메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

Stress and body condition are associated with climate and demography in Asian elephants

Author keywords

Elephas maximus; Faeces; Glucocorticoids; Hormone; Seasonality; Weight

Indexed keywords


EID: 84983608524     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20511434     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov030     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (53)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0026499627 scopus 로고
    • Territorial behavior and breeding frequency of male Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) in relation to age, size, and concentrations of serum testosterone and cortisol
    • Bartsh SS, Johnston SD, Siniff DB (1992) Territorial behavior and breeding frequency of male Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) in relation to age, size, and concentrations of serum testosterone and cortisol. Can J Zool 70: 680-692.
    • (1992) Can J Zool , vol.70 , pp. 680-692
    • Bartsh, S.S.1    Johnston, S.D.2    Siniff, D.B.3
  • 6
    • 67649710419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between fitness and baseline glucocorticoids in a passerine bird
    • Bonier F, Moore IT, Martin PR, Robertson RJ (2009b) The relationship between fitness and baseline glucocorticoids in a passerine bird. Gen Comp Endocrinol 163: 208-213.
    • (2009) Gen Comp Endocrinol , vol.163 , pp. 208-213
    • Bonier, F.1    Moore, I.T.2    Martin, P.R.3    Robertson, R.J.4
  • 8
    • 77954598789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods
    • Brown JL, Kersey DC, Freeman EW, Wagener T (2010) Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods. Zoo Biol 29: 274-283.
    • (2010) Zoo Biol , vol.29 , pp. 274-283
    • Brown, J.L.1    Kersey, D.C.2    Freeman, E.W.3    Wagener, T.4
  • 9
    • 33845920685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual variability of black-legged kittiwake productivity is reflected in baseline plasma corticosterone
    • Buck CL, O'Reilly KA, Kildaw SD, Buck CL, O'Reilly KA, Kildaw SD (2007) Interannual variability of black-legged kittiwake productivity is reflected in baseline plasma corticosterone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 150: 430-436.
    • (2007) Gen Comp Endocrinol , vol.150 , pp. 430-436
    • Buck, C.L.1    O'Reilly, K.A.2    Kildaw, S.D.3    Buck, C.L.4    O'Reilly, K.A.5    Kildaw, S.D.6
  • 10
    • 84865367750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids, role in stress
    • Fink G, ed, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA
    • Buckingham JC (2010) Glucocorticoids, role in stress. In Fink G, ed, Stress Science: Neuroendocrinology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp 381-388.
    • (2010) Stress Science: Neuroendocrinology , pp. 381-388
    • Buckingham, J.C.1
  • 11
    • 33847685975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological stress levels predict survival probabilities in wild rabbits
    • Cabezas S, Blas J, Marchant TA, Moreno S (2007) Physiological stress levels predict survival probabilities in wild rabbits. Horm Behav 51: 313-320.
    • (2007) Horm Behav , vol.51 , pp. 313-320
    • Cabezas, S.1    Blas, J.2    Marchant, T.A.3    Moreno, S.4
  • 12
    • 50949129523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working with mahouts to explore the diet of work elephants in Myanmar (Burma)
    • Campos-Arceiz A, Lin TZ, Htun W, Takatsuki S, Leimgruber P (2008) Working with mahouts to explore the diet of work elephants in Myanmar (Burma). Ecol Res 23: 1057-1064.
    • (2008) Ecol Res , vol.23 , pp. 1057-1064
    • Campos-Arceiz, A.1    Lin, T.Z.2    Htun, W.3    Takatsuki, S.4    Leimgruber, P.5
  • 14
    • 68349123505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecundity and population viability in female zoo elephants: problems and possible solutions
    • Clubb R, Rowcliffe M, Lee P, Mar KU, Moss C, Mason GJ (2009) Fecundity and population viability in female zoo elephants: problems and possible solutions. Anim Welfare 18: 237-247.
    • (2009) Anim Welfare , vol.18 , pp. 237-247
    • Clubb, R.1    Rowcliffe, M.2    Lee, P.3    Mar, K.U.4    Moss, C.5    Mason, G.J.6
  • 15
    • 33750695320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosterone in relation to body mass in Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) affected by unusual sea ice conditions at Ross Island, Antarctica
    • Cockrem JF, Potter MA, Candy EJ (2006) Corticosterone in relation to body mass in Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) affected by unusual sea ice conditions at Ross Island, Antarctica. Gen Comp Endocrinol 149: 244-252.
