메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-376

Tearing down the gates: Confronting the class divide in American education

(1)  Sacks, Peter a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84986207715     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (43)

References (257)
  • 1
    • 10844268359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Triumph of Hope over Self-Interest,
    • January 12, sec 4
    • David Brooks, "The Triumph of Hope over Self-Interest," New York Times, January 12, 2003, sec 4.
    • (2003) New York Times
    • Brooks, D.1
  • 2
    • 84887725212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family Income and Higher Education Opportunity, 1970 to 2002,
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Family Income and Higher Education Opportunity, 1970 to 2002," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 143 (May 2004): 1-13.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.143 , pp. 1-13
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 3
    • 84887814937 scopus 로고
    • Equality of Educational Opportunity,
    • ed. Marta Tienda and David B. Grusky (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press)
    • James S. Coleman, "Equality of Educational Opportunity," in Equality and Achievement in Education, ed. Marta Tienda and David B. Grusky (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), p. 119.
    • (1990) Equality and Achievement in Education, , pp. 119
    • Coleman, J.S.1
  • 4
    • 0002552569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family Background, Parenting Practices, and the Black-White Test Score Gap,
    • ed. Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press),
    • Meredith Phillips, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Greg J. Duncan, Pamela Klebanov, and Jonathan Crane, "Family Background, Parenting Practices, and the Black-White Test Score Gap," in The Black-White Test Score Gap, ed. Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), p. 138.
    • (1998) The Black-White Test Score Gap, , pp. 138
    • Phillips, M.1    Brooks-Gunn, J.2    Duncan, G.J.3    Klebanov, P.4    Crane, J.5
  • 8
    • 3943049294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Reproduction and Child Rearing Practices: Social Class, Children's Agency, and the Summer Activity Gap,
    • (July):
    • Tiffani Chin and Meredith Phillips, "Social Reproduction and Child Rearing Practices: Social Class, Children's Agency, and the Summer Activity Gap," Sociology of Education 77 (July 2004): 185-210.
    • (2004) Sociology of Education , vol.77 , pp. 185-210
    • Chin, T.1    Phillips, M.2
  • 9
    • 34147118264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring Socioeconomic Status at Individual and Collective Levels,
    • Yang Yang and Jan-Eric Gustafsson, "Measuring Socioeconomic Status at Individual and Collective Levels," Educational Research and Evaluation 10, no. 3 (2004): 259-288.
    • (2004) Educational Research and Evaluation , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 259-288
    • Yang, Y.1    Gustafsson, J.-E.2
  • 10
    • 0242319038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black-White Differences in Achievement: The Importance of Wealth,
    • (October):
    • Amy J. Orr, "Black-White Differences in Achievement: The Importance of Wealth," Sociology of Education 76 (October 2003): 281-304.
    • (2003) Sociology of Education , vol.76 , pp. 281-304
    • Orr, A.J.1
  • 11
    • 84933490501 scopus 로고
    • Middle Schools and Math Groups: Parents' Involvement in Children's Math Placement,
    • (October)
    • Elizabeth L. Useem, "Middle Schools and Math Groups: Parents' Involvement in Children's Math Placement," Sociology of Education 65 (October 1992): 263-279.
    • (1992) Sociology of Education , vol.65 , pp. 263-279
    • Useem, E.L.1
  • 14
    • 4244132622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Perspective: Pierre Bourdieu,
    • (accessed May 2006)
    • Jim Wolfreys, "In Perspective: Pierre Bourdieu," International Socialism Journal, no. 87, Summer 2000, http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org .uk/isj87/wolfreys.htm (accessed May 2006).
    • (2000) International Socialism Journal, , vol.87
    • Wolfreys, J.1
  • 15
    • 84986193138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed May 24,)
    • Smith College, "Just the Facts," www.smith.edu/about_justthe- facts.php (accessed May 24, 2006).
    • (2006) Just the Facts,
  • 16
    • 84986190150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Census 2000, Data Sets with Quick Tables, report generated by author, July
    • U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Data Sets with Quick Tables, http://factfinder.census.gov, report generated by author, July 2005.
    • (2005)
  • 17
    • 84986209974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 13,)
    • Independent School District of Boise City, "Boise School District Statistics-Low-Income," www.boiseschools.org/district_info/distses.html (accessed February 13, 2006).
    • (2006) Boise School District Statistics-Low-Income,
  • 18
    • 84986235147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 13,)
    • Independent School District of Boise City, "Highlands Elementary School Performance Report 2004-05," www.boiseschools.org/performance/highlands .pdf (accessed February 13, 2006).
    • (2006) Highlands Elementary School Performance Report 2004-05,
  • 22
    • 84986223481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8th ed., (accessed October)
    • Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, 8th ed., http://harcourtassessment.com/ hai/images/dotCom/olsat8/OLSAT_Brochure.pdf (accessed October 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 23
    • 84887742796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test Review of the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Seventh Edition,
    • ed. B.S. Plake and J. C. Impara (Lincoln, Neb.: Buros Institute); electronic version available at
    • Lizanne DeStefano, "Test Review of the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Seventh Edition," in The Fourteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook, ed. B.S. Plake and J. C. Impara (Lincoln, Neb.: Buros Institute, 2001); electronic version available at www.unl.edu/buros.
    • (2001) The Fourteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook,
    • DeStefano, L.1
  • 24
    • 84986231816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test Review of the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Seventh Edition,
    • in Plake and Impara
    • Bert A. Goldman, "Test Review of the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Seventh Edition," in Plake and Impara, The Fourteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook.
    • The Fourteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook.
    • Goldman, B.A.1
  • 28
    • 84986235122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boise, Idaho, provided to author by Holly MacLean.
    • Independent School District of Boise City, "Micron Technology Foundation Grant Agreement," Boise, Idaho, 2003; provided to author by Holly MacLean.
    • (2003) Micron Technology Foundation Grant Agreement,
  • 29
    • 84986194970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Web site at (accessed May).
    • NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Web site at www.naacpldf.org/ content.aspx?article=284 (accessed May 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 30
    • 84986187988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • April
    • Western Association of Schools and Colleges, Berkeley Unified School District, Berkeley High School, "Self-Study 2005," April 2005, pp. 36-40.
    • (2005) Self-Study 2005, , pp. 36-40
  • 31
    • 84986189607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Struggle for Berkeley High's Choice Classes,
    • September 27,
    • Cindy Peng, "A Struggle for Berkeley High's Choice Classes," Daily Californian, September 27, 2004, www.dailycal.org/article.asp?=16245.
    • (2004) Daily Californian,
    • Peng, C.1
  • 32
    • 84887728015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February)
    • Berkeley High School Academic Choice, "Program Proposal," http:// bhsacademicchoice.com/propose (accessed February 2005).
    • (2005) Program Proposal,
  • 33
    • 84986199547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • interview by author, Berkeley, Calif., January 30,
    • Doug Powers, interview by author, Berkeley, Calif., January 30, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Powers, D.1
  • 34
    • 84986189610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • telephone interview by author, January 18
    • Nina Robinson, telephone interview by author, January 18, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Robinson, N.1
  • 35
    • 84986235125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • telephone interview by author, January 23
    • Ellen Cushing, telephone interview by author, January 23, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Cushing, E.1
  • 36
    • 84986199546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • e-mail to Berkeley High School Academic Choice newsgroup, September 11, BHSAcademicChoice@yahoogroups.com
    • Mark Tatz, e-mail to Berkeley High School Academic Choice newsgroup, September ii, 2004, BHSAcademicChoice@yahoogroups.com.
