Remediation of heavy metal contaminated ecosystem: an overview on technology advancement

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 353-366

  Singh, A ^a   Prasad, S M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD   (India)

Author keywords

Heavy metal; Nanotechnology; Remediation; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADATION; CHAINS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; CHEMICAL STABILITY; CONTAMINATION; ECOSYSTEMS; HEAVY METALS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; METAL DRAWING; METAL NANOPARTICLES; METALS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PLANTS (BOTANY); POLLUTION; REMEDIATION; TOXICITY;

HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION; HEAVY METAL POLLUTION; LARGE SPECIFIC SURFACE AREAS; MANAGEMENT PRACTICES; METAL CONTAMINATION; RESEARCH INTERESTS; TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT; TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY;

SOIL POLLUTION;

ABSORPTION; BIOREMEDIATION; FOOD CHAIN; HEAVY METAL; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PHYTOTOXICITY; SOIL POLLUTION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84983585712     PISSN: 17351472     EISSN: 17352630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13762-014-0542-y     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Adamu H, Uzairu A, Harrison GFS (2013) Assessment of trace metals in sewage water and sludge from River Kubanni drainage basin. Afr J Biotechnol 12(1):49–55
2. Agarwal A, Joshi H (2010) Application of nanotechnology in the remediation of contaminated groundwater: a short review. Recent Res Sci Technol 2(6):51–57
3. Aken BV (2008) Transgenic plants for phytoremediation: helping nature to clean up environmental pollution. Trends Biotechnol 26(5):225–227
4. Angelova VA, Radka Ivanova B, Galina Pevicharova C, Krasimir I (2010) Effect of organic amendments on heavy metals uptake by potato plants. In: 19th World congress of soil science, soil solutions for a changing world, 1–6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD
5. Arvas O, Keskin B, Yilmaz IH (2013) Effect of sewage sludge on metal content of grassland soil and herbage in semiarid lands. Turk J Agric For 37:1–9
6. Babel S, Kurniawan TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. J Hazard Mate 97:219–243
7. Baker AJM, McGrath SP, Reeves RD, Smith JAC (2000) Metal hyperaccumulator plants: a review of the ecology and physiology of a biological resource for phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils. In: Terry N, Banuelos G (eds) Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 85–107
8. Barman SC, Sahu RK, Bhargava SK, Chaterje C (2000) Distribution of heavy metals in wheat, mustard and weed grown in field irrigated with industrial. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 64:489–496
9. Behera KK (2014) Phytoremediation, transgenic plants and microbes. Sustain Agri Rev 13:65–85
10. Bennett LE, Burkhead JL, Hale KL, Terry N, Pilon M, Pilon-smits EAH (2003) Bioremediation and biodegradation: analysis of transgenic Indian mustard plant for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated mine tailings. J Environ Qual 32:432–440
11. Bursali EA, Cavas L, Seki Y, Bozkurt SS, Yurdakoc M (2009) Sorption of boron by invasive marine seaweed: Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea. Chem Eng J 150:385
12. Cairns J, Smith EP, Orvos D (1988) The problem of validating simulation of hazardous exposure in natural systems. In: Barnett CC, Holms WM (eds) Proceedings of the 1988 Summer computer conference. The Society for Computer Simulation International, San Diego, pp 448–454
13. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (2011) Hazardous metals and mineral pollution in India. A position paper, Indian National Science Academy New Delhi
14. Chekroun KB, Baghour M (2013) The role of algae in phytoremediation of heavy metals: a review. J Mater Environ Sci 4(6):873–880
15. Czako M, Feng X, He Y, Liang D, Pollock R, Marton L (2006) Phytoremediation with transgenic plants. Acta Hortic 725:753–770
16. 2+ biosorption by mycelial biomass of Pleurotus florida. Afri J Biotechnol 6(22):2555–2558
