Linking sensory biology and fisheries bycatch reduction in elasmobranch fishes: A review with new directions for research

Conservation Physiology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Jordan, Laura K ^a   Mandelman, John W ^b   McComb, D Michelle ^c   Fordham, Sonja V ^d   Carlson, John K ^e   Werner, Timothy B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NEW ENGLAND AQUARIUM   (United States)

^c Marine Science   (United States)

^d The Ocean Foundation   (United States)

^e NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bycatch reduction; Elasmobranch fishes; Fisheries; Sensory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84983517616     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20511434     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cot002     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Adams WF, Fowler SL, Charvet-Almeida P, Faria V, Soto J, Furtado M (2006) Pristis pectinata. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18175/0 (last accessed March 2013).
2. Afonso AS, Hazin FHV, Carvalho F, Pacheco JC, Hazin H, Kerstetter DW, Murie D, Burgess GH (2011) Fishing gear modifications to reduce elasmobranch mortality in pelagic and bottom longline fisheries off Northeast Brazil. Fish Res 108: 336-343.
3. Afonso AS, Santiago R, Hazin H, Hazin FHV (2012) Shark bycatch and mortality and hook bite-offs in pelagic longlines: interactions between hook types and leader materials. Fish Res 131-133: 9-14.
4. Alexander K, Robertson G, Gales R (1997) The incidental mortality of albatrosses in longline fisheries. In Report on Workshop First International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatrosses, September 1995. Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Australia. 44 pp.
5. Alverson DL, Freeberg MH, Murawaski SA, Pope JG (1994) A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards. FAO Fisheries technical paper no. 339. FAO, Rome, 235 pp.
6. Amandè MJ, Ariz J, Chassot E, Delgado de Molina A, Gaertner D, Murua H, Pianet R, Ruiz J, Chavance P (2010) Bycatch of the European purse seine tuna fishery in the Atlantic Ocean for the 2003-2007 period. Aquat Living Resour 23: 353-362.
7. Ari C, Correia JP (2008) Role of sensory cues on food searching behavior of a captive Manta birostris (Chondrichtyes, Mobulidae). Zoo Biol 27: 294-304.
8. Atema J, Holland K, Ikehara W (1980) Olfactory responses of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) to prey odors: chemical search image. J Chem Ecol 6: 457-465.
9. Bacheler NM, Buckel JA (2004) Does hook type influence the catch rate, size, and injury of grouper in a North Carolina commercial fishery? Fish Res 69: 303-311.
10. Banner A (1967) Evidence of sensitivity to acoustic displacements in the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris (Poey). In PH Cahn, ed., Lateral Line Detectors. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 265-273.
11. Barham E, Taguchi W, Reilly S (1977) Porpoise rescue methods in the yellowfin purse seine fishery and the importance of Medina panel mesh size. Mar Fish Rev 39: 1-10.
12. Barlow J, Cameron GA (2003) Field experiments show that acoustic pingers reduce marine mammal bycatch in the California drift gill net fishery. Mar Mamm Sci 19: 265-283.
13. Baum J, Clarke S, Domingo A, Ducrocq M, Lamónaca AF, Gaibor N, Graham R, Jorgensen S, Kotas JE, Medina et al. (2007) Sphyrna lewini. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39385/0(last accessed March 2013).
14. Beerkircher LR, Cortés E, Shivji M (2002) Characteristics of shark bycatch observed on pelagic longlines off the southeastern United States, 1992-2000. Mar Fish Rev 64: 40-49.
15. Bonfil R (1994) Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries technical paper no. 341. FAO, Rome, 119 pp.
16. Bordino P, Kraus S, Albareda D, Fazio A, Palmerio A, Mendez M, Botta S (2002) Reducing incidental mortality of Franciscana dolphin Pontoporia blainvillei with acoustic warning devices attached to fishing nets. Mar Mamm Sci 18: 833-842.
17. Bordino P, Mackay AI, Werner TB, Northridge SP, Read AJ (2013) Franciscana bycatch is not reduced by acoustically reflective or physically stiffened gillnets. Endang Species Res 19: in press.
18. Borucinska J, Kohler N, Natanson L, Skomal G (2002) Pathology associated with retained fishing hooks in blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), with implications for their conservation. J Fish Dis 25: 515-521.
19. Bozzano A (2004) Retinal specialisations in the dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis from the Mediterranean deep-sea. Sci Mar 68: 185-195.
20. Breen M, Dyson J, O'Neill FG, Jones E, Haigh M (2004) Swimming endurance of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) at prolonged and sustained swimming speeds, and its role in their capture by towed fishing gears. ICES J Mar Sci 61: 1071-1079.
21. Bres M (1993) The behaviour of sharks. Rev Fish Biol Fish 3: 133-159.
22. Brewer D, Rawlinson N, Eayrs S, Burridge C (1998) An assessment of bycatch reduction devices in a tropical Australian prawn trawl fishery. Fish Res 36: 195-215.