    • (2004)
    • Tatz, M.1
  • 37
    • 84986199542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • interviews by author, Berkeley, Calif., January 15, and January 28, 2005
    • Rick Ayers, interviews by author, Berkeley, Calif., January 15, 2005; and January 28, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Ayers, R.1
  • 38
    • 84882309162 scopus 로고
    • Maximally Maintained Inequality: Expansion, Reform, and Opportunity in Irish Education, 1921-75,
    • (January)
    • Adrian Raftery and Michael Hout, "Maximally Maintained Inequality: Expansion, Reform, and Opportunity in Irish Education, 1921-75," Sociology of Education 66 (January 1993): 41-62.
    • (1993) Sociology of Education , vol.66 , pp. 41-62
    • Raftery, A.1    Hout, M.2
  • 41
    • 0003617154 scopus 로고
    • (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,)
    • U.S. National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Education Reform (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983).
    • (1983) A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Education Reform
  • 42
    • 0002786669 scopus 로고
    • Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction,
    • ed. Jerome Karabel and A. H. Halsey (New York: Oxford University Press),
    • Pierre Bourdieu, "Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction," in Power and Ideology in Education, ed. Jerome Karabel and A. H. Halsey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 487-488.
    • (1977) Power and Ideology in Education, , pp. 487-488
    • Bourdieu, P.1
  • 44
    • 84933490501 scopus 로고
    • Middle Schools and Math Groups: Parents' Involvement in Children's Math Placement,
    • (October)
    • Elizabeth L. Useem, "Middle Schools and Math Groups: Parents' Involvement in Children's Math Placement," Sociology of Education 65 (October 1992): 263-279.
    • (1992) Sociology of Education , vol.65 , pp. 263-279
    • Useem, E.L.1
  • 45
    • 53249131991 scopus 로고
    • On Tracking and Individual Differences: A Conversation with Jeannie Oakes,
    • (October)
    • John O'Neil, "On Tracking and Individual Differences: A Conversation with Jeannie Oakes," Education Leadership (October 1992): 18-21.
    • (1992) Education Leadership , pp. 18-21
    • O'Neil, J.1
  • 46
    • 7544224762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracks as Emergent Structures: A Network Analysis of Student Differentiation in a High School,
    • (August)
    • Ronald H. Heck, Carol L. Price, and Scott L. Thomas, "Tracks as Emergent Structures: A Network Analysis of Student Differentiation in a High School," American Journal of Education 110, no. 4 (August 2004): 321-353.
    • (2004) American Journal of Education , vol.110 , Issue.4 , pp. 321-353
    • Heck, R.H.1    Price, C.L.2    Thomas, S.L.3
  • 47
    • 0036811365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sociodemographic Diversity, Correlated Achievement, and De Facto Tracking,
    • (October)
    • Samuel R. Lucas and Mark Berends, "Sociodemographic Diversity, Correlated Achievement, and De Facto Tracking," Sociology of Education 75 (October 2002): 328-348.
    • (2002) Sociology of Education , vol.75 , pp. 328-348
    • Lucas, S.R.1    Berends, M.2
  • 48
    • 21144477900 scopus 로고
    • Is Ability Grouping Equitable?
    • (October)
    • Adam Gamoran, "Is Ability Grouping Equitable?" Educational Leadership 50, no. 2 (October 1992): 11-17.
    • (1992) Educational Leadership , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 11-17
    • Gamoran, A.1
  • 49
    • 84935412477 scopus 로고
    • The Stratification of High School Learning Opportunities,
    • (July)
    • Adam Gamoran, "The Stratification of High School Learning Opportunities," Sociology of Education 60 (July 1987): 135-155.
    • (1987) Sociology of Education , vol.60 , pp. 135-155
    • Gamoran, A.1
  • 51
    • 75149145247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • by Daniel Koretz, Daniel McCaffrey, and Thomas Sullivan, Working Paper no. 2001-05 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Using TIMSS to Analyze Correlates of Performance Variation in Mathematics, by Daniel Koretz, Daniel McCaffrey, and Thomas Sullivan, Working Paper no. 2001-05 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001).
    • (2001) Using TIMSS to Analyze Correlates of Performance Variation in Mathematics,
  • 52
    • 84986216418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 02-241, Sup. Ct. 20
    • Grutter v. Bollinger et al., 02-241, Sup. Ct. 20 (2003).
    • (2003)
    • Bollinger, G.V.1
  • 53
    • 84986228449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 02-516, Sup. Ct. 3
    • Gratz v. Bollinger et al., 02-516, Sup. Ct. 3 (2003);
    • (2003)
    • Bollinger, G.V.1
  • 54
    • 0038782115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affirmative Action Survives, and So Does the Debate,
    • July 4, (accessed February 13, 2006).
    • Peter Schmidt, "Affirmative Action Survives, and So Does the Debate," Chronicle of Higher Education, July 4, 2003, http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/143/43s00101.htm (accessed February 13, 2006).
    • (2003) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Schmidt, P.1
  • 55
    • 33748804248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pell Grant Share of Undergraduate Enrollment at the 50 Best National Universities, 1992-93 and 2001-02,
    • (March);
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Pell Grant Share of Undergraduate Enrollment at the 50 Best National Universities, 1992-93 and 2001-02," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 141 (March 2004): 18;
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.141 , pp. 18
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 56
    • 84930511791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic Segregation of Higher Education Opportunity, 1973 to 2001,
    • (October)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Economic Segregation of Higher Education Opportunity, 1973 to 2001," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 136 (October 2003): 3.
    • (2003) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.136 , pp. 3
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 57
    • 84986212129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCES 95-380 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), (accessed September)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Educational Longitudinal Study 1988: Trends among High School Seniors, 1972-1992, NCES 95-380 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=95380 (accessed September 2006).
    • (2006) National Educational Longitudinal Study 1988: Trends among High School Seniors, 1972-1992,
  • 58
    • 40749116298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harvard's President Wonders Aloud about Women in Science and Math,
    • January 28, (accessed September 29 2006).
    • Piper Fogg, "Harvard's President Wonders Aloud about Women in Science and Math," Chronicle of Higher Education, January 28, 2005, http://chronicle .com/weekly/v51/121/21a01201.htm (accessed September 29, 2006).
    • (2005) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Fogg, P.1
  • 59
    • 0038036655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • by Allen Sanderson, Bernard Dugoni, Kenneth Rasinski, John Taylor, and C. Dennis Carroll, NCES 96-175 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Educational Longitudinal Study 1988-1994: Descriptive Summary Report, by Allen Sanderson, Bernard Dugoni, Kenneth Rasinski, John Taylor, and C. Dennis Carroll, NCES 96-175 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
    • (1996) National Educational Longitudinal Study 1988-1994: Descriptive Summary Report,
  • 60
    • 24344443008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCES 2002-321 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Coming of Age in the 1990s: The Eighth-Grade Class of 1988, 12 Years Later, NCES 2002-321 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002).
    • (2002) Coming of Age in the 1990s: The Eighth-Grade Class of 1988, 12 Years Later,
  • 61
    • 84986203720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • by Lutz K. Berkner, Stephanie Cuccaro-Alamin, and Alexander C. McCormick, NCES 96-155 (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), table i.3, (accessed February 14)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Descriptive Summary of 1989-90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Five Years Later-Statistical Analysis Report, March 1996, by Lutz K. Berkner, Stephanie Cuccaro-Alamin, and Alexander C. McCormick, NCES 96-155 (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), table i.3, p. 34, http://nces.ed .gov/pubs/96155all.pdf (accessed February 14, 2006).
    • (2006) Descriptive Summary of 1989-90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Five Years Later-Statistical Analysis Report, March 1996, , pp. 34
  • 62
    • 33745444365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-Income Students and the Affordability of Higher Education,
    • ed. Richard D. Kahlenberg (New York: Century Foundation Press)
    • Lawrence E. Gladieux, "Low-Income Students and the Affordability of Higher Education," in America's Untapped Resource: Low-Income Students in Higher Education, ed. Richard D. Kahlenberg (New York: Century Foundation Press, 2004), p. 25.