    • (2006) Gen Comp Endocrinol , vol.149 , pp. 244-252
    • Cockrem, J.F.1    Potter, M.A.2    Candy, E.J.3
  • 16
    • 84873097275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history and the ecology of stress: how do glucocorticoid hormones influence life-history variation in animals?
    • Crespi EJ, Williams TD, Jessop TS, Delehanty B (2013) Life history and the ecology of stress: how do glucocorticoid hormones influence life-history variation in animals? Funct Ecol 27: 93-106.
    • (2013) Funct Ecol , vol.27 , pp. 93-106
    • Crespi, E.J.1    Williams, T.D.2    Jessop, T.S.3    Delehanty, B.4
  • 18
    • 84983669868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic (repeated) stress: consequences. Adaptations
    • Fink G ed, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA
    • Dallman FM (2010) Chronic (repeated) stress: consequences. Adaptations. In Fink G ed, Stress Science: Neuroendocrinology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp 375-381.
    • (2010) Stress Science: Neuroendocrinology , pp. 375-381
    • Dallman, F.M.1
  • 20
    • 84883752792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to long-distance relocation in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): monitoring adrenocortical activity via serum, urine, and feces
    • Fanson K, Lynch M, Vogelnest L, Miller G, Keeley T (2013) Response to long-distance relocation in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): monitoring adrenocortical activity via serum, urine, and feces. Eur J Wildlife Res 59: 655-664.
    • (2013) Eur J Wildlife Res , vol.59 , pp. 655-664
    • Fanson, K.1    Lynch, M.2    Vogelnest, L.3    Miller, G.4    Keeley, T.5
  • 21
    • 80055034588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of captivity and body condition on plasma corticosterone, locomotor behavior, and plasma metabolites in curve-billed thrashers
    • Fokidis HB, Hurley L, Rogowski C, Sweazea K, Deviche P (2011) Effects of captivity and body condition on plasma corticosterone, locomotor behavior, and plasma metabolites in curve-billed thrashers. Physiol Biochem Zool 84: 595-606.
    • (2011) Physiol Biochem Zool , vol.84 , pp. 595-606
    • Fokidis, H.B.1    Hurley, L.2    Rogowski, C.3    Sweazea, K.4    Deviche, P.5
  • 22
    • 0034896635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive stress and reproductive measures of social and ecological pressures in free-ranging African elephants
    • Foley CAH, Papageorge S, Wasser SK (2001) Noninvasive stress and reproductive measures of social and ecological pressures in free-ranging African elephants. Conserv Biol 15: 1134-1142.
    • (2001) Conserv Biol , vol.15 , pp. 1134-1142
    • Foley, C.A.H.1    Papageorge, S.2    Wasser, S.K.3
  • 25
    • 3042710807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the closed form of the covariance matrix and its inverse of the causal ARMA process
    • Haddad JN (2004) On the closed form of the covariance matrix and its inverse of the causal ARMA process. J Time Ser Anal 25: 443-448.
    • (2004) J Time Ser Anal , vol.25 , pp. 443-448
    • Haddad, J.N.1
  • 26
    • 60249093192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeding Asian and African elephants Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana in captivity
    • Hatt J-M, Clauss M (2006) Feeding Asian and African elephants Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana in captivity. Int Zoo Yearbook 40: 88-95.
    • (2006) Int Zoo Yearbook , vol.40 , pp. 88-95
    • Hatt, J.-M.1    Clauss, M.2
  • 27
    • 84896314245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early reproductive investment, senescence and lifetime reproductive success in female Asian elephants
    • Hayward AD, Mar KU, Lahdenperä M, Lummaa V (2014) Early reproductive investment, senescence and lifetime reproductive success in female Asian elephants. J Evol Biol 27: 772-783.
    • (2014) J Evol Biol , vol.27 , pp. 772-783
    • Hayward, A.D.1    Mar, K.U.2    Lahdenperä, M.3    Lummaa, V.4
  • 28
    • 0031881613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body condition and the adrenal stress response in captive American kestrel juveniles
    • Heath JA, Dufty AM, Heath JA, Dufty AM (1998) Body condition and the adrenal stress response in captive American kestrel juveniles. Physiol Zool 71: 67-73.