23. Brewer D, Heales D, Milton D, Dell Q, Fry G, Venables B, Jones P (2006) The impact of turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices on diverse tropical marine communities in Australia's northern prawn trawl fishery. Fish Res 81: 176-188.
24. Brill RW, Bigelow KA, Musyl MK, Fritsches KA, Warrant EJ (2005) Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) behavior and physiology and their relevance to stock assessments and fishery biology. Collect Vol Sci Pap ICCAT 57: 142-161.
25. Brill R, Bushnell P, Smith L, Speaks C, Sundaram R, Stroud E, Wang J (2009) The repulsive and feeding-deterrent effects of electropositive metals on juvenile sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus). Fish Bull 107: 298-307.
26. Broadhurst MK, Kennelly SJ, Gray C (2007) Strategies for improving the selectivity of fishing gears. In S Kennelly, ed., Bycatch Reduction in World Fisheries. Springer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 1-21.
27. Brothers NP, Cooper J, Lokkeborg S (1999) The incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries: worldwide review and technical guidelines for mitigation. FAO Fish Circ 937: 1-100.
28. Brown BR (2010) Temperature response in electrosensors and thermal voltages in electrolytes. J Biol Phys 36: 121-134.
29. Bullock TH, Hoffmann MH, New JG, Nahm FK (1991) Dynamic properties of visual evoked potentials in the tectum of cartilaginous and bony fishes, with neuroethological implications. J Exp Zool Suppl 5: 142-255.
30. Camhi MD, Valenti SV, Fordham SV, Fowler SL, Gibson C (2009) The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays: Report of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop. IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, Newbury, UK, 78 pp.
31. Campana SE, Joyce W, Manning MJ (2009) Bycatch and discard mortality in commercially caught blue sharks Prionace glauca assessed using archival satellite pop-up tags. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 387: 241-253.
32. Carlson JK, Cortés E (2003) Gillnet selectivity of small coastal sharks off the southeastern United States. Fish Res 60: 405-414.
33. Carlson JK, Bethea DM (2007) Catch and bycatch in the shark gillnet fishery: 2005-2006. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-522, 26 pp.
34. Casper BM, Mann DA (2006) Evoked potential audiograms of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and the yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis). Environ Biol Fish 76: 101-108.
35. Casper BM, Mann DA (2010) Field hearing measurements of the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. J Fish Biol 75: 2768-2776.
36. Charvet-AlmeidaP, Faria V, Furtado M, Cook SF, Compagno LJV, Oetinger MI (2007) Pristis perotteti. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18176/0 (last accessed March 2013).
37. Chosid DM, Pol M, Szymanski M, Mirarchi F, Mirarchi A (2012) Development and observations of a spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias reduction device in a raised footrope silver hake Merluccius bilinearis trawl. Fish Res 114: 66-75.
38. Chu YT, Wen WC (1979) A study of the lateral-line canal system and that of Lorenzini ampullae and tubules of elasmobranchiate fishes of China. In Monograph of Fishes of China, Vol. 2. Science and Technology Press, Shanghai, pp. 117-126.
39. Clark E (1983) Shark repellent effect of the Red Sea Moses sole. In BJ Zahurance, ed., Shark Repellents from the Sea: New Perspectives, Westview Press, Boulder, pp. 135-150.
40. Coan AL, Sakagawa GT, Prescott D, Williams P, Staish K, Yamasaki G (2000) The 1999 U.S. Central-Western Pacific Tropical Tuna Purse Seine Fishery. Document prepared for the annual meeting of parties to the South Pacific Regional Tuna Treaty 3-10 March 2000. LJ-00-10.
41. Collin SP (2012) The neuroecology of cartilaginous fishes: sensory strategies for survival. Brain Behav Evol 80: 80-96.
42. Compagno LJV, Cook SF, Fowler SL (2006) Pristis microdon. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18174/0 (last accessed March 2013).
43. Coombs S, Montgomery JC (1999) The enigmatic lateral line system. In RR Fay, AN Popper, eds, Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 319-362.
44. Cortés E (1999) A stochastic stage-based population model of the sandbar shark in the western North Atlantic. In JA Musick, ed., Life in the Slow Lane. Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals, Vol 23. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Maryland, USA, pp. 115-136.
45. Cortés E (2002) Incorporating uncertainty into demographic modeling: application to shark populations and their conservation. Conserv Biol 16: 1048-1062.
46. Crognale MA, Eckert SA, Levenson DH, Harms CA (2008) Leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea visual capacities and potential reduction of by-catch by pelagic longline fisheries. Endang Species Res 5: 249-256.
47. Curran D, Bigelow K (2011) Effects of circle hooks on pelagic catches in the Hawaii-based tuna longline fishery. Fish Res 109: 265-275.
48. Dagorn L (2010) Mitigating bycatch of sharks and finfish by tropical Tuna purse seiners using FADs. ISSF Workshop on Bycatch, Brisbane, Australia, June 26, 2010.
