, in Sebesta and Bonfante 2001, 163–81
73. HÄGG, I., 1996. Textil und Tracht als Zeugnis von Bevölkerungsverschiebungen. Archäologische Informationen, 19, 135–47
74. HEMELRIJK, E. A., 2004. Masculinity and femininity in the “laudatio turiae”, The Classical Quarterly, 54.1, 185–97
75. HENIG, M., 1995. The Art of Roman Britain. London: Batsford
76. HERSCH, K. K., 2010. The Roman Wedding. Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
77. HESBERG VON, H., 2008. The image of the family on sepulchral monuments in the new provinces, in S., Bell and I. G., Hansen (eds) Role Models in the Roman World. Identity and Assimilation, 256–69, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
78. HEYN, M. K., 2010. Gesture and identity in the funerary art of Palmyra, American J. Archaeol., 113, 631–61
79. HILL, J. D., 1997. The end of one kind of body and the beginning of another kind of body? toilet instruments and Romanization in southern England during the first century AD, in A., Gwilt and C., Haselgrove (eds), Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, 96–107, Oxford: Oxbow
80. HOBSBAWM, E., 1983. Introduction: inventing traditions, in E., Hobsbawm and T., Ranger (eds) The Invention of Tradition, 1–14, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
81. HODGSON, N., 2001. The origin and development of the Roman military supply base at South Shields: an interim report on the results of excavations in the eastern quadrant and central area, 1999–2000, The Arbeia Journal, 6–7, 25–36
82. HODGSON, N., 2009. Hadrian's Wall 1999–2009, Kendal: Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne
83. HOPE, V. M., 1997. Words and pictures: the interpretation of Romano-British tombstones, Britannia, 28, 245–58
84. HOPE, V. M., 2001. Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquileia, Mainz and Nimes. Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Int. Ser., 960
85. HORN, H. G., 1987. Bilddenkmäler des Matronenkultes im Ubiergebiet, in G., Bauchhenss and H.G., Horn (eds) Matronen und verwandte Gottheiten, 31–54, Bonn: Habelt
86. HORSFALL, N., 1983. Some problems in the ‘laudatio turiae’, Bulletin Institute Classical Studies, 30, 85–98
87. JAMES, S., 1993. Exploring the World of the Celts, London: Thames and Hudson
88. JAMES, S., 1999. The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention? London: British Museum Press
89. JAMES, S., 2001. Soldiers and civilians: identity and interaction in Roman Britain, in S., James and M., Millett (eds) Britons and Romans: advancing an archaeological agenda, 77–89, York: Council for British Archaeology
90. JEPPESEN-WIGELSWORTH, A. D., 2010. The Portrayal of Roman Wives in Literature and Inscriptions, unpublished Ph D thesis, University of Calgary, https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47797/1/2010_Jeppesen_Wigelsworth.pdf
91. JOHNS, C., 1996. The Jewellery of Roman Britain. Celtic and Classical Traditions, London: Routledge
92. JOHNS, C., 2003. Romano-British sculpture: intention and execution, in Noelke 2003, 27–38
93. JONES, S., 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity, London: Routledge
94. KLEIN, K., 1848. Abbildungen von Mainzer Alterthümern. Der Grabstein des Blussus, Mainz: Seifert
95. KLEINER, D. E. E., and MATHESON, S. B., (eds) 2000. I Claudia II. Women in Roman Art and Society. Austin: University of Texas Press
96. KOCH, G., 1997. Zwei Grabreliefs aus Phrygien im J. Paul Getty Museum, in M., True and G., Koch (eds) Roman Funerary Monuments in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Vol. 1, 115–32, Malibu: The J. Paul Getty Museum
97. LAING, J., 1997. Art and Society in Roman Britain, Stroud: Sutton Publishing
98. LARSSON, LOVÉN, L. 2007. Wool work as a gender symbol in ancient Rome. Roman textiles and ancient sources, in Gilles and Nosch 2007, 229–38
99. LEACH, S., ECKARDT, H., CHENERY, C., MÜLDNER, G., and LEWIS, M., 2010. A lady of York: migration, ethnicity and identity in Roman Britain, Antiquity, 84, 131–45
100. LEFKOWITZ, M. R., and FANT, M., 1992. Women's Life in Greece and Rome. A source book in translation, London: Duckworth
101. LINDSAY, H., 2004. The Laudatio Murdiae: its content and significance, Latomus, 63, 88–97
102. LURIE, A., 1992. The Language of Clothes, London: Bloomsbury Publishing