    • (2004) America's Untapped Resource: Low-Income Students in Higher Education, , pp. 25
    • Gladieux, L.E.1
  • 63
    • 84887690776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation of Higher Education Enrollment by Family Income and Race/Ethnicity, 1980 to 2004,
    • (October)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Segregation of Higher Education Enrollment by Family Income and Race/Ethnicity, 1980 to 2004," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 160 (October 2005): 8.
    • (2005) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.160 , pp. 8
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 64
    • 84887660088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underrepresented Minorities' Share of Undergraduate Enrollments at State Flagship Universities, 1992 and 2001,
    • (August)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Underrepresented Minorities' Share of Undergraduate Enrollments at State Flagship Universities, 1992 and 2001," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 146 (August 2004): 10.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.146 , pp. 10
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 65
    • 84887793810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Flagship Universities Do Poorly in Enrolling and Graduating Black Men, Report Says,
    • September 29, (accessed September 2006).
    • Jane R. Porter, "State Flagship Universities Do Poorly in Enrolling and Graduating Black Men, Report Says," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 29, 2006, http://chronicle.com/daily/2006/09/2006092901n.htm (accessed September 2006).
    • (2006) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Porter, J.R.1
  • 66
    • 84887766342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bachelor's Degree Attainment by Age 24 by Income Quartile, 1970-2002,
    • (May)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Bachelor's Degree Attainment by Age 24 by Income Quartile, 1970-2002," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 143 (May 2004): 1.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.143 , pp. 1
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 69
    • 36749007430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • by Ellen M. Bradburn and David G. Hurst, NCES 2001-197 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center of Education Statistics, Community College Transfer Rates to 4-year Institutions Using Alternative Definitions of Transfer, by Ellen M. Bradburn and David G. Hurst, NCES 2001-197 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001).
    • (2001) Community College Transfer Rates to 4-year Institutions Using Alternative Definitions of Transfer,
  • 70
    • 84956993021 scopus 로고
    • The Second Transformation of American Secondary Education,
    • ed. Reinhard Bendix and Seymour Martin Lipset, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press);
    • Martin Trow, "The Second Transformation of American Secondary Education," in Class, Status, and Power, ed. Reinhard Bendix and Seymour Martin Lipset, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1966);
    • (1966) Class, Status, and Power,
    • Trow, M.1
  • 71
    • 0001964650 scopus 로고
    • Community Colleges and Social Stratification: Submerged Class Conflict in American Higher Education,
    • ed. Jerome Karabel and A. H. Halsey (New York: Oxford University Press),
    • Jerome Karabel, "Community Colleges and Social Stratification: Submerged Class Conflict in American Higher Education," Power and Ideology in Education, ed. Jerome Karabel and A. H. Halsey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 234.
    • (1977) Power and Ideology in Education, , pp. 234
    • Karabel, J.1
  • 73
    • 28844483378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Selective College Admissions,
    • in Kahlenberg
    • Anthony P. Carnevale and Stephen J. Rose, "Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Selective College Admissions," in Kahlenberg, America's Untapped Resource, p. 106.
    • America's Untapped Resource, , pp. 106
    • Carnevale, A.P.1    Rose, S.J.2
  • 75
    • 1842783759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Declining Equity of American Higher Education,
    • Alexander W. Astin and Leticia Osegueva, "The Declining Equity of American Higher Education," Review of Higher Education 27, no. 3 (2004): 321-341.
    • (2004) Review of Higher Education , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 321-341
    • Astin, A.W.1    Osegueva, L.2
  • 77
    • 23844445070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • by Jeffrey Ow- ings, Timothy Madigan, and Bruce Daniel, NCES 98-095 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Who Goes to America's Highly Ranked National Universities? by Jeffrey Ow- ings, Timothy Madigan, and Bruce Daniel, NCES 98-095 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998).
    • (1998) Who Goes to America's Highly Ranked National Universities?
  • 78
    • 84934454277 scopus 로고
    • Academic and Nonacademic Influences on the College Destinations of 1980 High School Graduates,
    • (July)
    • James C. Hearn, "Academic and Nonacademic Influences on the College Destinations of 1980 High School Graduates," Sociology of Education 64 (July 1991): 158-171.
    • (1991) Sociology of Education , vol.64 , pp. 158-171
    • Hearn, J.C.1
  • 79
    • 0036060764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in Access to Higher Education in the United States, 1980-1992,
    • (July)
    • David Karen, "Changes in Access to Higher Education in the United States, 1980-1992," Sociology of Education 75 (July 2002): 191-210.
    • (2002) Sociology of Education , vol.75 , pp. 191-210
    • Karen, D.1
  • 80
    • 85024892971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who Is Getting a College Education? Family Background and the Growing Gaps in Enrollment,
    • ed. Sheldon Danzinger and Jane Waldfogel (New York: Russell Sage Foundation)
    • David T. Ellwood and Thomas J. Kane, "Who Is Getting a College Education? Family Background and the Growing Gaps in Enrollment," in Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College, ed. Sheldon Danzinger and Jane Waldfogel (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000), pp. 283-313.
    • (2000) Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College, , pp. 283-313
    • Ellwood, D.T.1    Kane, T.J.2
  • 81
    • 84887754993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Thin Envelope: Why College Admissions Has Become Unpredictable,
    • April 7, (accessed October 1, 2006).
    • Louis Menand, "The Thin Envelope: Why College Admissions Has Become Unpredictable," New Yorker, April 7, 2003, www.newyorker.com /critics/atlarge/?030407crat_atlarge (accessed October 1, 2006).
    • (2003) New Yorker,
    • Menand, L.1
  • 83
    • 84986184716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Average Family Income by Educational Attainment, 1967-2002,
    • (April)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Average Family Income by Educational Attainment, 1967-2002," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 142 (April 2004): 6.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.142 , pp. 6
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 84
    • 4344686605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation among U.S. Colleges and Universities,
    • (June)
    • Gordon C. Winston, "Differentiation among U.S. Colleges and Universities," Review of Industrial Organization 24 (June 2004): 331-354.
    • (2004) Review of Industrial Organization , vol.24 , pp. 331-354
    • Winston, G.C.1
  • 89
    • 84887789323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • College Board, "Enrollment Planning Services," www.collegeboard.com/ highered/ra/eps.html (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Enrollment Planning Services,
  • 91
    • 84887764652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • Princeton Review, "Enrollment Management on the Princeton Review," www.princetonreview.com/educators/enrollment/applicant.asp (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Enrollment Management on the Princeton Review,
  • 92
    • 84887778610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • Princeton Review, "Counselor-O-Matic," www.princetonreview.com/ college/research/advsearch/match.asp (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Counselor-O-Matic,
  • 93
    • 84887685047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • Princeton Review, "Embark Apply Online," http://apply.embark .com/profile.asp (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Embark Apply Online,
  • 94
    • 33747894279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 15,)
    • Princeton Review, "Privacy Policy," www.princetonreview.com/footer/ privacy_policy.asp (accessed February 15, 2006).
    • (2006) Privacy Policy,
  • 96
    • 79951910061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Best Class Money Can Buy,
    • (accessed February 15, 2006).
    • Matthew Quirk, "The Best Class Money Can Buy," Atlantic Monthly, November 2005, www.theatlantic.com/doc/200511/financial-aid-leveraging (accessed February 15, 2006).
    • (2005) Atlantic Monthly,
    • Quirk, M.1
  • 97
    • 84887728134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Positional Arms Race in Higher Education,
    • Forum for the Future of Higher Education, April, (accessed February 15, 2006).
    • Gordon C. Winston, "The Positional Arms Race in Higher Education," Forum Futures 2001 Papers, Forum for the Future of Higher Education, April 2000, www.educause.edu/apps/forum/index.asp, pp. 19-22 (accessed February 15, 2006).