49. Dagorn L, Filmalter J, Forget F (2012) Summary of results on the development of methods to reduce the mortality of silky sharks by purse seiners. IOTC-2012-WPEB08-21.
50. Davies RWD, Cripps SJ, Nickson A, Porter G (2009) Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch. Mar Policy 33: 661-672.
51. Dempster T, Kingsford MJ (2003) Homing of pelagic fish to fish aggregating devices (FADs): an investigation of the role of sensory cues. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 258: 213-222.
52. Dulvy NK, Baum JK, Clarke S, Compagno LJV, Cortés E, Domingo A, Fordham S, Fowler S, Francis MP, Gibson C, et al. (2008) You can swim but you can't hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquatic Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 18: 459-482.
53. Fennessy ST, Isaksen B (2007) Can bycatch reduction devices be implemented successfully on prawn trawlers in the Western Indian Ocean? Afr J Mar Sci 29: 453-463.
54. Filmalter JD, Dagorn L, Cowley PD, Taquet M (2011) First descriptions of the behavior of silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis, around drifting fish aggregating devices in the Indian Ocean. Bull Mar Sci 87: 325-337.
55. Fish JF, Vania JS (1971) Killer whale, Orcinus orca, sounds repel white whales, Delphinapterus leucas. Fish Bull 69: 531-535.
56. Fordham S, Fowler SL, Coelho R, Goldman KJ, Francis M (2006) Squalus acanthias. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39326/0 (last accessed March 2013).
57. Forrest KW, Cave JD, Michielsens CGJ, Haulena M, Smith DV (2009) Evaluation of an electric gradient to deter seal predation on salmon caught in gill-net test fisheries. North Am J Fish Manage 29: 885-894.
58. Francis RC, Awbrey FT, Goudey CL, Hall MA, King DM, Medina H, Norris KS, Orbach MK, Payne R, Pikitch E (1992) Dolphins and the tuna industry. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 176 pp.
59. Frick LH, Reina RD, Walker TI (2010) Stress related changes and postrelease survival of Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) and gummy sharks (Mustelus antarcticus) following gill-net and longline capture in captivity. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 385: 29-37.
60. Fritches KA, Litherland L, Thomas N, Shand J (2003) Cone visual pigments and retinal mosaics in the striped marlin. J Fish Biol 63: 1347-1351.
61. Fritches KA, Brill RW, Warrant EJ (2005) Warm eyes provide superior vision in swordfishes. Curr Biol 15: 55-58.
62. Gardiner J, Hueter R, Maruska K, Sisneros J, Casper B, Mann D, Dernski L (2012) Sensory physiology and behavior of elasmobranchs. In J Carrier, J Musick, M Heithaus, eds, Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, Ed 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 349-401.
63. Gardiner JM, Atema J (2007) Sharks need the lateral line to locate odor sources: rheotaxis and eddy chemotaxis. J Exp Biol 210: 1925-1934.
64. Gardiner JM (2011) Multisensory Integration in Shark Feeding Behaviors. PhD thesis. University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
65. Gearin PJ, Pfeifer R, Jeffries SJ, DeLong RL, Johnson MA (1988) Results of the 1986-1987 California sea lion-steelhead trout predation control program at the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks. NWAFC Processed Report, 88-30, 111 pp.
66. Gilbert PW (1968) The shark: barbarian and benefactor. Bioscience 18: 946-950.
67. Gilman E, Clarke S, Brothers N, Alfaroshigueto J, Mandelman J, Mangel J, Petersen S, Piovano S, Thomson N, Dalzell P (2008) Shark interactions in pelagic longline fisheries. Mar Policy 32: 1-18.
68. Gilman EL (2011) Bycatch governance and best practice mitigation technology in global tuna fisheries. Mar Policy 35: 590-609.
69. Godin AC, Carlson JK, Burgener V (2012) The effect of circle hooks on shark catchability and at-vessel mortality rates in longline fisheries. Bull Mar Sci 88: 469-483.
70. Griebel U, Peichl L (2003) Colour vision in aquatic mammals-facts and open questions. Aquat Mamm 29: 18-30.
71. Gruber SH (1975) Duplex vision in the elasmobranchs: histological, electrophysiological and psychophysical evidence. In MA Ali, ed., Vision in Fishes: New Approaches in Research. Plenum, New York and London, pp. 525-540.
72. Hall M, Alverson DL, Metuzals KI (2000) Bycatch: problems and solutions. Mar Pollut Bull 41: 204-219.
73. Hart NS, Lisney TJ, Marshall NJ, Collin SP (2004) Multiple cone visual pigments and the potential for trichromatic colour vision in two species of elasmobranch. J Exp Biol 207: 4587-4594.
74. Hart NS, Lisney TJ, Collin SP (2006) Visual communication in elasmobranchs. In BG Kapoor, F Ladich, SP Collin, WG Raschi, eds, Fish Communication, Vol 2. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, pp. 337-392.