17. Davies OA, Allision ME, Uyi HS (2006) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment and Periwinkle from Elechi Creek, Niger Delta. Afr J Biotechnol 5(10):933–968
18. Dede G, Ozdemir S, Hulusi Dede O (2012) Effect of soil amendments on phytoextraction potential of Brassica juncea growing on sewage sludge. Int J Environ Sci Technol 9(3):559–564
19. Deng DM, Shu WS, Zhang J, Zou HL, Ye ZH, Wong MH, Lin Z (2007) Zinc and cadmium accumulation and tolerance in populations of Sedum alfredii. Environ Pollut 147:381–386
20. Ensley BD (2000) Rationale for the use of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean-up the environment. Wiley, New York. Environ Pollut 146:19–24
21. Evangelou MWH, Ebel M, Schaeffer A (2007) Chelate assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals from soils. Effect, mechanism, toxicity, and fate of chelating agents. Chemosphere 68:989–1003
22. Farouk S, Mosa AA, Taha AA, Ibrahim HM, Gahmery AE (2011) Protective effect of humic acid and chitosan on radish (Raphanus sativus, L. var. sativus) plants subjected to cadmium Stress. J Stress Physiol Biochem 7(2):99–116
23. Fasaei RG (2012) Malic acid and phosphorus influences on nickel phytoremediation efficiency and metal nutrients relationships in a Ni-polluted calcareous soil. Int Res J Appl Basic Sci 3(S):2805–2808
24. Fatemeh A, Shariatmadari H, Mirghaffari N (2008) Modification of rice hull and sawdust sorptive characteristics for remove heavy metals from synthetic solutions and wastewater. J Hazard Mater 154:451–458
25. Fatoki OS, Lujizan O, Ogunfowokan AO (2002) Trace metal pollution in Umata River. Water Res 28(2):183–189
26. Fuhrmann M, Lasat MM, Ebbs SD, Kochian LV, Cornish J (2002) Uptake of cesium-137 and strontium-90 from contaminated soil by three plant species; application to phytoremediation. J Environ Qual 31(3):904–909
27. Fulekar MH, Pathak B, Kale R K (2014) Nanotechnology: perspective for environmental sustainability. Environ Sustain Develop 12:87–114
28. Garbisu C, Hernandez-Allica J, Barrutia O, Alkorta I, Becerril JM (2002) Phytoremediation: a technology using green plants to remove contaminants from polluted areas. Rev Environ Health 17(3):173–188
29. Govil PK, Reddy GLN, Krishna AK (2001) Contamination of soil due to heavy metals in the Patancheru industrial development area, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Geo 41:461–469
30. Grandlic CG, Palmer MW, Maier RM (2009) Optimization of plant growth-promoting bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of mine tailings. Soil Biol Biochem 41:1734–1740
31. Guo G, Zhou Q, Ma LQ (2006) Availability and assessment of fixing additives for the in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: a review. Environ Monit Assess 116:513–528
32. Gupta AK, Sinha S (2006) Chemical fractionation and heavy metals accumulation in the plants of Sesamum indicum (L.) var. T55 grown on soil amended with tannery sludge: selection of single extractants. Chemosphere 64:161–173
33. Gupta DK, Rai UN, Sinha S, Tripathi RD, Nautiyal BD, Rai P, Inouhe M (2004) Role of Rhizobium (CA-1) inoculation in increasing growth and metal accumulation in Cicer arietinum L. growing under fly-ash stress condition. Bull Environ Contamin Toxicol 73:424–431
34. Harmanescu M, Alda LM, Bordean DM, Gogoasa I, Gergen I (2011) Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County, Romania. Chem Central J 5:64
35. Heaton ACP, Rugh CL, Wang NJ, Meagher RB (2005) Physiological responses of transgenic merA-tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) to foliar and root mercury exposure. Water Air Soil Pollut 161:137–155
36. Heshmatpure N, Rad MY (2012) The effect of PGPR (Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) on phytoremediation of cadmiums by canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars of Hyola 401. Annals. Biol Res 3(12):5624–5630
37. Hiroaki I, Motoki I, Norie S, Ribeka T, Yoshio K, Shiro Y (2014) Dietary cadmium intake and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: a case–control study. J Hazard Mater 217:70–77
38. Hrynkiewicz K, Baum C (2014) Application of microorganisms in bioremediation of environment from heavy metals. In: Environmental Deterioration and Human Health, pp 215–227. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7890-0-9