103. MCLAUGHLIN, R., 2010. Rome and the Distant East. Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China, London: Continuum
104. MATHISEN, R. W., 2006. Peregrini, barbari, and cives Romani: concepts of citizenship and the legal identity of barbarians in the later Roman Empire, American Hist. Rev., 111.4, 1011–40
105. MATTINGLY, D., 2011. Imperialism, Power and Identity. Experiencing the Roman Empire, Princeton: Princeton University Press
106. MILNOR, K., 2011. Women in Roman society, in M., Peachin (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, 609–22, Oxford: Oxford University Press
107. MULLEN, A., 2011. Latin and other languages: societal and individual bilingualism, in J., Clackson (ed.) A Companion to the Latin Language, 527–48, London: Wiley-Blackwell
108. NOELKE, P., (ed.) 2003. Romanisation und Resistenz in Plastik, Architektur und Inschriften der Provinzen des Imperium Romanum, Mainz: Zabern
109. NOELKE, P., 2005. Zu den Grabreliefs mit Darstellung des convivium coniugale im römischen Germanien und im benachbarten Gallien, Bonner Jahrbuch, 205, 155–241
110. NOY, D., 2010. Epigraphic evidence for immigrants at Rome and in Roman Britain, in Eckardt 2010, 13–26
111. OLSON, K., 2008. Dress and the Roman Woman. Self-presentation and Society, London: Routledge
112. PÁSZTÓKAI-SZEŐKE, J., 2000. Die Pannonische Frauentracht und römische Bekleidungstraditionen, in M., Kempkes (ed.) Von Augustus bis Attila. Leben am ungarischen Donaulimes, 121–25, Stuttgart: Theiss
113. PÁSZTÓKAI-SZEŐKE, J., 2012. ‘The mother shrinks, the child grows. What is it?’ The evidence of spinning implements in funerary contexts from the Roman Pannonia, in C., Alfaro Giner, M. J., Martvvam pvvi´nez García, and J., Ortiz García (eds) Mujer y Vestimenta. Aspectos de la Identidad feminin en la Antiqüedad, 125–40, Valencia: SEMA
114. PEARCE, J., 2010. Burial, identity and migration in the Roman world, in Eckardt 2010, 79–98
115. PHANG, S. E., 2001. The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC—AD 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army, Leiden: Brill
116. PHILLIPS, E. J., 1976. A workshop of Roman sculptors at Carlisle, Britannia, 7, 101–8
117. PHILLIPS, E. J., 1977. Corbridge, Hadrian's Wall East of the North Tyne, Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani, Great Britain I. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press
118. PITTS, M., 2007. ‘The emperor's new clothes’? The utility of identity in Roman Archaeology, American J. Archaeol., 111, 693–713
119. POPE, R., and RALSTON, I., 2007. Approaching sex and status in Iron Age Britain with reference to the nearer continent, in T. Moore and X.—L. Armada, Atlantic Europe in the First Millenium BC. Crossing the Divide, 375–414, Oxford: Oxford University Press
120. PROWSE, T., BARTA, J. L., VON HUNNIUS, T. E., and SMALL, A. M., 2010. Stable isotope and mitochondrial DNA evidence for geographic origins on a Roman estate at Vagnari (Italy), in Eckardt 2010, 175–97
121. RIVET, A. L. F., and SMITH, C., 1979. The Place-Names of Roman Britain, London: Batsford
122. ROCHE-BERNARD, G., 1993. Costumes et Textiles en Gaule Romaine, Paris: Editions Errance
123. Ross, S. K., 2001. Roman Edessa: Politics and Culture on the Eastern Fringes of the Roman Empire, 114–242 CE, London: Routledge
124. ROSTEN, J. F., 2007. Personal Adornment and the Expression of Identity in Roman Britain: A Study of the Material Culture of Appearance, unpublished Ph D thesis, University of Leicester, http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8768 (accessed 18 September, 2012)
125. ROTHE, U., 2009. Dress and Cultural Identity in the Rhine-Moselle Region of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Int. Ser., 2038
126. ROTHE, U., 2012. The ‘third way’: Treveran women's dress and the “Gallic Ensemble”, American J. Archaeol., 116, 235–52
127. SALWAY, P., 1965. The Frontier People of Roman Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
128. SCHEIDEL, W., 2007. Marriage, families and survival. Demographic aspects, in P., Erdkamp (ed.) A Companion to the Roman Army, 417–34, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell
129. SCHOBER, A., 1923. Die römischen Grabsteine von Noricum und Pannonien. Vienna: Österreische Verlagsgesellschaft Ed. Hölzel and Co.