75. Hart NS, Theiss SM, Harahush BK, Collin SP (2011) Microspectrophotometric evidence for cone monochromacy in sharks. Naturwissenschaften 98: 193-201.
76. Hayes CG, Jiao Y, Cortés E (2009) Stock assessment of scalloped hammerhead sharks in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. North Am J Fish Manage 29: 1406-1417.
77. He P (2009) Swimming capacity of marine fishes and its role in capture by fishing gears. In P Domenici, BG Kapoor, eds, Fish Locomotion-an Etho-ecological Approach. Science Publishers, Endfield, NH, pp. 484-412.
78. Heppell SS, Crowder LB, Menzel TR (1999) Life table analysis of longlived marine species, with implications for conservation and management. In JA Musick, ed., Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals. American Fisheries Society, Maryland, USA, pp. 137-148.
79. Hester KC, Peltzer ET, Kirkwood WJ, Brewer PG (2008) Unanticipated consequences of ocean acidification: a noisier ocean at lower pH. Geophys Res Lett 35: L19601.
80. Hoenig JM, Gruber SH (1990) Life-history patterns in the elasmobranchs: implications for fisheries management. In HL Pratt Jr, SH Gruber, T Taniuchi, eds, Elasmobranchs as Living Resources: Advances in Biology, Ecology, Systematics and the Status of Fisheries. NOAA technical report NMFS 90. US Department of Commerce, Springfield, IL, pp. 1-16.
81. Horodysky AZ, Brill RW, Warrant EJ, Musick JA, Latour RJ (2008) Comparative visual function in five sciaenid fishes inhabiting Chesapeake Bay. J Exp Biol 211: 3601-3612.
82. Horodysky AZ, Brill RW, Warrant EJ, Musick JA, Latour RJ (2010) Comparative visual function in four piscivorous fishes inhabiting Chesapeake Bay. J Exp Biol 213: 1751-1761.
83. Hutchinson M, Wang JH, Swimmer Y, Holland K, Kohin S, Deward H, Wraith J, Vetter R, Heberer C, Martinez J (2012) The effects of a lanthanide metal alloy on shark catch rates. Fish Res 131-133: 45-51.
84. Huveneers C, Rogers PJ, Semmens J, Beckmann C, Kock AA, Page B, Goldsworthy S (2012) Effects of the Shark Shield electric deterrent on the behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). Final Report to SafeWork South Australia, SARDI publication no. F2012/000123-1, SARDI Research Report Series No. 632, 61 pp.
85. Itano D, Muir J, Hutchinson M, Leroy B (2012) Development and testing of a release panel for sharks and non-target finfish in purse seine gear. WCPFC-SC8-2012/EB-WP-14.
86. Iversen RTB (1967) Response of the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) to underwater sound. In WN Tavolga, ed., Marine Bioacoustics. II. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 105-121.
87. Iversen RTB (1969) Auditory thresholds of the scrombrid fish Euthynnus affinis, with comments on the use of sound in tuna fishing. FAO conference on fish behavior in relation to fishing techniques and tactics. FAO Fish Rep 62: 849-859.
88. Jerlov NG (1968) Optical Oceanography. Elsevier Oceanography Series 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 194 pp.
89. Jiao Y, Hayes C, Cortés E (2009) Hierarchical Bayesian approach for population dynamics modelling of fish complexes without species-specific data. ICES J Mar Sci 66: 367-377.
90. Jordan LJ, Mandelman JW, Kajiura SM (2011) Behavioral responses to weak electric fields and a lanthanide metal in two shark species. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 409: 345-350.
91. Jordan LK (2008) Comparative morphology of stingray lateral line canal and electrosensory systems. J Morphol 269: 1325-1339.
92. Jordan LK, Kajiura SM, Gordon MS (2009) Functional consequences of structural differences in stingray sensory systems. Part I: mechanosensory lateral line canals. J Exp Biol 212: 3037-3043.
93. Kaimmer S, Stoner AW (2008) Field investigation of rare-earth metal as a deterrent to spiny dogfish in the Pacific halibut fishery. Fish Res 94: 43-47.
94. Kajiura S, Cornett A, Yopak K (2010) Sensory adaptations to the environment: electroreceptors as a case study. In J Carrier, M Heithaus, J Musick, eds, Sharks and Their Relatives: Physiological Adaptations, Behavior, Ecology, Conservation, and Management. CRC Press, London, pp. 393-433.
95. Kajiura SM (2003) Electroreception in neonatal bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo. Mar Biol 143: 603-611.
96. Kajiura SM, Holland KN (2002) Electroreception in juvenile scalloped hammerhead and sandbar sharks. J Exp Biol 205: 3609-3621.
97. Kajiura SM, Forni JB, Summers AP (2003) Maneuvering in juvenile carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks: the role of the hammerhead shark cephalofoil. Zoology 106: 19-28.