39. Islam EU, Yang X, He Z, Mahmood Q (2007) Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 8:1–13
40. Jadia CD, Fulekar MH (2008) Phytotoxicity and remediation of heavy metals by fibrous root grass (sorghum). J Appl Biosci 10:491–499
41. Jadia CD, Fulekar MH (2009) Phytoremediation of heavy metals: recent techniques. Afri J Biotechnol 8:921–928
42. James CA, Strand SE (2009) Phytoremediation of small organic contaminants using transgenic plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20(2):237–241
43. Jan FA, Ishaq M, Khan S, Shakirullah M, Asim SM, Ahmad I, Mabood F (2011) Bioaccumulation of metals in human blood in industrially contaminated area. J Environ Sci China 23(12):2069–2077
44. Javed M, Usmani N (2013) Assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Ni Co, Fe, Mn Zn) pollution in effluent dominated rivulet water and their effect on glycogen metabolism and histology of Mastacembelus armatus. Springerplus 2:313–390
45. Jiang J, Wu L, Li N, Luo Y, Liu L, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Christie P (2010) Effects of multiple heavy metal contamination and repeated phytoextraction by Sedum plumbizincicola on soil microbial properties. Eur J Soil Biol 46(1):18–26
46. Jing Y, He Z, Yang X (2007) Role of soil rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 8:192–207
47. John GF, Andrew B (2011) A lead isotopic study of the human bioaccessibility of lead in urban soils from Glasgow, Scotland. Sci Total Environ 409:4958–4965
48. Jolly YN, Islam A, Akbar S (2013) Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables and possible health risk assessment. SpringerPlus 2:385–393
49. Jones DL, Healey JR (2010) Organic amendments for remediation: putting waste to good use. Elements 6(6):369–374
50. Kabata-Pendias A (2001) Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd edn. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton
51. Kanmani P, Aravind J, Preston D (2012) Remediation of chromium contaminants using bacteria. Int J Environ Sci Technol 9(1):183–193
52. Kapungwe EM (2013) Heavy metal contaminated water, soils and crops in peri urban wastewater irrigation farming in Mufulira and Kafue towns in Zambia. J. Geogr Geol 5(2):55–72
53. Karimi N, Ghaderian SM, Schat H (2013) Arsenic in soil and vegetation of a contaminated area. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10(4):743–752
54. Khan MS, Zaidi A, Wani PA, Oves M (2009) Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the remediation of metal contaminated soils. Environ Chem Lett 7:1–19
55. Koo SY, Cho KS (2009) Isolation and characterization of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Serratia sp. SY5. J Microbiol Biotechnol 19:1431–1438
56. Kramer U (2010) Metal hyperaccumulation in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:517–534
57. Krishna AK, Govil PK (2004) Heavy metal contamination of soil around Pali Industrial Area, Rajasthan, India. Environ Geo 47:38–44
58. Krishna AK, Govil PK (2007) Soil contamination due to heavy metals from an industrial area of Surat, Gujarat, Western India. Environ Monit Assess 124:263–275
59. Kumar NJI, Oommen C (2012) Removal of heavy metals by biosorption using freshwater alga Spirogyra hyaline. J Environ Biol 33:27–31
60. Kupper H, Kochian LV (2010) Transcriptional regulation of metal transport gene and mineral nutrition during acclimatization to cadmium and zinc in the Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges population). New Phytol 185:114–129
61. Lee JH, Hossner LR, Attrep MJ, Kung KS (2002) Uptake and translocation of plutonium in two plant species using hydroponics. Environ Pollut 117:61–68
62. Lin HJ, Sunge T, Cheng CY, Guo HR (2013) Arsenic levels in drinking water and mortality of liver cancer in Taiwan. J Hazard Mater 262:1132–1138
63. Liu R (2011) In-situ lead remediation in a shoot-range soil using stabilized apatite nanoparticles. In: Proceedings of the 85th ACS Colloid and Surface Science Symposium, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
64. Liu R, Zhao D (2007) Reducing leachability and bioaccessibility of lead in soils using a new class of stabilized iron phosphate nanoparticles. Water Res 41(12):2491–2502