    • (2000) Forum Futures 2001 Papers, , pp. 19-22
    • Winston, G.C.1
  • 98
    • 84986197223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lumina Foundation for Education, New Agenda Series, May 2003, (accessed February 15,)
    • Jerry Sheehan Davis, Unintended Consequences of Tuition Discounting, Lumina Foundation for Education, New Agenda Series, vol. 5, no. 1, May 2003, www.luminafoundation.org/publications/Tuitiondiscounting.pdf (accessed February 15, 2006).
    • (2006) Unintended Consequences of Tuition Discounting, , vol.5 , Issue.1
    • Davis, J.S.1
  • 100
    • 84887736579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton Ends Early Decision,
    • September 19, (accessed September 2006).
    • Scott Jaschik, "Princeton Ends Early Decision," Inside Higher Ed, September 19, 2006, http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/09/19/princeton (accessed September 2006).
    • (2006) Inside Higher Ed,
    • Jaschik, S.1
  • 101
    • 84887675166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Admissions Selectivity of 4-Year Colleges and Universities, 1986 to 2003,
    • (October)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Admissions Selectivity of 4-Year Colleges and Universities, 1986 to 2003," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 136 (October 2003): 1-3.
    • (2003) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.136 , pp. 1-3
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 102
    • 34548098555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Association for College Admission Counseling, March 2005, (accessed October)
    • David A. Hawkins and Jessica Lautz, State of College Admissions, National Association for College Admission Counseling, March 2005, p. 10, www.nacacnet.org/MemberPortal/ProfessionalResources/Research/2004-05 + Annual+State+of+College+Admission+Report.htm (accessed October 2006).
    • (2006) State of College Admissions, , pp. 10
    • Hawkins, D.A.1    Lautz, J.2
  • 108
    • 28844470260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting Inside the Ivy Gates,
    • September (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • Reshma Memon Yaqub, "Getting Inside the Ivy Gates," Worth, September 2002, www.electricprint.com/edu4/classes/readings/edu-eliteschools.htm (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • (2002) Worth,
    • Yaqub, R.M.1
  • 110
    • 44349091543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Private Giving to Colleges Is Up, But Fewer Alumni Made Donations,
    • February 24, (accessed April 25, 2006);
    • Erin Strout, "Private Giving to Colleges Is Up, But Fewer Alumni Made Donations," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 24, 2006, http://chroncle .com/weekly/v52/125/25a02701.htm (accessed April 25, 2006);
    • (2006) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Strout, E.1
  • 112
    • 84986236478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Many Colleges Bend Rules to Admit Rich Applicants Seeking Big Donors,
    • (accessed April 25).
    • Daniel Golden, "Many Colleges Bend Rules to Admit Rich Applicants Seeking Big Donors," Wall Street Journal Online, http://online.wsj.com/pub- lic/resources/documents/Polk_Rich_Applicants.htm (accessed April 25, 2006).
    • (2006) Wall Street Journal Online,
    • Golden, D.1
  • 113
    • 84887766877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed April 25,)
    • Duke University, Development Annual Report: 2004-05, www.duke comm.duke.edu/development/AnnualReport/AnnualReport.pdf (accessed April 25, 2006).
    • (2006) Development Annual Report: 2004-05,
  • 114
    • 84887690776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation of Higher Education Enrollment by Family Income and Race/Ethnicity, 1980 to 2004,
    • (October)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Segregation of Higher Education Enrollment by Family Income and Race/Ethnicity, 1980 to 2004," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 160 (October 2005): 13.
    • (2005) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.160 , pp. 13
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 115
    • 84887675537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 16,)
    • Carnegie Mellon University, "History of Carnegie Mellon," www.cmu .edu/home/about/about_history.html (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • (2006) History of Carnegie Mellon,
  • 116
    • 84887754008 scopus 로고
    • Best Big Universities,
    • October 15,
    • A. Gabor, "Best Big Universities," U.S. News and World Report, October 15, 1990, p. 118;
    • (1990) U.S. News and World Report, , pp. 118
    • Gabor, A.1
  • 117
    • 84986236485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pell Grant Shares of Undergraduate Enrollments in Postsecondary Institutions, 1992-93 and 2001-02,
    • January (accessed October 2005).
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Pell Grant Shares of Undergraduate Enrollments in Postsecondary Institutions, 1992-93 and 2001-02," Postsecondary Education Opportunity, January 2005, www.postsecondary.org/archives/Reports/Spreadsheets/Master Document.htm (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Postsecondary Education Opportunity,
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 118
    • 84986196019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • February 22-25, 1998, (accessed October)
    • Carnegie Mellon University, Self-Study Report, 1998, February 22-25, 1998, www.cmu.edu/splan/index.html (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Self-Study Report, 1998,
  • 120
    • 84986217670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 16,)
    • College Board, "Mean SAT Scores of College-Bound Seniors, 1967-2005," www.collegeboard.com/prod_down loads/about/news_info/cbsenior/yr2005/table2-mean-SAT-scores.pdf (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • (2006) Mean SAT Scores of College-Bound Seniors, 1967-2005,
  • 121
    • 33748804248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pell Grant Share of Undergraduate Enrollment at the 50 Best National Universities, 1992-93 and 2001-02,
    • (March)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Pell Grant Share of Undergraduate Enrollment at the 50 Best National Universities, 1992-93 and 2001-02," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 141 (March 2004): 2-13.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.141 , pp. 2-13
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 122
    • 84887725911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pell Grant Enrollment at State Flagship Universities, 1992-93 and 2001-02,
    • (February)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Pell Grant Enrollment at State Flagship Universities, 1992-93 and 2001-02," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 140 (February 2004): 1.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.140 , pp. 1
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 123
    • 84887680571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Office of Budget and Planning, "Common Data Set, 2004-2005," http://sitemaker.umich.edu/ obpinfo/common_data_set (accessed October 2006).
    • (2006) Common Data Set, 2004-2005,
  • 124
    • 84986217666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (keynote address, Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science, October 1, 2005), (accessed October 24,)
    • Mary Sue Coleman, "Building on Our Diversity" (keynote address, Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science, October 1, 2005), www.umich.edu/pres/speeches/051003diverse.html (accessed October 24, 2005).
    • (2005) Building on Our Diversity
    • Coleman, M.S.1
  • 125
    • 39749101428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • under "Facts and Figures" (accessed October)
    • University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Office of Budget and Planning, "Facts and Figures," http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/, under "Facts and Figures" (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Facts and Figures,
  • 128
    • 84986234037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (keynote address, College Board Colloquium, Refocusing on the Common Good: Advancing Equity and Access in Higher Education, January 8-10, Bal Harbour, Fla.);
    • Eugene Tobin, "The Supply Side Block in Higher Education: Attainment, Equity, and Social Class" (keynote address, College Board Colloquium, Refocusing on the Common Good: Advancing Equity and Access in Higher Education, January 8-10, 2005, Bal Harbour, Fla.);
    • (2005) The Supply Side Block in Higher Education: Attainment, Equity, and Social Class
    • Tobin, E.1
  • 130
    • 84960223001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Wannabes: More Public Universities Are Striving to Squeeze into the Top Tier; Can States Afford These Dreams?
    • January 3, (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • Michael Arnone, "The Wannabes: More Public Universities Are Striving to Squeeze into the Top Tier; Can States Afford These Dreams?" Chronicle of Higher Education, January 3, 2003, http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/117/ 17a01801.htm (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • (2003) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Arnone, M.1
  • 131
    • 84986239188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Tax Fund Appropriations for Higher Education, FY1961 to FY2005,
    • (January)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "State Tax Fund Appropriations for Higher Education, FY1961 to FY2005," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 151 (January 2005): 1-5, 5-7.