98. Kajiura SM, Forni JB, Summers AP (2005) Olfactory morphology of carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks: does the cephalofoil confer a sensory advantage? J Morphol 264: 253-263.
99. Kalmijn AJ (1971) The electric sense of sharks and rays. J Exp Biol 55: 371-383.
100. Kelleher K (2005) Discards in the World's Marine Fisheries: An Update. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, FAO, Rome, 131 pp.
101. Klimley AP, Nelson DR (1984) Diel movement patterns of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) in relation to El Bajo Espiritu Santo: a refuging central-position social system. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 15: 45-54.
102. Klimley AP (1988) Diel movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith, to and from a seamount in the Gulf of California. J Fish Biol 33: 751-761.
103. Klimley AP (1993) Highly directional swimming by scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, and subsurface irradiance, temperature, bathymetry, and geomagnetic field. Mar Biol 117: 1-22.
104. Koops FBJ (2000) Electric and magnetic fields in consequence of undersea power cables. In Proceedings of International Seminar on Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Living Environment, 4-5 October 1999, Ismaning, Germany. ICNIRP, Oberschleissheim, Germany, pp. 189-210.
105. Larsen F, Eigaard OR, Tougaard J (2007) Reduction of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) bycatch by iron-oxide gillnets. Fish Res 85: 270-278.
106. Lewison RL, Crowder LB, Read AJ, Freeman SA (2004) Understanding impacts of fisheries bycatch on marine megafauna. Trends Ecol Evol 19: 598-604.
107. Lisney TJ, Theiss SM, Collin SP, Hart NS (2012) Vision in elasmobranchs and their relatives: 21st century advances. J Fish Biol 80: 2024-2054.
108. Loew ER, Fleishman LJ, Foster RG, Provencio I (2002) Visual pigments and oil droplets in diurnal lizards: a comparative study of Caribbean anoles. J Exp Biol 205: 927-938.
109. Lorance P, Trenkel VM (2006) Variability in natural behaviour, and observed reactions to an ROV, by mid-slope fish species. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 332: 106-119.
110. Lydon G, Starr P (2005) Effect of Blue Dyed Bait on Incidental Seabird Mortalities and Fish Catch Rates on a Commercial Longliner Fishing Off East Cape, New Zealand. Unpublished Conservation Services Programme Report. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 12 pp.
111. Lythgoe JN (1979) The Ecology of Vision. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 256 pp.
112. McComb DM, Kajiura SM (2008) Visual fields of four batoid fishes: a comparative study. J Exp Biol 211: 482-490.
113. McComb DM, Tricas TC, Kajiura SM (2009) Enhanced visual fields in hammerhead sharks. J Exp Biol 212: 4010-4018.
114. McComb DM, Frank TM, Hueter RE, Kajiura SM (2010) Temporal resolution and spectral sensitivity of the visual system of three coastal shark species from different light environments. Physiol Biochem Zool 83: 299-307.
115. McFadden EB, Johnson CS (1971) Colour and reflectivity of sea survival equipment as related to shark attack. In Abstracts from the Aerospace Medical Association Meeting, Houston, TX.
116. McFarland WN (1990) Light in the sea: the optical world of elasmobranchs. J Exp Zool 256(suppl.S5): 3-12.
117. McGowan DW, Kajiura SM (2009) Electroreception in the euryhaline stingray, Dasyatis sabina. J Exp Biol 212: 1544-1552.
118. Mandelman J, Farrington M (2007) The estimated short-term discard mortality of a trawled elasmobranch, the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Fish Res 83: 238-245.
119. Mandelman J, Cooper PW, Werner TB, Lageaux K (2008) Shark bycatch and depredation in the U.S. Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. Rev Fish Biol Fish 18: 427-442.
120. Marcotte MM, Lowe CG (2008) Behavioral responses of two species of sharks to pulsed, direct current electrical fields: testing a potential shark deterrent. Mar Technol Soc J 42: 53-61.
121. Marshall A, Bennett MB, Kodja G, Hinojosa-Alvarez S, Galvan-Magana F, Harding M, Stevens G, Kashiwagi T (2011) Manta birostris. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/198921/0 (last accessed March 2013).
122. Marshall AD, Compagno LJV, Bennett MB (2009) Redescription of the genus Manta with resurrection of Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868) (Chondrichthyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). Zootaxa 2301: 1-28.
123. Maruska KP (2001) Morphology of the mechanosensory lateral line system in elasmobranch fishes: ecological and behavioral considerations. Environ Biol Fish 60: 47-75.
124. Maruska KP, Tricas TC (2004) Test of the mechanotactile hypothesis: neuromast morphology and response dynamics of mechanosensory lateral line primary afferents in the stingray. J Exp Biol 207: 3463-3476.
125. Melvin E, Parrish JK, Conquest LL (1999) Novel tools to reduce seabird bycatch in coastal gillnet fisheries. Conserv Biol 13: 1386-1397.
