Does private schooling narrow wealth inequalities in learning outcomes? Evidence from East Africa

Oxford Review of Education

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 495-510

  Alcott, Benjamin ^a   Rose, Pauline ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

East Africa; Education policy; inequality; Kenya; learning outcomes; private schooling; Tanzania; Uganda

Indexed keywords

EID: 84983541840     PISSN: 03054985     EISSN: 14653915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03054985.2016.1215611     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. A.Abadie, (2003). Semiparametric instrumental variable estimation of treatment response models. Journal of Econometrics, 113, 231–263.
2. B.A.Abuya, M.Mutisya, & M.Ngware, (2013). Association between mothers’ education and grade six children numeracy and literacy in Kenya. Education 3-13, 43, 653–665.
3. K.Akyeampong, & C.Rolleston, (2013). Low-fee private schooling in Ghana:Is growing demand improving equitable and affordable access for the poor? In P.Srivastava (Ed.), Low-fee private schooling:Aggravating equity or mitigating disadvantage? (pp. 83–104). Oxford:Symposium Books.
4. B.Alcott, & P.Rose, (2015a). Schools and learning in rural India and Pakistan:Who goes where, and how much are they learning? Prospects, 45, 345–363.
5. B.Alcott, & P.Rose, (2015b, September 15–17). Who learns in government schools, and why? Evidence from East Africa. Paper presented at 13th UKFIET International Conference on Education and Development, Oxford.
6. T.Andrabi, N.Bau, J.Das, & A.I.Khwaja, (2010). Are bad public schools public ‘bads’? Test scores and civic values in public and private schools. Retrieved from http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/akhwaja/papers/badpublicschools.pdf
7. T.Andrabi, J.Das, A.I.Khwaja, & T.Zajonc, (2011). Do value-added estimates add value? Accounting for learning dynamics. American Economic Journal:Applied Economics, 3(3), 29–54.
8. J.D.Angrist, & J.S.Pischke, (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics:An empiricist's companion. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
9. G.M.Arif, & N.Saqib, (2003). Production of cognitive life skills in public, private, and NGO schools in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, 42, 1–28.
10. M.Aslam, (2009). The relative effectiveness of government and private schools in Pakistan:Are girls worse off? Education Economics, 17, 329–354.
11. M.Aslam, & P.Atherton, (2012). The ‘shadow’ education sector in India and Pakistan:The determinants, benefits and equity effects of private tutoring (Education Support Programme Working Paper Series, 38). London:Institute of Education.
12. T.Bold, M.Kimenyi, G.Mwabu, & J.Sandefur, (2013). The high return to low-cost private schooling in a developing country (IGC Working Paper). Retrieved from http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Output/192407/
13. A.Chudgar, & E.Quin, (2012). Relationship between private schooling and achievement:Results from rural and urban India. Economics of Education Review, 31, 376–390.
14. J.Das, P.Pandey, & T.Zajonc, (2006). Learning levels and gaps in Pakistan (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4067). Washington, DC:World Bank.
15. L.Day Ashley, C.Mcloughlin, M.Aslam, J.Engel, J.Wales, S.Rawal, … P.Rose, (2014). The role and impact of private schools in developing countries. London:Department for International Development.
16. S.Desai, A.Dubey, R.Vanneman, & R.Banerji, (2009). Private schooling in India:A new educational landscape. India Policy Forum, 5, 1–58.
17. P.Dixon, J.Tooley, & I.Schagen, (2013). The relative quality of private and public schools for low-income families living in slums of Nairobi, Kenya. In P.Srivastava (Ed.), Low-fee private schooling:Aggravating equity or mitigating disadvantage? (pp. 83–104). Oxford:Symposium Books.
18. R.French, & G.Kingdon, (2010). The relative effectiveness of private and government schools in rural India:Evidence from ASER data. London:Institute of Education.
19. S.Goyal, (2009). Inside the house of learning:The relative performance of public and private schools in Orissa. Education Economics, 17, 315–327.
20. J.Härmä, (2013). Access or quality? Why do families living in slums choose low-cost private schools in Lagos, Nigeria? Oxford Review of Education, 39, 548–566.
21. J.Härmä, & P.Rose, (2012). Is low-fee private primary schooling affordable for the poor? Evidence from rural India. In S.L.Robertson, K.Mundy, A.Verger, & F.Menashy (Eds.), Public private partnerships in education:New actors and modes of governance in a globalizing world (pp. 243–258). Cheltenham:Edward Elgar.
22. O.Hellevik, (2009). Linear versus logistic regression when the dependent variable is a dichotomy. Quality & Quantity, 43, 59–74.
23. N.Hungi, M.Ngware, & B.Abuya, (2014). Examining the impact of age on literacy achievement among Grade 6 primary school pupils in Kenya. International Journal of Educational Development, 39, 237–249.
24. Z.James, & M.Woodhead, (2014). Choosing and changing schools in India’s private and government sectors:Young lives evidence from Andhra Pradesh. Oxford Review of Education, 40, 73–90.