    • (2005) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.151
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 132
    • 84986238807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of Wisconsin-Madison, Data Digest, 2004-2005, pp. 56-72;
    • (2004) Data Digest, , pp. 56-72
  • 133
    • 84986239742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • February 2, 2005, (accessed October)
    • University of Wisconsin-Madison, Office of the Chancellor, Points of Pride, Causes for Concern, February 2, 2005, http://www.chancellor.wisc.edu/ pdf/72575_UWMadison.pdf (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Points of Pride, Causes for Concern,
  • 134
    • 84887785710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of Wisconsin-Madison, Data Digest 2004-2005, pp. 56-72.
    • Data Digest 2004-2005, , pp. 56-72
  • 135
    • 80051764616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (presentation to the Pennsylvania State University Faculty Senate, March 16, 2004, University Park, Penn.), (accessed October)
    • Graham B. Spanier, "The Privatization of American Public Higher Education" (presentation to the Pennsylvania State University Faculty Senate, March 16, 2004, University Park, Penn.), http://president.psu.edu/sou/articles/151.html (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) The Privatization of American Public Higher Education
    • Spanier, G.B.1
  • 136
    • 84887686840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U. of Virginia Unexpectedly Opens $3-Billion Campaign to Become a 'Private' Public University,
    • July 25, (accessed October 2005).
    • Erin Strout, "U. of Virginia Unexpectedly Opens $3-Billion Campaign to Become a 'Private' Public University," Chronicle of Higher Education, July 25, 2004, http://chronicle.com/weekly/v50/142/42a03302.htm (accessed October 2005).
    • (2004) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Strout, E.1
  • 137
    • 84887756930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Deal: Why the University Needs Charter Status,
    • Winter University of Virginia, Office of the President, (accessed September 16, 2005).
    • John T. Casteen III, "The New Deal: Why the University Needs Charter Status," Alumni News, Winter 2004, University of Virginia, Office of the President, www.virginia.edu/president/spch/04/newdeal04.html (accessed September 16, 2005).
    • (2004) Alumni News,
    • Casteen, T.J.1
  • 138
    • 84986234820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • Washington State University, Strategic Plan, 2002-2007, www.wsu .edu/StrategicPlanning/plan-detail.html (accessed October 2005);
    • (2005) Strategic Plan, 2002-2007,
  • 139
    • 84986189231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • Washington State University, University Relations Strategic Plan, 2002-2007, www.wsu .edu/university-relations/strategic-plan.html (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) University Relations Strategic Plan, 2002-2007,
  • 140
    • 84986234060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed October)
    • Washington State University, "Regents Scholarship Program," http:// regents-scholarship.wsu.edu/index.html (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) Regents Scholarship Program,
  • 141
    • 36849047609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (September 15, 2004, Moscow, Idaho), (accessed October)
    • V. Lane Rawlins, Washington State University, Office of the President, "State of the University Address" (September 15, 2004, Moscow, Idaho), www.wsu.edu/president/powerpoints.html (accessed October 2005).
    • (2005) State of the University Address
  • 142
    • 84986194941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pell Grant Shares of Undergraduate Enrollments at Universities and 4-Year Colleges by Athletic Conferences, 1992 and 2001,
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Pell Grant Shares of Undergraduate Enrollments at Universities and 4-Year Colleges by Athletic Conferences, 1992 and 2001," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 147 (September 2004): 4.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.147 , pp. 4
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 144
    • 33846980563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 16,)
    • University of Memphis, "History," www.memphis.edu/history.htm (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • (2006) History,
  • 145
    • 84986187942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 16,)
    • University of Memphis, Office of Institutional Research, Common Core Data, http://oir.memphis.edu/cds/cds_index.html (accessed February 16, 2006).
    • (2006) Common Core Data,
  • 146
    • 84887733744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the People or the Powerful? Skybox Plan Divides Michigan,
    • April 9, (accessed April 2006).
    • Joe LaPointe, "For the People or the Powerful? Skybox Plan Divides Michigan," New York Times, April 9, 2006, http://select.nytimes.com/search/re- stricted/article?res=F20E15FF35540C7A8CDDAD0894DE404482# (accessed April 2006).
    • (2006) New York Times,
    • LaPointe, J.1
  • 147
    • 84986202985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed November)
    • College Board, Trends in Student Aid 2004, p. 7, www.collegeboard .com/research/home/ (accessed November 2005).
    • (2005) Trends in Student Aid 2004, , pp. 7
  • 148
    • 33745444365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low- Income Students and the Affordability of Higher Education,
    • ed. Richard D. Kahlenberg (New York: Century Foundation Press)
    • E. Gladieux, "Low- Income Students and the Affordability of Higher Education," in America's Untapped Resource: Low-Income Students in Higher Education, ed. Richard D. Kahlenberg (New York: Century Foundation Press, 2004), p. 29.
    • (2004) America's Untapped Resource: Low-Income Students in Higher Education, , pp. 29
    • Gladieux, E.1
  • 149
    • 84986202986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government and National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2002, (accessed November)
    • Susan Dynarski, "The Consequences of Merit Aid," Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government and National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2002, p. 2, www.nber.org/papers/w9400 (accessed November 2005).
    • (2005) The Consequences of Merit Aid, , pp. 2
    • Dynarski, S.1
  • 151
    • 33645907590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing Patterns of Institutional Aid: Impact on Access and Education Policy,
    • ed. Donald E. Heller (Westport, Conn.: Praeger)
    • Michael S. McPherson and Morton Owen Schapiro, "Changing Patterns of Institutional Aid: Impact on Access and Education Policy," in Condition of Access: Higher Education for Lower Income Students, ed. Donald E. Heller (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), p. 80.
    • (2002) Condition of Access: Higher Education for Lower Income Students, , pp. 80
    • Michael McPherson, S.1    Schapiro, M.O.2
  • 152
    • 84887633776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal Student Aid in Historical Perspective,
    • in Kahlenberg
    • Lawrence E. Gladieux, "Federal Student Aid in Historical Perspective," in Kahlenberg, America's Untapped Resource, p. 54.
    • America's Untapped Resource, , pp. 54
    • Gladieux, L.E.1
  • 154
    • 84986217758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Need-Based Student Financial Aid, 1964 to 2001,
    • (May)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "Need-Based Student Financial Aid, 1964 to 2001," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 119 (May 2002): 1.
    • (2002) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.119 , pp. 1
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 157
    • 84986220047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Washington, D.C., 2002), (accessed February 17,)
    • U.S. Congress, Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, Empty Promises: The Myth of College Access in America (Washington, D.C., 2002), p. 22, www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/acsfa/emptypromises.pdf (accessed February 17, 2006).
    • (2006) Empty Promises: The Myth of College Access in America , pp. 22
  • 159
    • 7544232392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Merit Scholarship Programs: An Introduction,
    • ed. Donald E. Heller and Patricia Marin, Harvard University, Civil Rights Project, (accessed November 2005).
    • Donald E. Heller, "State Merit Scholarship Programs: An Introduction," in Who Should We Help? The Negative Social Consequences of Merit Aid Scholarships, ed. Donald E. Heller and Patricia Marin, Harvard University, Civil Rights Project, 2002, p. 17, www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/ meritaid/fullreport.php (accessed November 2005).
    • (2002) Who Should We Help? The Negative Social Consequences of Merit Aid Scholarships, , pp. 17
    • Heller, D.E.1
  • 160
    • 84986189591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, 35th Annual Survey, p. 10.
    • 35th Annual Survey, , pp. 10
  • 161
    • 84887726805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, Income, and the Impact of Merit Aid,
    • in Heller and Marin
    • Susan Dynarski, "Race, Income, and the Impact of Merit Aid," in Heller and Marin, Who Should We Help?, pp. 80-82.
    • Who Should We Help?, , pp. 80-82
    • Dynarski, S.1
  • 162
    • 84986220057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and the Effects of Georgia's HOPE Scholarship,
    • in Heller and Marin
    • Christopher Cornwell and David B. Mustard, "Race and the Effects of Georgia's HOPE Scholarship," in Heller and Marin, Who Should We Help?, pp. 61-64.