126. Meredith TL, Kajiura SM (2010) Olfactory morphology and physiology of elasmobranchs. J Exp Biol 213: 3449-3456.
127. Moein Bartol S, Ketten DR (2006) Turtle and tuna hearing. In Y Swimmer, R Brill, eds, Sea Turtle and Pelagic Fish Sensory Biology: Developing Techniques to Reduce Sea Turtle Bycatch in Longline Fisheries. NOAA (Natl Ocean Atmos Adm) Tech Mem NMFS-PIFSC-7, pp. 98-105.
128. Molina JM, Cooke SJ (2012) Trends in shark bycatch research: current status and research needs. Rev Fish Biol Fish 22: 719-737.
129. Montgomery J, Skipworth E (1997) Detection of weak water jets by the short-tailed stingray Dasyatis brevicaudata (Pisces: Dasyatidae). Copeia 1997: 881-883.
130. Morgan A, Burgess GH (2007) At-vessel fishing mortality for six species of sharks caught in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Carib Res Inst 19: 123-129.
131. Morgan A, Carlson JK (2010) Capture time, size, and hooking mortality of bottom longline-caught sharks. Fish Res 101: 32-37.
132. Motta P, Huber D (2012) Prey capture behavior and feeding mechanics of elasmobranchs. In J Carrier, J Musick, M Heithaus, eds, Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, Ed 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 153-210.
133. Motta PJ, Wilga CD (2001) Advances in the study of feeding mechanisms, mechanics, and behaviors of sharks. Environ Biol Fish 60: 131-156.
134. Motta PJ, Hueter RE, Tricas TC, Summers AP (2002) Kinematic analysis of suction feeding in the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Orectolobiformes, Ginglyostomatidae). Copeia 2002: 24-38.
135. Motta PJ (2004) Prey capture behavior and feeding mechanics of elasmobranchs. In JC Carrier, JA Musick, MR Heithaus, eds, Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 596 pp.
136. Moyes CD, Fragoso N, Musyl MK, Brill RW (2006) Predicting postrelease survival in large pelagic fish. Trans Am Fish Soc 135: 1389-1397.
137. Muir J, Itano D, Hutchinson M, Leroy B, Holland K (2012) Behavior of target and non-target species on drifting FADs and when encircled by purse seine gear. WCPFC-SC8-2012/EB-WP-13.
138. Myrberg AA Jr, Ha SJ, Walewski S, Banbury JC (1972) Effectiveness of acoustic signals in attracting epipelagic sharks to an underwater sound source. Bull Mar Sci 22: 92-94.
139. Myrberg AA Jr, Gordon CR, Klimley AP (1976) Attraction of free ranging sharks to low frequency sound, with comments on its biological significance. In A Schuijf, AD Hawkins, eds, Sound Reception in Fishes. Elsevier, New York, pp. 205-228.
140. Myrberg AA Jr (2001) The acoustical biology of elasmobranchs. Environ Biol Fish 60: 31-45.
141. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (2011) SEDAR 21 stock assessment report: HMS Atlantic Blacknose Shark. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, Silver Spring, MD, 31 pp.
142. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). (2012) Reinitiation of Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 Consultation on the Continued Implementation of the Sea Turtle Conservation Regulations, as Proposed to Be Amended, and the Continued Authorization of the Southeast U.S. Shrimp Fisheries in Federal Waters under the Magnuson-Stevens Act. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St Petersburg, FL, 302 pp.
143. Nelson DR, Gruber SH (1963) Sharks: attraction by low-frequency sounds. Science 142: 975-977.
144. Nelson DR (1969) The silent savages. Oceans 1: 8-22.
145. Northridge S, Sanderson D, Mackay A, Hammond P (2003) Analysis and mitigation of cetacean bycatch in UK fisheries. Final Report due to Defra (UK) Project MF0726 Sea Mammal Rescue Unit, University of St. Andrews. Accessed on March 20, 2013.
146. O'Connell CP, Abel DC, Stroud EM (2011) Analysis of permanent magnets as elasmobranch bycatch reduction devices in hook-and-line and longline trials. Fish Bull 109: 394-401.
147. O'Connell C, Stroud EM, He P (2012) The emerging field of electrosensory and semiochemical shark repellents: mechanisms of detection, overview of past studies, and future directions. Ocean and Coastal Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.11.005
148. Pierre JP, Norden WS (2006) Reducing seabird bycatch in longline fisheries using a natural olfactory deterrent. Biol Conserv 130: 406-415.
149. Polet H, Delanghe F, Verschoore R (2005) On electrical fishing for brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) II. Sea trials. Fish Res 72: 13-27.
150. Popper AN (2003) Effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes. Fisheries 28: 24-31.
151. Queirolo D, Gaete E, Montenegro I, Soriguer MC, Erzini K (2012) Behaviour of fish by-catch in the mouth of a crustacean trawl. J Fish Biol 80: 2517-2527.