25. B.R.Jamil, U.Mohammad, & S.Saeed, (2015, September 15–17). How does access and learning vary within the private sector in Pakistan? Paper presented at 13th UKFIET International Conference on Education and Development, Oxford.
26. S.Jones, (2013). Class size versus class composition:What matters for learning in East Africa? (WIDER Working Paper No. 2013/065). Retrieved from https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/WP2013-065.pdf
27. S.Jones, & Y.Schipper, (2015). Does family background matter for learning in East Africa? Africa Education Review, 12, 7–27.
28. S.Jones, Y.Schipper, S.Ruto, & R.Rajani, (2014). Can your child read and count? Measuring learning outcomes in East Africa. Journal of African Economies, 23, 643–672.
29. G.Kingdon, (1996). The quality and efficiency of private and public education:A case-study of urban India. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 58, 57–82.
30. G.Lassibille, & J.P.Tan, (2001). Are private schools more efficient than public schools? Evidence from Tanzania. Education Economics, 9, 145–172.
31. K.M.Lewin, & R.Sabates, (2012). Who gets what? Is improved access to basic education pro-poor in sub-Saharan Africa? International Journal of Educational Development, 32, 517–528.
32. J.A.Lincove, (2012). The influence of price on school enrollment under Uganda’s policy of free primary education. Economics of Education Review, 31, 799–811.
33. C.Mood, (2010). Logistic regression:Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it. European Sociological Review, 26, 67–82.
34. J.K.Mugo, S.J.Ruto, M.G.Nakabugo, & Z.Mgalla, (2015). A call to learning focus in East Africa:Uwezo's measurement of learning in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Africa Education Review, 12, 48–66.
35. K.Muralidharan, & M.Kremer, (2008). Public and private schools in rural India. In R.Chakrabarti & P.Petersen (Eds.), School choice international:Exploiting public-private partnerships. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
36. K.Muralidharan, & V.Sundararaman, (2015). The aggregate effect of school choice:Evidence from a two-stage experiment in India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130, 1011–1066.
37. M.Oketch, M.Mutisya, M.Ngware, A.C.Ezeh, & C.Epari, (2010). Free primary education policy and pupil school mobility in urban Kenya. International Journal of Educational Research, 49, 173–183.
38. S.Pal, (2010). Public infrastructure, location of private schools and primary school attainment in an emerging economy. Economics of Education Review, 29, 783–794.
39. S.Pal, & G.G.Kingdon, (2010). Can private school growth foster universal literacy? Panel evidence from Indian districts (IZA Discussion Paper No. 5274).
40. C.Rolleston, Z.James, and E.Aurino, (2014). Exploring the effect of educational opportunity and inequality on learning outcomes in Ethiopia, Peru, India, and Vietnam (Background Paper for the UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2013/4).
41. P.Rose, & B.Alcott, (2015). How can education systems become equitable by 2030? DFID think pieces—Learning and equity (Report prepared for UK Department for International Development). Oxford:Health & Education Advice and Resource Team.
42. S.Saeed, & H.Zia, (2014). Measuring gender and educational inequality:Addressing the marginalized. In Annual status of education report:ASER Pakistan 2013. Lahore:SAFED.
43. A.Singh, (2014). Test score gaps between private and government sector students at school entry age in India. Oxford Review of Education, 40, 30–49.
44. A.Singh, (2015). Private school effects in urban and rural India:Panel estimates at primary and secondary school ages. Journal of Development Economics, 113, 16–32.
45. N.Spaull, & J.Kotze, (2015). Starting behind and staying behind in South Africa:The case of insurmountable learning deficits in mathematics. International Journal of Educational Development, 41, 13–24.
46. P.Srivastava, (2013). Low-fee private schooling:Issues and evidence. In P.Srivastava (Ed.), Low-fee private schooling:Aggravating equity or mitigating disadvantage? (pp. 7–36). Oxford:Symposium Books.
47. J.M.B.Stern, & S.P.Heyneman, (2013). Low-fee private schooling:The case of Kenya. In P.Srivastava (Ed.), Low-fee private schooling:Aggravating equity or mitigating disadvantage? (pp. 105–128). Oxford:Symposium Books.
48. Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2014). National population and housing census:Provisional results. Kampala:Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
49. Uganda National Examinations Board. (2015). 2014 PLE performance overview. Retrieved from http:// ww.uneb.ac.ug/index.php?link=Performance&&Key=PLE
50. UNESCO (2014). Global monitoring report 2013/4:Teaching and learning:Achieving quality for all. Paris:UNESCO.
51. Uwezo. (2014a). Annual plan. Retrieved from http://www.uwezo.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Uwezo-Annual-Plan-2014.pdf
52. Uwezo. (2014b). Are our children learning? Annual learning assessment report. Kampala:Twaweza East Africa.
53. Uwezo Tanzania. (2013). Are our children learning? Annual learning assessment report. Dar es Salaam:Uwezo Tanzania.