    • Who Should We Help?, , pp. 61-64
    • Cornwell, C.1    Mustard, D.B.2
  • 163
    • 84858891891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCES 2004-075 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004), (accessed September)
    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Paying for College: Changes between 1990 and 2000 for Full-Time Dependent Undergraduates, NCES 2004-075 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004), pp. 32-33, http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp? pubid=2004075 (accessed September 2006).
    • (2006) Paying for College: Changes between 1990 and 2000 for Full-Time Dependent Undergraduates, , pp. 32-33
  • 164
    • 84986203005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed November)
    • College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2004, p. 18, www.college board.com/research/home/ (accessed November 2005).
    • (2005) Trends in College Pricing 2004, , pp. 18
  • 165
    • 84986208712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • interviews by author, Oceanside, Calif., November 28, 2004; and February 20,
    • Dayle Mazzarella, interviews by author, Oceanside, Calif., November 28, 2004; and February 20, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Mazzarella, D.1
  • 167
    • 84887675538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data.asp, report generated by author, November 25,
    • California Postsecondary Education Commission, "Freshmen at Public Institutions/College-Going Counts," www.cpec.ca.gov/OnLineData/OnLine Data.asp, report generated by author, November 25, 2005.
    • (2005) Freshmen at Public Institutions/College-Going Counts,
  • 168
    • 84986203008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Firm Push for College,
    • September 15, (accessed November 2005).
    • Sherry Parmet, "Firm Push for College," San Diego Union-Tribune, September 15, 2004, www.signonsandiego.com/news/education/20040915-9999- 1m115college.html (accessed November 2005).
    • (2004) San Diego Union-Tribune,
    • Parmet, S.1
  • 169
    • 84986235104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2003 AP U.S. History Results,
    • unpublished data provided to author.
    • Dayle Mazzarella, Oceanside High School, "2003 AP U.S. History Results," unpublished data provided to author.
  • 171
    • 84986236675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometry Statistics, 2003-2004,
    • unpublished document provided to author.
    • Oceanside High School, "Geometry Statistics, 2003-2004," unpublished document provided to author.
  • 172
    • 84986194956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • report generated by author, November 21,
    • California Department of Education, "Course Enrollments by School," http://datai.cde.ca.gov/dataquest, report generated by author, November 21, 2005.
    • (2005) Course Enrollments by School,
  • 174
    • 84887783513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • report generated by author, December
    • California Department of Education, "High School SAT/ACT/AP Test Results," http://datai.cde.ca.gov/dataquest, report generated by author, December 2005.
    • (2005) High School SAT/ACT/AP Test Results,
  • 175
    • 84986208720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanside High AP Politics, 2003-04,
    • unpublished data provided to author. (Student names are pseudonyms.)
    • Oceanside High School, "Oceanside High AP Politics, 2003-04," unpublished data provided to author. (Student names are pseudonyms.)
  • 179
    • 34147106687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class-Rank Plan Faces Trouble in Texas,
    • April 22, (accessed October 2006).
    • Karin Fischer, "Class-Rank Plan Faces Trouble in Texas," Chronicle of Higher Education, April 22, 2005, http://chronicle.com/weekly/v51/133/ 33a02501.htm (accessed October 2006).
    • (2005) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Fischer, K.1
  • 180
    • 21644472497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Texas' 10-Percent Plan: The Truth behind the Numbers,
    • January 23, (accessed October 2006).
    • Marta Tienda and Sunny Niu, "Texas' 10-Percent Plan: The Truth behind the Numbers," Chronicle of Higher Education, January 23, 2004, http:// chr0nicle.c0m/weekly/v50/120/20b01001.htm (accessed October 2006).
    • (2004) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Tienda, M.1    Niu, S.2
  • 184
    • 24644454885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UC Berkeley Admissions Scrutinized: Study Finds Hundreds of Highly Qualified Applicants Were Rejected in Favor of Freshmen Who Were 'Marginally Academically Qualified,'
    • October 4,
    • Rebecca Trounson, Tony Perry, and Stuart Silverstein, "UC Berkeley Admissions Scrutinized: Study Finds Hundreds of Highly Qualified Applicants Were Rejected in Favor of Freshmen Who Were 'Marginally Academically Qualified,'" Los Angeles Times, October 4, 2003, p. iii.
    • (2003) Los Angeles Times, , pp. iii
    • Trounson, R.1    Perry, T.2    Silverstein, S.3
  • 185
    • 24644442894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UC Admissions under Fire Again,
    • October 10, (accessed December 2005).
    • Tanya Schevitz, "UC Admissions under Fire Again," San Francisco Chronicle, October 10, 2003, www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/10/ MN92829.DTL&hw=Schevitz+Admissions&sn=007&sc=572 (accessed December 2005).
    • (2003) San Francisco Chronicle,
    • Schevitz, T.1
  • 186
    • 84986195598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • College Capers,
    • March 29, (accessed December 20, 2005).
    • John Moores, "College Capers," Forbes, March 29, 2004, p. 1, https://www.keepmedia.com/Auth.do?extId=10022&uri=/archive/forbes/2004/ 0329/040.html (accessed December 20, 2005).
    • (2004) Forbes, , pp. 1
    • Moores, J.1
  • 188
    • 84986193921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • report generated by author, December
    • California Department of Education, "School Demographic Characteristics," http://datai.cde.ca.gov/dataquest, report generated by author, December 2005.
    • (2005) School Demographic Characteristics,
  • 190
    • 84887681478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victims Hed [sic] Here,
    • August 4, included in Moores, Preliminary Report,
    • John McWhorter, "Victims Hed [sic] Here," Washington Post, August 4, 2002; included in Moores, Preliminary Report, p. 183.
    • (2002) Washington Post, , pp. 183
    • McWhorter, J.1
  • 191
    • 84986203713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oakland, (accessed December 2005).
    • University of California, Office of the President, Eligibility and Admissions Study Group, Final Report to the President, Oakland, 2004, p. 74, www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/compreview/studygroup_final0404.pdf (accessed December 2005).
    • (2004) Final Report to the President, , pp. 74
  • 192
    • 84986191050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oakland, (accessed February 17, 2006).
    • University of California, Board of Admissions and Relations with Schools, The Use of Admissions Tests at the University of California, Oakland, 2003, pp. 4-6, www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/committees/boars/ admissionstests.pdf (accessed February 17, 2006).
    • (2003) The Use of Admissions Tests at the University of California, , pp. 4-6
  • 195
    • 28844483378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Selective College Admissions,
    • ed. Richard D. Kahlenberg (New York: Century Foundation Press).
    • Anthony P. Carnevale and Stephen J. Rose, "Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Selective College Admissions," in America's Untapped Resource: Low-Income Students in Higher Education, ed. Richard D. Kahlenberg (New York: Century Foundation Press, 2004).
    • (2004) America's Untapped Resource: Low-Income Students in Higher Education,
    • Carnevale, A.P.1    Rose, S.J.2
  • 196
    • 84986203713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oakland, April (accessed December 2005).
    • University of California, Office of the President, Eligibility and Admissions Study Group, Final Report to the President, Oakland, April 2004, p. 39, www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/compreview/studygroup_final0404.pdf (accessed December 2005).
    • (2004) Final Report to the President, , pp. 39
  • 197
    • 84986203002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oakland, (accessed February 17, 2006).
    • University of California, Office of the President, Student Academic Services, Selected Statewide and UC Postsecondary Data, Information Digest 2003, Oakland, 2003, p. 13, www.ucop.edu/sas/infodigest03/Selected_data.pdf (accessed February 17, 2006).
    • (2003) Selected Statewide and UC Postsecondary Data, Information Digest 2003, , pp. 13
  • 198
    • 84986202999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of California, Office of the President, Eligibility and Admissions Study Group, Final Report to the President, p. 73.