    • (1998) Physiol Zool , vol.71 , pp. 67-73
    • Heath, J.A.1    Dufty, A.M.2    Heath, J.A.3    Dufty, A.M.4
  • 29
    • 0031298405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting body weight from body measurements in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
    • Hile ME, Hintz HF, Erb HN (1997) Predicting body weight from body measurements in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). J Zoo Wildlife Med 28: 424-427.
    • (1997) J Zoo Wildlife Med , vol.28 , pp. 424-427
    • Hile, M.E.1    Hintz, H.F.2    Erb, H.N.3
  • 30
    • 84983507827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of factors influencing the stress response in Australian marsupials
    • Hing S, Narayan E, Thompson RCA, Godfrey S (2014) A review of factors influencing the stress response in Australian marsupials. Conserv Physiol 2: doi:10.1093/conphys/cou027.
    • (2014) Conserv Physiol , vol.2
    • Hing, S.1    Narayan, E.2    Thompson, R.C.A.3    Godfrey, S.4
  • 31
    • 0027877233 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the Asian Elephant in lowland dry zone habitats of the Mahaweli River Basin, Sri Lanka
    • Ishwaran N (1993) Ecology of the Asian Elephant in lowland dry zone habitats of the Mahaweli River Basin, Sri Lanka. J Trop Ecol 9: 169-182.
    • (1993) J Trop Ecol , vol.9 , pp. 169-182
    • Ishwaran, N.1
  • 33
    • 84897542355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of pregnancy status of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by measurement of progestagen and glucocorticoid and their metabolite concentrations in serum and feces, using enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
    • Kajaysri J, Nokkaew W (2014) Assessment of pregnancy status of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by measurement of progestagen and glucocorticoid and their metabolite concentrations in serum and feces, using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). J Vet Med Sci 76: 363-368.
    • (2014) J Vet Med Sci , vol.76 , pp. 363-368
    • Kajaysri, J.1    Nokkaew, W.2
  • 34
    • 0032706125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of food availability, body condition and physiological stress response in breeding black-legged kittiwakes
    • Kitaysky AS, Wingfield JC, Piatt JF, Kitaysky AS, Wingfield JC, Piatt JF (1999) Dynamics of food availability, body condition and physiological stress response in breeding black-legged kittiwakes. Funct Ecol 13: 577-584.
    • (1999) Funct Ecol , vol.13 , pp. 577-584
    • Kitaysky, A.S.1    Wingfield, J.C.2    Piatt, J.F.3    Kitaysky, A.S.4    Wingfield, J.C.5    Piatt, J.F.6
  • 35
    • 14544282842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review
    • Kudielka BM, Kirschbaum C (2005) Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biol Psychol 69: 113-132.
    • (2005) Biol Psychol , vol.69 , pp. 113-132
    • Kudielka, B.M.1    Kirschbaum, C.2
  • 36
    • 84906828747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive cessation and post-reproductive lifespan in Asian elephants and pre-industrial humans
    • Lahdenperä M, Mar KU, Lummaa V (2014) Reproductive cessation and post-reproductive lifespan in Asian elephants and pre-industrial humans. Front Zool 11: 54.
    • (2014) Front Zool , vol.11 , pp. 54
    • Lahdenperä, M.1    Mar, K.U.2    Lummaa, V.3
  • 37
    • 33750683625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals?
    • Lane J (2006) Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals? Anim Welfare 15: 331-342.
    • (2006) Anim Welfare , vol.15 , pp. 331-342
    • Lane, J.1
  • 38
    • 35449005941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case study: fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an Asian elephant
    • Laws N, Ganswindt A, Heistermann M, Harris M, Harris S, Sherwin C (2007) A case study: fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an Asian elephant. J App Anim Welfare Sci 10: 349-358.
    • (2007) J App Anim Welfare Sci , vol.10 , pp. 349-358
    • Laws, N.1    Ganswindt, A.2    Heistermann, M.3    Harris, M.4    Harris, S.5    Sherwin, C.6
  • 39
    • 44649111920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling population viability of captive elephants in Myanmar (Burma): implications for wild populations
    • Leimgruber P, Senior B, Uga , Aung M, Songer MA, Mueller T, Wemmer C, Ballou JD (2008) Modeling population viability of captive elephants in Myanmar (Burma): implications for wild populations. Anim Conserv 11: 198-205.
