A model of fan identification: Antecedents and sponsorship outcomes

Journal of Services Marketing

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 275-294

  Gwinner, Kevin ^a   Swanson, Scott R ^b  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN WHITEWATER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84986132608     PISSN: 08876045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/08876040310474828     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Abrams, D. and Hogg, M.A. (1990), “An introduction to the social identity approach”, in Ed. Abrams, D. and Ed. Hogg, M.A. (Eds), Social Identity: Constructive and Critical Advances, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1-9.
2. Abratt, R., Clayton, B.C. and Pitt, L.F. (1987), “Corporate objectives in sports sponsorship”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 299-311.
3. Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), “Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 103 No. 3, pp. 411-423.
4. Armstrong, C. (1988), “Sports sponsorship: A case-study approach to measuring its effectiveness”, European Research, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 97-103.
5. Ashforth, B.E. and Mael, F. (1989), “Social identity theory and the organization”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 20-30.
6. Bentler, P.M. (1990), “Comparative fit indexes in structural models”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 107 No. 2, pp. 238-246.
7. Bentler, P.M. and Bonett, D.G. (1980), “Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 88 No. 3, pp. 588-606
8. Bergami, M. and Bagozzi, R.P. (2000), “Self-categorization, affective commitment and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 555-577.
9. Bhattacharya, C.B., Rao, H. and Glynn, M.A. (1995), “Understanding the bond of identification: An investigation of its correlates among art museum members”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 59, October, pp. 46-57.
10. Bitner, M.J. and Hubbert, A.R. (1994), “Encounter satisfaction versus overall satisfaction versus quality: The customer’s voice”, in Ed. Rust, R.T. and Ed. Oliver, R.L. (Eds), Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 72-94.
11. Branscombe, N.R. and Wann, D.L. (1991), “The positive social and self concept consequences of sports team identification”, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 115-127.
12. Branscombe, N.R. and Wann, D.L. (1992), “Physiological arousal and reactions to outgroup members during competitions that implicate an important social identity”, Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 18, pp. 85-93.
13. Branscombe, N.R. and Wann, D.L. (1994), ‘‘Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial”, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 24, pp. 641-657.
14. Brown, A.D. and Starkey, K. (2000), “Organizational identity and learning: A psychodynamic perspective”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 102-120.
15. Cornwell, T.B. (1995), “Sponsorship-linked marketing development”, Sport Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 13-24.
16. Cornwell, T.B. and Maignan, I. (1998), “An international review of sponsorship research”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 1-21.
17. Crimmins, J. and Horn, M. (1996), “Sponsorship: From management ego trip to marketing success”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 36, July/August, pp. 11-21.
18. Crocker, J., Fiske, S.T. and Taylor, S.E. (1984), “Schematic bases of belief change”, in Ed. Eiser, J.R. (Ed.), Attitudinal Judgment, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp. 197-226.
19. Dutton, J.M., Dukerich, J.M. and Harquail, C.V. (1994), “Organizational images and member identification”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 39 No. 34, pp. 239-263.
20. D’Ydewalle, G., Abeele, P.V., Rensbergen, J.V. and Coucke, P. (1987), “Incidental processing of advertisements while watching soccer games broadcasts”, in Ed. Gruneberg, M., Ed. Morris, P. and Ed. Sykes, R. (Eds), Practical Aspects of Memory: Current Research and Issues, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 478-483.
21. Ferrand, A. and Pages, M. (1996), “Image sponsoring: A methodology to match event and sponsor”, Journal of Sports Management, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 278-291.
22. Fisher, R.J. and Wakefield, K. (1998), “Factors leading to group identification: A field study of winners and losers”, Journal of Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 15, January, pp. 23-40.
23. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, February, pp. 39-50.
24. Graham, P.J. (1998), “Fan recall and recognition of college football bowl game sponsors”, presentation to the Sport and Special Events Marketing SIG, American Marketing Association, Summer Educators’ Conference, Boston, MA.
25. Hall, D.T. and Schneider, B. (1972), “Correlates of organizational identification as a function of career pattern and organizational type”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17 No. 34, pp. 340-350.
26. Hirt, E.R., Zillmann, D., Erickson, G.A. and Kennedy, C. (1992), “Costs and benefits of allegiance: Changes in fans’ self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 63 No. 5, pp. 724-738.
27. Hoek, J., Gendall, P.J. and Sanders, J. (1993), “Sponsorship management and evaluation: Are managers’ assumptions justified?”, Journal of Promotion Management, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 53-66.
28. Hoek, J., Gendall, P.J., Jeffcoat, M. and Orsman, D. (1997), “Sponsorship and advertising: A comparison of their effects”, Journal of Marketing Communications, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 21-32.
29. Hogg, M.A. and Turner, J.C. (1985), “Interpersonal attraction, social identification and psychological group formation”, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 15, pp. 51-66.
30. Irwin, R.L. and Sutton, W.A. (1994), “Sport sponsorship objectives: An analysis of their relative importance for major corporate sponsors”, European Journal for Sport Management, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 93-101.
31. Johan, G.V. and Pham, M.T. (1999), “Relatedness, prominence, and constructive sponsor identification”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 36, August, pp. 299-313.
32. Katz, D. and Kahn, R.L. (1978), The Social Psychology of Organizations, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