65. Liu X, Song Q, Tang Y, Li W, Xu J, Wu J, Wang F, Brookes PC (2013) Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil–vegetable system: a multi-medium analysis. Sci Total Environ 463:530–540
66. Lokeshwari H, Chandrappa GT (2006) Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation. Curr Sci 91(5):622–628
67. Lombi E, Zhao FJ, Dunham SJ, McGrath SP (2001) Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils: natural hyperaccumulator versus chemically enhanced phytoextraction. J Environ Qual 30:1919–1926
68. Lone MI, He Z, Stoffella PJ, Yang X (2008) Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: progress and perspectives. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 9:210–220
69. Luo C, Shen Z, Li X (2005) Enhanced phytoextraction of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd with EDTA and EDDS. Chemosphere 59:1–11
70. Luo CL, Shen ZG, Li XD (2007) Plant uptake and the leaching of metals during the hot EDDS-enhanced phytoextraction process. Int J Phytoreme 9:181–196
71. Mani D, Kumar C (2013) Biotechnological advances in bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated ecosystems: an overview with special reference to Phytoremediation. Int J Environ Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13762-013-0299-8
72. Mauter MS, Elimelech M (2008) Environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials. Environ Sci Technol 42(16):5843–5859
73. Meagher RB, Rugh CL, Kandasamy MK, Gragson G, Wang NJ (2000) Engineered phytoremediation of mercury pollution in soil and water using bacterial genes. In: Terry N, Banuelos G (eds) Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 201–219
74. Mitra N, Rezvan Z, Seyed Ahmad M, Hosein MGM (2012) Studies of water arsenic and boron pollutants and algae phytoremediation in three springs, Iran. Int J Ecosys 2(3):32–37
75. Mohsenzadeh F, Rad AC (2011) Application of nano-particles of Euphorbia Macroclada for bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environments. International Conference on Nanotechnology and Biosensors IPCBEE vol. 25
76. Monica BC, Cremonini R (2009) Nanoparticles and higher plants. Caryologia 62:161–165
77. Nagata T, Morita H, Akizawa T, Pan-Hou H (2010) Development of a transgenic tobacco plant for phytoremediation of methylmercury pollution. App Microbiol Biotechnol 87(2):781–786
78. Nagh WSW, Hanafiah MAKM (2008) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater by chemically modified plant wastes as adsorbents: a review. Bioresour Technol 99:3935–3948
79. Roosens NHCJ, Glenda W, Cécile G, Adeline C, Pierre SL (2007) The use of comparative genome analysis and synthetic relationships allows extrapolating the position of Zn tolerance QTL regions from Arabidopsis halleri into Arabidopsis thaliana. Trends Plant Sci 13(5):208–214
80. Nazemi S (2012) Concentration of heavy metal in edible vegetables widely consumed in Shahroud, the North East of Iran. J Appl Environ Biol Sci 2(8):386–391
81. Nedel-koska TV, Doran PM (2000) Hyper accumulation of cadmium by hairy roots of Thlaspi caerulescens. Biotechnol Bioeng 67:607–615
82. Kumar NJI, Hiren S, Kumar RN (2006) Biomonitoring of selected freshwater macrophytes to assess lake trace element contamination: a case study of Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat, India. J Limnol 65:9–16
83. Nogueira TA, Franco A, He Z, Braga VS, Firme LP, Abreu CH Jr (2013) Short-term usage of sewage sludge as organic fertilizer to sugarcane in a tropical soil bears little threat of heavy metal contamination. J Environ Manag 114:168–177
84. O’Day PA, Vlassopoulos D (2010) Mineral-based amendments for remediation. Elements 6(6):375–381
85. Onat B, Sahin UA, Akyuz T (2013) Elemental characterization of PM 2.5 and PM1 in dense traffic area in Istanbul, Turkey. Atmos Pollut Res 4:101–105
86. Ottosen LM, Jensen PE (2005) Electro-remediation of contaminated soil. In: Lens P, Grotenhuis T, Malina G, Tabak H (eds) Soil and sediment remediation. IWA Publishing, London, pp 264–287
87. Papoyan A, Kochian LV (2004) Identification of Thlaspi caerulescens genes that may be involved in heavy metal hyperaccumulation and tolerance characterization of a novel heavy metal transporting ATPase. Plant Physiol 136:3814–3823