    • Final Report to the President, , pp. 73
  • 199
    • 84986193120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Admissions, Enrollment, and Preparatory Education and the Associate Vice Chancellor, Berkeley, 2005, (accessed February 18,)
    • Michael Hout, University of California, Berkeley, Academic Senate, Berkeley Division, Berkeley's Comprehensive Review Method for Making Freshman Admissions Decisions: An Assessment, Committee on Admissions, Enrollment, and Preparatory Education and the Associate Vice Chancellor, Berkeley, 2005, http://academic-senate.berkeley.edu/committees/pdf_docs_consolidate/ Hout_Report.pdf (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • (2006) Berkeley's Comprehensive Review Method for Making Freshman Admissions Decisions: An Assessment,
  • 200
    • 84986236661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • telephone interviews by author, December 6, 2004; and March 14,
    • Christine Postma, telephone interviews by author, December 6, 2004; and March 14, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Postma, C.1
  • 201
    • 84986212058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • telephone interviews by author, December 8, 2004; January 6, ; and March 14,
    • Melissa Morrow, telephone interviews by author, December 8, 2004; January 6, 2005; and March 14, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Morrow, M.1
  • 202
    • 84986229644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • telephone interview by author, October 25,
    • Mica Tommi-Slaven, telephone interview by author, October 25, 2004.
    • (2004)
    • Tommi-Slaven, M.1
  • 203
    • 84986184709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mica Tommi-Slaven, e-mail to author, March 17,
    • Mica Tommi-Slaven, e-mail to author, March 17, 2005.
    • (2005)
  • 204
    • 84986229646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mica Tommi-Slaven, e-mail to author, March 18,
    • Mica Tommi-Slaven, e-mail to author, March 18, 2005.
    • (2005)
  • 205
    • 0040720692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 8467, September 2001, fig. 1, (accessed January)
    • Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, "Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998," National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 8467, September 2001, p. 60, fig. 1, www.nber.org/papers/w8467 (accessed January 2005).
    • (2005) Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998, , pp. 60
    • Piketty, T.1    Saez, E.2
  • 206
    • 84880611750 scopus 로고
    • Remarks at the University of Michigan,
    • May 22, University of California, Santa Barbara, (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • Lyndon B. Johnson, "Remarks at the University of Michigan," May 22, 1964, American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26262&st=michigan&sti=great +society (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • (1964) American Presidency Project,
    • Johnson, L.B.1
  • 207
    • 84986234814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • February 4, 1986, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Record Administration, (accessed February 18,)
    • Ronald Reagan, "Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union," February 4, 1986, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Record Administration, www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/ speeches/1986/20486a.htm (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • (2006) Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union,
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 208
    • 84986221301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • April 28, 1981, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Record Administration, (accessed February 18,)
    • Ronald Reagan, "Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Program for Economic Recovery," April 28, 1981, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Record Administration, www.reagan.utexas .edu/archives/speeches/1981/42881c.htm (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • (2006) Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Program for Economic Recovery,
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 209
    • 84986215101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • January 25, 1983, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Record Administration, (accessed February 18,)
    • Ronald Reagan, "Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union," January 25, 1983, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Record Administration, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/ archives/speeches/1983/12583c.htm (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • (2006) Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union,
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 211
    • 79955433510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Was Really Great about the Great Society,
    • October (accessed February 2005).
    • Joseph A. Califano Jr., "What Was Really Great about the Great Society," Washington Monthly, October 1999, www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/ 1999/9910.califano.html (accessed February 2005).
    • (1999) Washington Monthly,
    • Califano, Jr.J.A.1
  • 213
    • 84984080857 scopus 로고
    • Trends in Household Wealth in the United States, 1962-83 and 1983-89,
    • Edward N. Wolff, "Trends in Household Wealth in the United States, 1962-83 and 1983-89," Review of Income and Wealth, series 40, no. 2 (June 1994): 171-172.
    • (1994) Review of Income and Wealth, , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-172
    • Wolff, E.N.1
  • 214
    • 84887697422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associated Press, January 14, 2005, (accessed October)
    • Will Lester, "Some Question Propriety of High Inaugural Costs," Associated Press, January 14, 2005, www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/ archive/2005/01/14/national0319EST0428.DTL (accessed October 2006).
    • (2006) Some Question Propriety of High Inaugural Costs,
    • Lester, W.1
  • 215
    • 84986215106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These Days, It Has to Do a Lot More Than Roll,
    • July 3, sec. 3,
    • Dan Berrett, "These Days, It Has to Do a Lot More Than Roll," New York Times, July 3, 2005, sec. 3, p. 5.
    • (2005) New York Times, , pp. 5
    • Berrett, D.1
  • 216
    • 84887767764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Art of Coddling V.I.P. Skiers,
    • February 18,
    • Denny Lee, "The New Art of Coddling V.I.P. Skiers," New York Times, February 18, 2005, p. D9.
    • (2005) New York Times, , pp. D9
    • Lee, D.1
  • 217
    • 84986216896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statement of Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Director, before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. Senate, February 1, 2005, (accessed February 18)
    • U.S. Congressional Budget Office, "The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2006 to 2015," Statement of Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Director, before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. Senate, February i, 2005, www.cbo.gov/show doc.cfm?index=6065&sequence=0 (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • (2006) The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2006 to 2015,
  • 218
    • 84986215113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed February 18); U.S. Congressional Budget Office, "The Budget and Economic Outlook."
    • Center for American Progress, "Cost of Iraq War," www.american progress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=171440 (accessed February 18, 2006); U.S. Congressional Budget Office, "The Budget and Economic Outlook."
    • (2006) Cost of Iraq War,
  • 221
    • 84986195933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Policy and Budget Priorities, October 22, 2003, (accessed February 18,)
    • Nicholas Johnson, Jennifer Schiess, and Joseph Llobrera, "State Revenues Have Fallen Dramatically," Center for Policy and Budget Priorities, October 22, 2003, www.cbpp.org/10-22-03sfp.htm (accessed February 18, 2006).
    • (2006) State Revenues Have Fallen Dramatically,
    • Johnson, N.1    Schiess, J.2    Llobrera, J.3
  • 222
    • 84986239188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State Tax Fund Appropriations for Higher Education, FY1961 to FY2005,
    • (January):
    • Thomas Mortenson, "State Tax Fund Appropriations for Higher Education, FY1961 to FY2005," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 151 (January 2005): 1-2.
    • (2005) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.151 , pp. 1-2
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 225
    • 10844268359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Triumph of Hope over Self-Interest,
    • January 12,
    • David Brooks, "The Triumph of Hope over Self-Interest," New York Times, January 12, 2003, sec. 4 , p. 15.
    • (2003) New York Times, , pp. 15
    • Brooks, D.1
  • 226
    • 0003984012 scopus 로고
    • trans. Henry Reeve (Cambridge, Mass.: Sever and Francis,)
    • Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve (Cambridge, Mass.: Sever and Francis, 1864);
    • (1864) Democracy in America,
    • de Tocqueville, A.1
  • 227
    • 84883949351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 11324, May 2005, (accessed January)
    • Joseph P. Ferrie, "The End of American Exceptionalism? Mobility in the U.S. since 1850," National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 11324, May 2005, p. 4, www.nber.org/papers/w11324 (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) The End of American Exceptionalism? Mobility in the U.S. since 1850, , pp. 4
    • Ferrie, J.P.1
  • 229
    • 5744233737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Working Paper 2001-18, December 2001, (accessed January)
    • Bhashkar Mazumder, "Earnings Mobility in the US: A New Look at Intergenerational Inequality," Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Working Paper 2001-18, December 2001, pp. 3-4, www.chicagofed.org/economic_research _and_data/publication_display.cfm?Publication=6&year=2000%20AND%202 005#2001 (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) Earnings Mobility in the US: A New Look at Intergenerational Inequality, , pp. 3-4
    • Mazumder, B.1
  • 230
    • 77649239808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liberal Hopes Ebb in Post-Storm Poverty Debate,
    • October 11,
    • Jason DeParle, "Liberal Hopes Ebb in Post-Storm Poverty Debate," New York Times, October 11, 2005, p. Ai.