152. Rasmussen LEL, Schmidt MJ (1992) Are sharks chemically aware of crocodiles? In RL Doty, D Müller-Schwarze, eds, Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 335-342.
153. Rigg DP, Peverell SC, Hearndon M, Seymour JE (2009) Do elasmobranch reactions to magnetic fields in water show promise for bycatch mitigation? Mar Freshw Res 60: 942-948.
154. Robbins WD, Peddemors VM, Kennelly SJ (2011) Assessment of permanent magnets and electropositive metals to reduce the line-based capture of Galapagos sharks, Carcharhinus galapagensis. Fish Res 109: 100-106.
155. Rowland BA, Stein BE (2008) Temporal profiles in multisensory integration. Front Neurosci 2: 218-224.
156. Ryer CH, Rose CS, Iseri PJ (2010) Flatfish herding behavior in response to trawl sweeps: a comparison of diel responses to conventional sweeps and elevated sweeps. Fish Bull 108: 145-154.
157. Schaefer KM, Fuller DW (2011) An overview of the 2011 ISSF/IATTC research cruise for investigating potential solutions for reducing fishing mortality of undesirable sizes of bigeye and yellowfin tunas and sharks in purse-seine sets on drifting FADs. Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, August 9-17, 2011, Federated States of Micronesia. WCPFC-SC7-2011/EB-WP-13, Seattle, WA, 5 pp.
158. Scordino J, Pfeifer B (1993) Sea lion/steelhead conflict at the Ballard Locks. A history of control efforts to date and a bibliography of technical reports. WDFW Report, 10 pp.
159. Shepherd TD, Myers RA (2005) Direct and indirect fishery effects on small coastal elasmobranchs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecol Lett 8: 1095-1104.
160. Siegfried KI, Brooks EN (2007) Assessment of Blacknose, Bonnethead, and Atlantic Sharpnose Sharks with a State-Space, Age-Structured Production Model. Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review Document 13-AW-03. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS, Southeast Fish. Science Center, Panama City, FL.
161. Simpfendorfer CA, Poulakis GR, O'Donnell PM, Wiley TR (2008) Growth rates of juvenile smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, in the western Atlantic. J Fish Biol 72: 711-723.
162. Sisneros JA, Nelson DR (2001) Surfactants as chemical repellants: past, present, and future. Environ Biol Fish 60: 117-129.
163. Skomal GB, Bernal D (2010) Physiological responses to stress in sharks. In JC Carrier, JA Musick, MR Heithaus, eds, Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology and Conservation. CRC Press Taylor Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 457-488.
164. Skomal GB, Mandelman JW (2012) The physiological response to anthropogenic stressors in marine elasmobranch fishes: a review with a focus on the secondary response. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 162: 146-155.
165. Smith ED (1991) Electric shark barrier: initial trials and prospects. Power Eng J 5: 167-176.
166. Smith LJ Jr (1991) The effectiveness of sodium lauryl sulfate as a shark repellent in a laboratory test situation. J Fish Biol 38: 105-113.
167. Somerton DA (2004) Do Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and walleye pollock (Theregra chalcogramma) lack a herding response to the doors, bridles, and mudclouds of survey trawls? ICES J Mar Sci 61: 1186-1189.
168. Southwood A, Fritsches K, Brill R, Swimmer Y (2008) Sound, chemical, and light detection in sea turtles and pelagic fishes: sensory-based approaches to bycatch reduction in longline fisheries. Endang Species Res 5: 225-238.
169. Stevens J, Bonfil R, Dulvy NK, Walker P (2000) The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57: 476-494.
170. Stoner AW (2004) Effects of environmental variables on fish feeding ecology: implications for the performance of baited fishing gear and stock assessment. J Fish Biol 65: 1445-1471.
171. Stoner AW, Kaimmer SM (2008) Reducing elasmobranch bycatch: laboratory investigation of rare earth metal and magnetic deterrents with spiny dogfish and Pacific halibut. Fish Res 92: 162-168.
172. Strong WR Jr, Snelson FF, Gruber SH (1990) Hammerhead shark predation on stingrays: an observation of prey handling by Sphyrna mokarran. Copeia 3: 836-840.
173. Swimmer Y, Arauz R, Higgins B, McNaughton L, McCracken M, Ballestero J, Brill R (2005) Food color and marine turtle feeding behavior: can blue bait reduce turtle bycatch in commercial fisheries? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 295: 273-278.
174. Tallack SML, Mandelman JW (2009) Do rare-earth metals deter spiny dogfish? A feasibility study on the use of electropositive "mischmetal" to reduce the bycatch of Squalus acanthias by hook gear in the Gulf of Maine. ICES J Mar Sci 66: 315-322.
175. Tester AL (1963) The role of olfaction in shark predation. Pac Sci 17: 145-170.
176. Theiss SM, Lisney TJ, Collin SP, Hart NS (2007) Colour vision and visual ecology of the blue-spotted maskray, Dasyatis kuhlii Müller & Henle, 1814. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 193: 67-79.