33. Lascu, D.N., Giese, T.D., Toolan, C., Guehring, B. and Mercer, J. (1995), “Sport involvement: A relevant individual difference factor in spectator sports”, Sport Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 41-46.
34. Lucas, P. (1996), “Card marketers go for the gold”, Credit Card Management, Vol. 9, May, pp. 22-26.
35. McDonald, C. (1991), “Sponsorship and the image of the sponsor”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 25 No. 11, pp. 31-38.
36. Madrigal, R. (1995), “Cognitive and affective determinants of fan satisfaction with sporting event attendance”, Journal of Leisure Research, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 202-227.
37. Mael, F. (1988), “Organizational identification: Construct redefinition and a field application with organizational alumni”, Dissertation, Wayne State University.
38. Mael, F. and Ashforth, B.E. (1992), “Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 13, pp. 103-123.
39. March, J.G. and Simon, H.A. (1958), Organizations, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
40. Marshall, D.W. and Cook, G. (1992), “The corporate (sports) sponsor”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 11, Spring, pp. 307-324.
41. Meenaghan, J.A. (1983), “Commercial sponsorship”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 17 No. 7, pp. 5-67.
42. Meenaghan, T. (1994), “Ambush marketing: Immoral or imaginative practice?”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 34, September/October, pp. 77-88.
43. Meenaghan, T. (1999), “Commercial sponsorship: The development of understanding”, International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 19-31.
44. Meir, R., Arthur, D., Tobin, J. and Massingham, C. (1997), “Professional rugby league in Australia: A case study in sponsor awareness”, The Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing, Vol. 1, April.
45. Nebenzahl, I. and Hornik, J. (1985), “An experimental study of the effectiveness of commercial billboards in televised sports arenas”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 4, pp. 27-36.
46. Oliver, R.L. (1997), Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
47. Performance Research (1994), “Performance research quantifies NASCAR impact”, IEG Sponsorship Report, 31 January.
48. Pham, M.T. (1992), “Effects of involvement, arousal, and pleasure on the recognition of sponsorship stimuli”, in Ed. Sherry, J.F. and Ed. Sternthal, B. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 19, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, pp. 85-93.
49. Pooley, J.C. (1978), “The sports fan: A psychology of misbehavior”, Sociology of Sports Monograph Series, CAPHER, Calgary, Alberta.
50. Pope, N. (1998), “Overview of current sponsorship thought”, The Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing, Vol. 2 No. 1.
51. Pryor, K. (1999), “The erosion of sponsorship effectiveness – sponsorship clutter”, Presentation to the Sport and Special Events Marketing SIG, American Marketing Association, Summer Educators’ Conference, San Francisco, CA.
52. Sandler, D.M. and Shani, D. (1989), “Olympic sponsorship vs. ambush marketing: Who gets the gold?”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 9-14.
53. SAS Institute (1990), SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 6, Vol. 1, 4th ed., SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
54. Sherif, M. and Hovland, C.I. (1961), Social Judgement: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
55. Sengupta, J. and Fitzsimons, G.J. (2000), “The effects of analyzing reasons for brand preferences: Disruption or reinforcement?”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 37, August, pp. 318-330.
56. Speed, R. and Thompson, P. (2000), “Determinants of sports sponsorship response”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, Spring, pp. 226-238.
57. Stipp, H. and Schiavone, N.P. (1996), “Modeling the impact of olympic sponsorship on corporate image”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 36, July/August, pp. 22-28.
58. Sutton, W.A., McDonald, M.A., Milne, G.R. and Cimperman, J. (1997), “Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports”, Sport Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 15-22.
59. Tajfel, H. (1978), “The achievement of group differentiation”, in Ed. Tajfel, H. (Ed.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Academic Press, London, pp. 77-98.
60. Turco, D.M. (1994), “Event sponsorship: Effects on consumer brand loyalty and consumption”, Sport Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 35-37.
61. Turner, J.C. (1984), “Social identification and psychological group formation”, in Ed. Tajfel, H. (Ed.), The Social Dimension: European Developments in Social Psychology, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 518-538.
62. Wann, D.L. and Branscombe, N.R. (1990), “Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies”, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 103-117.
63. Wann, D.L. and Branscombe, N.R. (1992), “Emotional responses to the sports page”, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 49-64.
64. Wann, D.L. and Branscombe, N.R. (1993), “Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team”, International Journal of Sports Psychology, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 1-17.
65. Wann, D.L. and Branscombe, N.R. (1995a), “Influence of level of identification with a group and physiological arousal on perceived intergroup complexity”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 34, pp. 223-235.
66. Wann, D.L. and Branscombe, N.R. (1995b), “Influence of identification with a sports team on objective knowledge and subjective beliefs”, International Journal of Sports Psychology, Vol. 26, pp. 551-567.
67. Wann, D.L. and Dolan, T.J. (1994), “Attributions of highly identified sports spectators”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 134 No. 6, pp. 783-792.
68. Wann, D.L., Dolan, T.J. and McGeorge, K.K. and Allison, J.A. (1994), “Relationships between spectator identification and spectators’ perceptions of influence, spectators’ emotions, and competition outcomes”, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 347-364.
69. Wilson, G.A. (1997), “Does sport sponsorship have a direct effect on product sales?”, The Cyber Journal of Sports Marketing, Vol. 1, October.
70. Zillman, D. and Paulus, P.B. (1993), “Spectators: Reactions to sports events and effects on athletic performance”, in Ed. Singer, R.N., Ed. Murphey, M. and Ed. Tennant, L.K. (Eds), Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, Macmillan, New York, NY, pp. 600-619.