Masculinity and femininity in the Laudatio Turiae

Classical Quarterly

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 185-197

  Hemelrijk, Emily A ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61049469815     PISSN: 00098388     EISSN: 14716844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cq/54.1.185     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. For this incident, see A. Gowing, 'Lepidus, the proscriptions and the Laudatio Turiae', Historia 41 (1992), 283-96
2. is now mostly abandoned (but see A. E. Gordon, 'Who's who in the Laudatio Turiae?', Epigraphica 39 [1977], 7-12
3. and A. E. Gordon, 'A new fragment of the Laudatio Turiae', AJA 54 (1950), 223-6
4. Editions, translations, and commentary by M. Durry, Éloge funèbre d'une matrone romaine (Éloge dit de Turia) (Paris, 1950)
5. - and its recent update: M. Durry and S. Lancel, Éloge funèbre d'une matrone romaine (Éloge dit de Turia) (Paris, 1992)
6. - E. Wistrand, The So-called Laudatio Turiae. Introduction, Text, Translation, Commentary (Lund, 1976)
7. and D. Flach, Die sogenannte Laudatio Turiae. Einleitung, Text, Überselzung und Kommentar (Darmstadt, 1991). The last-mentioned edition is followed here
8. For the text, see further: N. Horsfall, 'Some problems in the "Laudatio Turiae" ', BICS 30 (1983), 85-98
9. and P. Kruschwitz, 'Zu "Laudatio Turiae" 2, 6A', ZPE 126 (1999), 88-92
10. see also O. C. Crawford, 'Laudatio funebris', CJ 37 (1941), 17-27
11. For rhetorical, juridical, and historical aspects, see respectively E. S. Ramage, 'The so-called Laudatio Turiae as panegyric', Athenaeum 82 (1994), 341-70
12. L. de Ligt, 'De significatione verborum: Romeins erfrecht in de "Laudatio Turiae"', Lampas 34 (2001), 45-61
13. and Gowing (n. 1) with additional bibliography. An earlier sketch of the topic appeared in Dutch: E. A. Hemelrijk, 'De Laudatio Turiae. Grafschrift voor een uitzonderlijke vrouw?', Lampas 34 (2001), 62-80
14. 5), 194 on the childlessness of the couple
15. See also M. R. Lefkowitz, 'Wives and husbands' in I. McAuslan and P. Walcot (edd.), Women in Antiquity (Oxford, 1996), 67-82 at 77-79
16. and, for their mutual fides, S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage. lusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian (Oxford, 1991), 237
17. for a different opinion, P. Schrijvers, 'Waarom prijzen wij onze doden? Retorische aspecten van de "Laudatio Turiae" ', Lampas 34 (2001), 33-44
18. For a comparable address to the deceased, see the funeral eulogy held by Augustus for Agrippa in 12 B.C., L. Koenen, 'Die "Laudatio funebris" des Augustus für Agrippa auf einem neuen Papyrus (P. Colon, inv. nr. 4701)', ZPE 5 (1970), 217-83, at 2481T
19. See, for instance, Polyb. 6.53.1-54.3
20. For lists of funeral eulogies known from the literary and epigraphical sources, see Durry (n. 3), 65-6
21. and Kierdorf (n. 2), 137-49
22. Murdia: ILS 8394, see below n. 50
23. For ancient literacy, see W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, MA, 1989)
24. and M. Beard et al. (edd.), Literacy in the Roman World (Ann Arbor, 1991)
25. Their domesticity was symbolized by their woolwork: we find woolbaskets depicted on grave monuments for women (e.g. E. D'Ambra, 'The cult of virtues and the funerary relief of Ulpia Epigone', Latomus 48 [1989], 392-400) and working in wool served as a symbol of chastity and domestic virtue for women in Roman legends (e.g. that of Lucretia, Liv. 1.57-60)
26. For public and private as separate but complementary spheres divided over the sexes (the man outside, the woman inside), see e.g. Columella RR 12 praef. 1-8
27. S. R. Joshel and S. Murnaghan (edd.), Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture: Differential Equations (London, 1998)
28. C. Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge, 1993), 1-33
29. For more examples, see Ramage (n. 3), 352-3
30. for the psycho- logical function of such exempla, see H. Parker, 'Loyal slaves and loyal wives. The crisis of the outsider-within and Roman exemption literature', in Joshel and Murnaghan (n. 19), 152-73 at 164-9
31. For the conventional ideal of the husband as a teacher of his wife, see Hemelrijk (n. 22), 31-6