130. SEBESTA, J. L., 1998. Women's costume and feminine civic morality in Augustan Rome, in M., Wyke (ed.) Gender and the Body in the Ancient Mediterranean, 105–17, Oxford: Blackwell
131. SEBESTA, J. L., 2001. Symbolism in the dostume of the Roman 2oman, in Sebesta and Bonfante 2001, 46–53
132. SEBESTA, J. L., and BONFANTE, L., (eds) 2001. The World of Roman Costume, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
133. SEGAL, J. B., 2001. Edessa. The Blessed City, Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press
134. SEVERY, B., 2003. Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire, London: Routledge
135. SINN, F., 1987, Stadtrömische Marmorurnen, Mainz: Philipp von Zabern
136. SKUPINSKA-LØVSET, I., 2003. Private portraits of Roman Syria and Palestine. Summing up 20 Years of Study, in Noelke 2003, 587–99
137. SMITH, D., 1959. A Palmyrene sculptor at South Shields?, Archaeol. Aeliana, 37, 203–10
138. SNAPE, M. E., 1994. An excavation in the Roman cemetery at South Shields, Archaeol. Aeliana, 22, 43–66
139. SOMMER, C. M., 2012. Dress and identity. A social psychologist's perspective, in S., Schrenk, K., Vvvam pvvössing and M., Tellenbach (eds) Kleidung und Identität in religiösen Kontexten der römischen Kaiserzeit, 257–63, Mannheim: Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen
140. STEAD, I., 1991. The Snettisham Treasure. Excavations in 1990, Antiquity, 65, 447–64
141. STEWART, P., 2004. Roman Art, Greece and Rome, New Surveys in the Classics, 34, Oxford: Oxford University Press
142. STEWART, P., 2008. The Social History of Roman Art, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
143. STEWART, P., 2010. Geographies of provincialism in Roman sculpture, RIHA Journal 0005 (27 July 2010), http://www.riha-journal.org/articles/2010/stewart-geographies-of-provincialism (accessed August 5, 2012)
144. SWIFT, E., 2011. Personal Ornament, in Allason-Jones 2011, 194–218
145. TOMLIN, R. S. O., 2011. Writing and communication, in Allason-Jones 2011, 133–52
146. WEAVER, P., 1990. Where have all the Junian Latins gone? Nomenclature and status in the Early Empire, Charon, 20, 275–305
147. WEBSTER, J., 2010. Routes to slavery in the Roman world: a comparative perspective on the archaeology of forced migration, in Eckardt 2010, 45–65
148. WIEDEMANN, T., 1981. Greek and Roman Slavery, London: Croom Helm
149. WILD, J. P., 1968a. Die Frauentracht der Ubier, Germania, 46.1, 67–73
150. WILD, J. P., 1968b. Clothing in the north-west provinces of the Roman Empire. Bonner Jahrbuch, 168, 166–240
151. WILD, J. P., 1985. The clothing of Britannia, Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior, in H., Temporini and W., Haase (eds) Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II., 12.3, 362–425, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
152. WILD, J. P., 2002. The textile industries of Roman Britain, Britannia, 33, 1–42
153. WILD, J. P., 2003. Textiles and dress, in M., Todd (ed.) A Companion to Roman Britain, 300–08, Malden MA.: Blackwell
154. WILD, J. P., 2012. England: Roman period, in M., Gleba and U., Mannering (eds) Textiles and Textile Production. Europe: From Prehistory to AD 400, 451–56, Oxford: Oxbow
155. WIMMER, A., 2008. The making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries: A multilevel process theory, American J. Sociology, 113.4, 970–1022
156. WOOD, S., 1988. Memoriae Agrippinae: Agrippina the Elder in Julio-Claudian art and propaganda, American J. Archaeol., 92.3, 409–26
157. WOOLF, G., 1998. Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
158. WOOLF, G., 2003. Local cult in imperial context. The matronae revisited, in Noelke 2003, 131–38