    • (2008) Anim Conserv , vol.11 , pp. 198-205
    • Leimgruber, P.1    Senior, B.2    Uga.3    Aung, M.4    Songer, M.A.5    Mueller, T.6    Wemmer, C.7    Ballou, J.D.8
  • 41
    • 84893642918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The need for a predictive, context-dependent approach to the application of stress hormones in conservation
    • Madliger CL, Love OP (2014) The need for a predictive, context-dependent approach to the application of stress hormones in conservation. Conserv Biol 28: 283-287.
    • (2014) Conserv Biol , vol.28 , pp. 283-287
    • Madliger, C.L.1    Love, O.P.2
  • 43
    • 84857732257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and correlates of calf mortality in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
    • Mar KU, Lahdenperä M, Lummaa V (2012) Causes and correlates of calf mortality in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). PloS ONE 7: e32335.
    • (2012) PloS ONE , vol.7
    • Mar, K.U.1    Lahdenperä, M.2    Lummaa, V.3
  • 44
    • 78149362060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species differences in responses to captivity: stress, welfare and the comparative method
    • Mason GJ (2010) Species differences in responses to captivity: stress, welfare and the comparative method. Trends Ecol Evol 25: 713-721.
    • (2010) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.25 , pp. 713-721
    • Mason, G.J.1
  • 45
    • 77954565510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should the psychological well-being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated?
    • Mason GJ, Veasey JS (2010) How should the psychological well-being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated? Zoo Biol 29: 237-255.
    • (2010) Zoo Biol , vol.29 , pp. 237-255
    • Mason, G.J.1    Veasey, J.S.2
  • 46
    • 20444447046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that stress contributes to inflammatory bowel disease: evaluation, synthesis, and future directions
    • Maunder RG (2005) Evidence that stress contributes to inflammatory bowel disease: evaluation, synthesis, and future directions. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11: 600-608.
    • (2005) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.11 , pp. 600-608
    • Maunder, R.G.1
  • 47
    • 84866880491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): a factor to consider during welfare assessment
    • Menargues A, Urios V, Limiñana R, Mauri M (2012) Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): a factor to consider during welfare assessment. J App Anim Welfare Sci 15: 383-390.
    • (2012) J App Anim Welfare Sci , vol.15 , pp. 383-390
    • Menargues, A.1    Urios, V.2    Limiñana, R.3    Mauri, M.4
  • 48
    • 84858861551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal rhythms of salivary cortisol secretion in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
    • Menargues Marcilla A, Urios V, Limiñana R (2012) Seasonal rhythms of salivary cortisol secretion in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 176: 259-264.
    • (2012) Gen Comp Endocrinol , vol.176 , pp. 259-264
    • Menargues Marcilla, A.1    Urios, V.2    Limiñana, R.3
  • 49
    • 84983621391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The training methods used in Myanmar timber enterprise
    • Min-Oo Z (2010) The training methods used in Myanmar timber enterprise. Gajah 33: 58-61.
    • (2010) Gajah , vol.33 , pp. 58-61
    • Min-Oo, Z.1
  • 50
    • 0034770279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya
    • Moss CJ (2001) The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya. J Zool 255: 145-156.
    • (2001) J Zool , vol.255 , pp. 145-156
    • Moss, C.J.1
  • 51
    • 84887522615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth seasonality and calf mortality in a large population of Asian elephants
    • Mumby HS, Courtiol A, Mar KU, Lummaa V (2013a) Birth seasonality and calf mortality in a large population of Asian elephants. Ecol Evol 3: 3794-3803.
    • (2013) Ecol Evol , vol.3 , pp. 3794-3803
    • Mumby, H.S.1    Courtiol, A.2    Mar, K.U.3    Lummaa, V.4
  • 52
    • 84878047538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic variation and age-specific survival in Asian elephants from Myanmar
    • Mumby HS, Courtiol A, Mar KU, Lummaa V (2013b) Climatic variation and age-specific survival in Asian elephants from Myanmar. Ecology 94: 1131-1141.
    • (2013) Ecology , vol.94 , pp. 1131-1141
    • Mumby, H.S.1    Courtiol, A.2    Mar, K.U.3    Lummaa, V.4
  • 53
    • 84983667722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA.
    • National Climatic Data Center (2012) NCDC Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Version 3 (ghcnmv3). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov.