    • (2005) New York Times, , pp. Ai
    • DeParle, J.1
  • 231
    • 0004099957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September 5, 1999, (accessed February 19,)
    • Isaac Shapiro and Robert Greenstein, "The Widening Income Gulf," Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September 5, 1999, www.cbpp.org/9-4- 99tax-rep.htm (accessed February 19, 2006).
    • (2006) The Widening Income Gulf,
    • Shapiro, I.1    Greenstein, R.2
  • 232
    • 0040720692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 8467, September 2001, fig. 18, (accessed January)
    • Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, "Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998," National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 8467, September 2001, p. 79, fig. 18, www.nber.org/papers/w8467 (accessed January 2005).
    • (2005) Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998, , pp. 79
    • Piketty, T.1    Saez, E.2
  • 233
    • 84986239008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reserve Bank of Australia 2002 Conference: Globalisation, Living Standards, and Inequality: Recent Progress and Continuing Challenges, May 27-28, 2002, (accessed January)
    • Timothy M. Smeeding, "Globalisation, Inequality, and the Rich Countries of the G-20: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study," Reserve Bank of Australia 2002 Conference: Globalisation, Living Standards, and Inequality: Recent Progress and Continuing Challenges, May 27-28, 2002, www.rba .gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2002/smeeding.pdf (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) Globalisation, Inequality, and the Rich Countries of the G-20: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study,
    • Smeeding, T.M.1
  • 234
  • 236
    • 0041370380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Inequality Matter?
    • (Winter) (accessed January 2006).
    • Christopher Jencks, "Does Inequality Matter?" Ddalus 131, no. 1 (Winter 2002): 49-65, http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype =6&tid=13200 (accessed January 2006).
    • (2002) Ddalus , vol.131 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-65
    • Jencks, C.1
  • 239
    • 84986200373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers 22, March 10, 2005, (accessed January)
    • Michael Förster and Marco Mira d'Ercole, "Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries in the Second Half of the 1990s," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers 22, March 10, 2005, p. 12, http://oberon.sourceoecd .org/vl=29109703/cl=2o/nw=i/rpsv/workingpapers/1815199X.htm (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries in the Second Half of the 1990s, , pp. 12
    • Förster, M.1    d'Ercole, M.M.2
  • 241
    • 84986200376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OECD Briefing Note for United States,
    • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, September 13, (accessed January 2006).
    • Barry McGaw, "OECD Briefing Note for United States," Education at a Glance 2005, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, September 13, 2005, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/41/13/35341210.pdf (accessed January 2006).
    • (2005) Education at a Glance 2005,
    • McGaw, B.1
  • 242
    • 84986200227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed January)
    • European Union, European Commission, Education and Training, Education and Training 2010: Diverse Systems, Shared Goals, http://europa .eu.int/comm/education/policies/2010/et_2010_en.html (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) Education and Training 2010: Diverse Systems, Shared Goals,
  • 243
    • 84986193016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Comparisons of 4-Year College Continuation Rates, 1998 and 2001,
    • (June)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "International Comparisons of 4-Year College Continuation Rates, 1998 and 2001," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 144 (June 2004): ii.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.144 , pp. ii
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 244
    • 84986233245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • by Jennifer Cheeseman Day and Eric C. Newburger (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002), (accessed February 19,)
    • U.S. Census Bureau, The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings, by Jennifer Cheeseman Day and Eric C. Newburger (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002), www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-210.pdf (accessed February 19, 2006).
    • (2006) The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings,
  • 247
    • 84887654865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working Paper Series 01.18, Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, July 2001, (accessed May 18,)
    • Susan E. Mayer, "How Economic Segregation Affects Children's Educational Attainment," Working Paper Series 01.18, Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, July 2001, http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/About/ publications/working-papers/pdf/wp_01_18.pdf (accessed May 18, 2006).
    • (2006) How Economic Segregation Affects Children's Educational Attainment,
    • Mayer, S.E.1
  • 248
    • 45949111690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, Boulder, Co., November 2005, (accessed May 16,)
    • Patrick J. Kelly, As America Becomes More Diverse: The Impact of State Higher Education Inequality, National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, Boulder, Co., November 2005, www.higheredinfo.org/race ethnicity/InequalityPaperNov2005.pdf (accessed May 16, 2006).
    • (2006) As America Becomes More Diverse: The Impact of State Higher Education Inequality,
    • Kelly, P.J.1
  • 249
    • 84986200845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harvard Extends Breaks for Low-Income Parents,
    • March 31, (accessed April 20, 2006).
    • Karen Arenson, "Harvard Extends Breaks for Low-Income Parents," New York Times, March 31, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/educa tion/31harvard.html?ei=5102&en=b58ae36d3f22b92e&ex=i146462318&adx nnl=i&partner=vault&adxnnlx=i145412332-MrFo84lRYKygn38VwXE- bGw&pagewanted=print (accessed April 20, 2006).
    • (2006) New York Times,
    • Arenson, K.1
  • 250
    • 84986193017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duke U. Gets $75-Million Pledge for Financial Aid,
    • October 4, (accessed April 20, 2006).
    • Erin Strout, "Duke U. Gets $75-Million Pledge for Financial Aid," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 4, 2005, http://chronicle.com/daily/ 2005/10/2005100406n.htm (accessed April 20, 2006).
    • (2005) Chronicle of Higher Education,
    • Strout, E.1
  • 251
    • 32544440978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Does Institutional Selectivity Tell Us about Academic Quality?
    • September-October
    • George D. Kuh and Ernest T. Pascarella, "What Does Institutional Selectivity Tell Us about Academic Quality?" Change, September-October 2004, pp. 53-58
    • (2004) Change, , pp. 53-58
    • Kuh, G.D.1    Pascarella, E.T.2
  • 252
    • 12844263093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • by Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Cheryl Hill Lee (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005), (accessed February 19,)
    • U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004, by Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Cheryl Hill Lee (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005), p. 83, www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (accessed February 19, 2006);
    • (2006) Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004, , pp. 83
  • 253
    • 84986212889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • College Participation Rates for Students from Low Income Families by State, 1992-2002,
    • (December)
    • Thomas Mortenson, "College Participation Rates for Students from Low Income Families by State, 1992-2002," Postsecondary Education Opportunity 150 (December 2004): 3.
    • (2004) Postsecondary Education Opportunity , vol.150 , pp. 3
    • Mortenson, T.1
  • 254
    • 84986215659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 2, 2003, CNN.com, (accessed January)
    • Associated Press, "Dems Battle over Confederate Flag," November 2, 2003, CNN.com, www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/ii/01/elec04.prez.dean.confederate.flag/ (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) Dems Battle over Confederate Flag,
    • Press, A.1
  • 256
    • 84986200295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • annual report delivered at the Eleventh Convention of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, August 16, 1967, Atlanta, Georgia, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, (accessed January)
    • Martin Luther King Jr., "Where Do We Go from Here?" annual report delivered at the Eleventh Convention of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, August 16, 1967, Atlanta, Georgia, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, www.stanford.edu/group/King/mlk papers/ (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) Where Do We Go from Here?
    • King, M.L.1
  • 257
    • 84922533656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • sermon delivered at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, February 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, (accessed January)
    • Martin Luther King Jr., "The Drum Major Instinct," sermon delivered at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, February 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, www.stanford .edu/group/King/mlkpapers/ (accessed January 2006).
    • (2006) The Drum Major Instinct,
    • King, M.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.