32. her fides: 1.26 and 2.43
33. Pietas and fides were important male virtues as well, pielas being one of the four virtues on the golden shield of Augustus, see K. Galinsky, Augustan Culture. An Interpretative introduction (Princeton, 1996), 80-90; when used for women, these terms mostly denote their loyalty and devotion to their husbands and families
34. M. W. Gleason, Making Men. Sophists and Self-presentation in Ancient Rome (Princeton, 1995)
35. Cic. Phil. 2.77 unwittingly testifies to her love for Antony
36. For her power and imperiousness, Cass. Dio 48.4.1-5
37. see also S. Treggiari, 'Leges sine moribas', AHB 8.3 (1994), 86-98 at 94-5
38. Vell. Pat. 2.74.2: nihil muliebre praeter corpus gerens
39. For the poem and the sling-stones from Perugia, J. P. Hallett, 'Perusinae glandes and the changing image of Augustus', AJAH 2 (1977), 151-71
40. C. B. R. Pelling, 'Plutarch's method of work in the Roman lives', MS 99 (1979), 74-96 at 89-90
41. and id. 'Plutarch's adaptation of his source-material', JUS 100 (1980), 127-40 at 129-30
42. For the writings of Antony, see E. Huzar, 'The literary efforts of Mark Antony', ANRW II 30.1 (1982), 639-57
43. R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1939), 191, see also Gowing (n. 1)
44. for a demythologization of Fulvia, see D. Delia, 'Fulvia reconsidered', in S. B. Pomeroy (ed.), Women's History and Ancient History (Chapel Hill, 1991), 197-217
45. 3), 262-3
46. and ead., Being a Roman Citizen (London, 1993), 86 and 100
47. and ead., Women in Hellenistic Egypt from Alexander to Cleopatra (New York, 1984), 15-16
48. J. A. Crook, '"His and hers": what degree of financial responsibility did husband and wife have for the matrimonial home and their life in common in a Roman marriage?', in J. Andreau and H. Bruhns (edd.), Parenté et Stratégies Familiales dans l'Antiauité Romaine (Rome, 1990), 153-72
49. and Treggiari (n. 4), 365-96
50. S. Dixon, 'The sentimental ideal of the Roman family', in B. Rawson (ed.), Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome (Oxford, 1991), 99-113 at 107-8
51. and Hemelrijk (n. 22), 33-4
52. For Roman attitudes towards divorce, see S. Treggiari, 'Divorce Roman style: how easy and how frequent was it?', in Rawson (n. 59), 31-46. Though infertility was an accepted reason for divorce, divorcing a good wife was not approved of, see Treggiari (n. 4), 237. Horsfall (n. 3), 93 wrongly considers his refusal to divorce as an expression of 'anti-Augustan' sentiment: the Augustan marital laws indeed stimulated marriage and the procreation of children among the elite, but they did not force childless couples to separate. In the long passage devoted to their childlessness (2.26-50) her husband describes how they had hoped for children and how hard she had tried to cure the barrenness of their marriage (which, in accordance with the ideas of the time, she assumed to be her fault). When all had failed, she had offered him the opportunity to divorce her and have children with another woman. The grief that speaks from this passage - and from 2.53, in which he likens his bereavement to the loss of a child - seems sincere, not just tailored to the Augustan marital laws, cf. Pliny's disappointment, and that of his father-in-law, when his young wife miscarried, Plin. Ep. 8.10
53. See, for instance, B. Rawson, 'The iconography of Roman childhood', in B. Rawson and P. Weaver (edd.), The Roman Family in Italy. Status, Sentiment. Space (Oxford, 1997), 205-32
54. By contrast, public statues and honorary inscriptions for women are rare - even virtually nonexistent - in Rome before the imperial period, see M. Sehlmeyer, Stadtrömische Ehrenstatuen der republikanischen Zeit. Historizität und Kontext von Symbolen nobilitären Standesbewusstseins (Stuttgart, 1999) and Hemelrijk (n. 22), 66-7
55. D. Cohen, Law, Sexuality, and Society. The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens (Cambridge, 1991), 238
56. 2), 68
57. quoted by A. Vickery, 'Golden age to separate spheres? Review of the categories and chronology of English women's history', Historical Journal 36.2 (1993), 383-414 at 400