    • (2012) NCDC Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Version 3 (ghcnmv3)
  • 55
    • 17644423129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress in free-ranging mammals: integrating physiology, ecology, and natural history
    • Reeder DM, Kramer KM (2005) Stress in free-ranging mammals: integrating physiology, ecology, and natural history. J Mammal 86: 225-235.
    • (2005) J Mammal , vol.86 , pp. 225-235
    • Reeder, D.M.1    Kramer, K.M.2
  • 56
    • 84931749039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senescence and age-specific trade-offs between reproduction and survival in female Asian elephants
    • Robinson MR, Mar KU, Lummaa V (2012) Senescence and age-specific trade-offs between reproduction and survival in female Asian elephants. Ecol Lett 15: 260-266.
    • (2012) Ecol Lett , vol.15 , pp. 260-266
    • Robinson, M.R.1    Mar, K.U.2    Lummaa, V.3
  • 59
    • 84983636498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the activity of captive Asian elephants through the use of a tri-axial accelerometer GPS, and behavioral observation
    • A. Ward, A. Coslik, M. Maslanka, eds, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, Kansas City, MO, USA
    • Soulsby KS, Treiber K, Elston J, Formanowicz D (2011) Quantifying the activity of captive Asian elephants through the use of a tri-axial accelerometer GPS, and behavioral observation. In A. Ward, A. Coslik, M. Maslanka, eds, Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition. AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, Kansas City, MO, USA.
    • (2011) Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition
    • Soulsby, K.S.1    Treiber, K.2    Elston, J.3    Formanowicz, D.4
  • 62
    • 85040431653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants-Elephas maximus
    • Sukumar R (2006) A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants-Elephas maximus. Int Zoo Yearbook 40: 1-8.
    • (2006) Int Zoo Yearbook , vol.40 , pp. 1-8
    • Sukumar, R.1
  • 64
    • 37349076970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal effects on the endocrine pattern of semi-captive female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): timing of the anovulatory luteinizing hormone surge determines the length of the estrous cycle
    • Thitaram C, Brown JL, Pongsopawijit P, Chansitthiwet S, Wongkalasin W, Daram P, Roongsri R, Kalmapijit A, Mahasawangkul S, Rbjansthien S et al. (2008) Seasonal effects on the endocrine pattern of semi-captive female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): timing of the anovulatory luteinizing hormone surge determines the length of the estrous cycle. Theriogenology 69: 237-244.
    • (2008) Theriogenology , vol.69 , pp. 237-244
    • Thitaram, C.1    Brown, J.L.2    Pongsopawijit, P.3    Chansitthiwet, S.4    Wongkalasin, W.5    Daram, P.6    Roongsri, R.7    Kalmapijit, A.8    Mahasawangkul, S.9    Rbjansthien, S.10
  • 66
    • 59849095705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple method for distinguishing within-versus between-subject effects using mixed models
    • van de Pol M, Wright J (2009) A simple method for distinguishing within-versus between-subject effects using mixed models. Anim Behav 77: 753-758.
    • (2009) Anim Behav , vol.77 , pp. 753-758
    • van de Pol, M.1    Wright, J.2
  • 68
    • 84875666999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a versatile enzyme immunoassay for non-invasive assessment of glucocorticoid metabolites in a diversity of taxonomic species
    • Watson R, Munro C, Edwards KL, Norton V, Brown JL, Walker SL (2013) Development of a versatile enzyme immunoassay for non-invasive assessment of glucocorticoid metabolites in a diversity of taxonomic species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 186: 16-24.
    • (2013) Gen Comp Endocrinol , vol.186 , pp. 16-24
    • Watson, R.1    Munro, C.2    Edwards, K.L.3    Norton, V.4    Brown, J.L.5    Walker, S.L.6
  • 69
    • 84856013418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking the heat: thermoregulation in Asian elephants under different climatic conditions
    • Weissenböck N, Arnold W, Ruf T (2011) Taking the heat: thermoregulation in Asian elephants under different climatic conditions. J Comp Physiol B 182: 311-319.
    • (2011) J Comp Physiol B , vol.182 , pp. 311-319
    • Weissenböck, N.1    Arnold, W.2    Ruf, T.3
  • 70
    • 84887525360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of elephants in timber harvesting in Myanmar
    • Zaw UK (1997) Utilization of elephants in timber harvesting in Myanmar. Gajah 17: 9-22.
    • (1997) Gajah , vol.17 , pp. 9-22
    • Zaw, U.K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.