177. Thorpe T, Pabst DA, Beresoff D (2001) Assessments of modiifed gillnets as means to reduce bycatch in Southeastern North Carolina coastal waters. Report of the North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission. Fishery Resource Grant Program 00-FEG-09, 43 pp.
178. Thorpe T, Frierson D (2009) Bycatch mitigation assessment for sharks caught in coastal anchored gillnets. Fish Res 98: 102-112.
179. Trent L, Parshley DE, Carlson JK (1997) Catch and bycatch in the shark drift gillnet fishery off Georgia and East Florida. Mar Fish Rev 59: 19-28.
180. Trippel EA, Holy NL, Shepherd TD (2009) Barium sulphate modified fishing gear as a mitigative measure for cetacean incidental mortalities. J Cetacean Res Manage 10: 235-246.
181. Van-Eyk SM, Siebeck UE, Champ CM, Marshall J, Hart NS (2011) Behavioural evidence for colour vision in an elasmobranch. J Exp Biol 214: 4186-4192.
182. Videler JJ, He P (2010) Swimming in marine fishes. In P He, ed., Behavior of Marine Fishes: Capture Processes and Conservation Challenges. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp. 5-24.
183. Walls GL (1942) The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, MI, 785 pp.
184. Walsh SJ, Godø OR, Michalsen K (2004) Fish behaviour relevant to fish catchability. ICES J Mar Sci 61: 1238-1239.
185. Wang J, McNaughton L, Swimmer Y (2008) Galapagos and sandbar shark aversion to electropositive metal (Pr-Nd alloy). In Y Swimmer, JH Wang, L McNaughton, eds, Shark Deterrent and Incidental Capture Workshop. April 10-11, US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-16, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 31-35.
186. Wang JH, Fisler S, Swimmer Y (2010) Developing visual deterrents to reduce sea turtle bycatch in gill net fisheries. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 408: 241-250.
187. Ward P, Lawrence E, Darbyshire R, Hindmarsh S (2008) Largescale experiment shows that nylon leaders reduce shark bycatch and benefit pelagic longline fishers. Fish Res 90: 100-108.
188. Ward P, Epe S, Kreutz D, Lawrence E, Robins C, Sands A (2009) The effects of circle hooks on bycatch and target catches in Australia's pelagic longline fishery. Fish Res 97: 253-262.
189. Watson JW, Epperly SP, Shah AK, Foster DG (2005) Fishing methods to reduce sea turtle mortality associated with pelagic longlines. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 981: 965-981.
190. Webster DR (2007) Structure of turbulent chemical plumes. In RL Woodfin, ed., Trace Chemical Sensing of Explosives. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 109-129.
191. Werner T, Kraus S, Read A, Zollett E (2006) Fishing techniques to reduce the bycatch of threatened marine animals. Mar Technol Soc J 40: 50-68.
192. Wetherbee BM, Gruber SH, Cortés E (1990) Diet, feeding habits, and consumption in sharks, with special reference to the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris. In HL Pratt Jr, SH Gruber, T Taniuchi, eds, Elasmobranchs as Living Resources: Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries, Vol 90. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, pp. 29-48.
193. Wetherbee BM, Cortés E (2004) Food consumption and feeding habits. In JF Carrier, JA Musick, MR Heithaus, eds, Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 225-246.
194. White WT, Giles J, Dharmadi, Potter IC (2006) Data on the bycatch fishery and reproductive biology of mobulid rays (Myliobatiformes) in Indonesia. Fish Res 82: 65-73.
195. White WT, Last PR (2012) A review of the taxonomy of chondrichthyan fishes: a modern perspective. J Fish Biol 80: 901-917.
196. Winger PD, Eayrs S, Glass CW (2010) Fish behaviour near bottom trawls. In P He, ed., Behaviour of Marine Fishes: Capture Processes and Conservation Challenges, Ed 1. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp. 67-103.
197. Wueringer BE, Peverell SC, Seymour JE, Squire LJ, Kajiura SM, Collin SP (2011a) Sensory systems in sawfishes. 1. the ampullae of Lorenzini. Brain Behav Evol 78: 139-149.
198. Wueringer BE, Peverell SC, Seymour J, Squire L Jr, Collin SP (2011b) Sensory systems in sawfishes. 2. The lateral line. Brain Behav Evol 78: 150-161.
199. Wueringer BE, Squire LJ, Kajiura SM, Hart NS, Collin SP (2012) The function of the sawfish's saw. Curr Biol 22: R150-R151.
200. Yopak KE (2012) Neuroecology of cartilaginous fishes: the functional implications of brain scaling. J Fish Biol 80: 1968-2023.
201. Zeeberg JJ, Corten A, de Graaf E (2006) By-catch and release of pelagic megafauna in industrial trawler fisheries off Northwest Africa. Fish Res 78: 186-195.