88. Park RM, Bena JF, Stayner LT, Smith RJ, Gibb HJ, Lees PS (2004) Hexavalent chromium and lung cancer in the chromate industry: a quantitative risk assessment. Risk Anal 24(5):1099–1108
89. Paulose B, Datta SP, Rattan RK, Chhonkar PK (2007) Effect of amendments on the extractability, retention and plant uptake of metals on a sewage-irrigated soil. Environ Pollut 146(1):19–24
90. Prasad MNV, Freitas HMD (2003) Metal hyperaccumulation in plants—biodiversity prospecting for phytoremediation technology. Electron J Biotechnol 93(1):285–321
91. Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A (2009) Adsorption of copper (II), chromium (III), nickel (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by meranti sawdust. J Hazard Mater 170:969–977
92. Rahimi M, Farhadir R, Mehdizadeh R (2013) Phytoremediation: using plants to clean up contaminated soils with heavy metals. Int J Agri Res Rev 3(1):148–152
93. Rascio N, Navari-Izzo F (2011) Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting? Plant Sci 180(2):169–181
94. Raskin I, Ensley BD (2000) Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment. Wiley, New York
95. Rathore G, Adhikari T, Chopra N (2013) Management of nickel contaminated soil and water through the use of carbon nano particles. J chem Bio Phy Sci 3(2):901–905
96. Reinecke F, Groth T, Heise KP, Joentgen W, Müller N, Steinbüchel A (2000) Isolation and characterization of an Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain B3 and other bacteria capable to degrade the synthetic chelating agent iminodisuccinate. FEMS Microbiol Lett 188:41–46
97. Salam MA (2013) Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions with multi-walled carbon nanotubes: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10(4):677–688
98. Salt DE, Blaylock M, Kumar PBAN, Dushenkov V, Ensley BD, Chet I, Raskin I (1995) Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metal from the environment using plants. Biotechnol 13:468–474
99. Sarma H (2011) Metal hyperaccumulation in plants: a review focusing on phytoremediation technology. J Environ Sci Technol 4:118–138
100. Selvam A, Wong JW (2008) Phytochelatin synthesis and cadmium uptake of Brassica napus. Environ Technol 29:765–773
101. Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM (2009) Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. Food Chem Toxicol 47:583–591
102. Shubhan M, Pradeep DR (2011) Study to adsorbent of rice husk and saw dust (agriculture waste and timber waste). Int J Res Sci Technol 1:1–10
103. Sidiras D, Politi D, Batzias F, Boukos N (2013) Efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using autohydrolyzed Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris) sawdust as adsorbent. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10(6):1337–1348
104. Singh A, Prasad SM (2013a) Effect of agro-industrial waste amendment on Cd uptake in Amaranthus caudatus grown under contaminated soil: An oxidative biomarker response. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.005i
105. Singh A, Prasad SM (2013b) Biometric characteristics and physiological response of Amaranthus caudatus grown in agricultural waste and fertiliser amended soil: a metal remediation approach. Environ Eng Manag J 12(10):1535–1545
106. Singh M, Müller G, Singh IB (2002) Heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers associated with urbanization of the Ganga Plain, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 141:35–54
107. Singh A, Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM (2010) Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol 48:611–619
108. Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, Gupta R (2011) Heavy metals and living systems: an overview. Indian J Pharmacol 43:246–253
109. Singh R, Mishra V, Singh RP (2013) Remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated soil by Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVI) entrapped in Calcium Alginate Beads. 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Development IPCBEE vol 4
110. Srinath T, Verma TP, Ramteke W, Garg SK (2002) Chromium (VI) biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria. Chemosphere 48:427–435
111. Su DC, Wong JWC (2003) Chemical speciation and phytoavailability of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in soil amended with fly ash stabilized sewage sludge. Environ Int 29:895–900
112. Sukumara D, Kumar AA, Thanga SG (2012) Effect of chelating agents in phytoremediation of heavy metals. Adv Agric Sci Eng Res 2(9):364–372
113. Tahmasbian I, Nasrazadani A (2012) Soil electerokinetic remediation and its effects on soil microbial activity—a review. Afr J Microbiol Res 6(10):2233–2238
114. Tahmasbian I, Sinegani AAS (2013) Chelate-assisted phytoextraction of cadmium from a mine soil by negatively charged sunflower. Int J Environ Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13762-013-0394-x
115. Tandy S, Bossart K, Mueller R, Ritschel J, Hauser L, Schulin R, Nowack B (2004) Extraction of heavy metals from soils using biodegradable chelating agents. Environ Sci and Technol 38:937–944
116. Tang YT, Qiu RL, Zeng XW, Ying RR, Yu FM, Zhou XY (2009) Lead, zinc, cadmium hyperaccumulation and growth stimulation in Arabis paniculata. Franch Environ Exp Bot 66:126–134
117. Theron JJ, Walker A, Cloete TE (2008) Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications and emerging opportunities. Crit Rev Microbiol 34(1):43–69
118. Thomas JC, Davies EC, Malick FK, Endreszl C, Williams CR, Abbas M, Petrella S, Swisher K, Perron M, Edwards R, Ostenkowski P, Urbanczyk N, Wiesend WN, Murray KS (2003) Yeast metallothionein in transgenic tobacco promotes copper uptake from contaminated soils. Biotechnol Prog 19:273–280
119. Tina M, Zhang WX (2003) Environmental technologies at the nanoscale. Environ Sci and Technol 37(5):102A–108A
120. Tofighy MA, Mohammad T (2011) Adsorption of divalent heavy metal ions from water using carbon nanotube sheets. J Hazard Mater 185(1):140–147
121. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2000) Introduction to phytoremediation. EPA 600/R-99/107. U.S. environmental protection agency. Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. Pp 94
122. Vandenhove H, van Hees M, van Winkel S (2001) Feasibility of phytoextraction to clean up low-level uranium-contaminated soil. Int J Phytorem 3:301–320
123. Veschasit O, Meksumpun S, Meksumpun C (2012) Heavy metals contamination in water and aquatic plants in the Tha Chin River, Thailand. Kasetsart J (Nat Sci) 46:931–943
124. Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2007) Cadmium, chromium and copper in green gram plants. Agron Sustain Dev 27:145–153
125. Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2008) Effect of metal tolerant plant growth promoting Rhizobium on the performance of pea grown in metal amended soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 55:33–42
126. Wilberforce JOO, Nwabue FI (2013) Heavy metals effect due to contamination of vegetables from Enyigba Lead Mine in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Environ Pollut 2:19–26
127. Wuana RA, Okieimen FE (2010) Phytoremediation potential of maize (Zea mays L.). A review. Afr J Gen Agri 6(4):275–287
128. Wuana RA, Okieimen FE (2011) Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Int Scholarly Res Network ISRN Ecology, 1–20
129. Xiong W, Zhou YS, Mahjouri-Samani M, Yang WQ, Yi KJ, He XN, Liou SH, Lu YF (2009) Self-aligned growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes using optical near-field effects. Nanotechnol 20:1–4
130. Yan-de J, Zhen-li HE, Xiao-e Y (2007) Role of soil rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 8(3):192–207
131. Yang K, Zhu LZ, Xing BS (2006) Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on carbon nonmaterials. Environ Sci Technol 40:1855–1860
132. Yu JG, Zhao XH, Yu LY, Jiao FP, Jiang JH, Chen XQ (2013) Removal, recovery and enrichment of metals from aqueous solutions using carbon nanotubes. J Radioanal Nuclear Chem. doi:10.1007/s10967-013-2818y
133. Zaidi A, Khan MS, Amil M (2003) Interactive effect of rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Eur J Agron 19:15–21
134. Zeid IM, Ghazi SM, Nabawy DM (2013) Alleviation of heavy metals toxicity in waste water used for plant irrigation. Int J Agro Plant Prod 4(5):976–983
135. Zhuang X, Chen J, Shim H, Bai Z (2007) New advances in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for bioremediation. Environ Int 33:406–413