Maintenance therapy in acute myeloid leukemia: An evidence-based review of randomized trials

Blood

Volumn 128, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 763-773

  Rashidi, Armin ^a   Walter, Roland B ^b,c,d   Tallman, Martin S ^e   Appelbaum, Frederick R ^b,f   DiPersio, John F ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^c Division of Hematology   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^e WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BCG VACCINE; INTERLEUKIN 2; MIDOSTAURIN; VADASTUXIMAB TALIRINE;

ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ARTICLE; BCG VACCINATION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RECURRENCE; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; EVENT FREE SURVIVAL; EVIDENCE BASED REVIEW; HUMAN; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METHODOLOGY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENCE FREE SURVIVAL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ACUTE DISEASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MAINTENANCE CHEMOTHERAPY; MYELOID LEUKEMIA; PROCEDURES; QUALITY OF LIFE; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID; MAINTENANCE CHEMOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84981524600     PISSN: 00064971     EISSN: 15280020     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-674127     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Walter RB, Kantarjian HM, Huang X, et al. Effect of complete remission and responses less than complete remission on survival in acute myeloid leukemia: a combined Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Study. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28 (10): 1766-1771.
2. Ferrara F, Schiffer CA. Acute myeloid leukaemia in adults. Lancet. 2013; 381 (9865): 484-495.
3. Döhner H, Weisdorf DJ, Bloomfield CD. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373 (12): 1136-1152.
4. Döhner H, Estey EH, Amadori S, et al; European LeukemiaNet. Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in adults: recommendations from an international expert panel, on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2010; 115 (3): 453-474.
5. Cornelissen JJ, Gratwohl A, Schlenk RF, et al. The European LeukemiaNet AML Working Party consensus statement on allogeneic HSCT for patients with AML in remission: an integrated-risk adapted approach. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012; 9 (10): 579-590.
6. Ellison RR, Holland JF, Weil M, et al. Arabinosyl cytosine: a useful agent in the treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Blood. 1968; 32 (4): 507-523.
7. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al; Cochrane Bias Methods Group; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011; 343: d5928.
8. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 2010; 340: c869.
9. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al; GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008; 336 (7650): 924-926.
10. Baer MR, George SL, Caligiuri MA, et al. Lowdose interleukin-2 immunotherapy does not improve outcome of patients age 60 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9720. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26 (30): 4934-4939.
11. Büchner T, Urbanitz D, Hiddemann W, et al. Intensified induction and consolidation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): two multicenter studies of the German AML Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1985; 3 (12): 1583-1589.
12. Burnett A, Russell N, Freeman S, et al. A comparison of limited consolidation chemotherapy therapy or not, and demethylation maintenance or not in older patients with AML and high risk MDS: Long term results of the UK NCRI AML16 trial [abstract]. Haematologica. 2015; 100 (S1). Abstract 513.
13. Johnson SA, Prentice AG, Phillips MJ. Treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia with early intensive induction therapy. Acta Oncol. 1988; 27 (5): 527-529.
14. Latagliata R, Breccia M, Fazi P, et al. Liposomal daunorubicin versus standard daunorubicin: long term follow-up of the GIMEMA GSI 103 AMLE randomized trial in patients older than 60 years with acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2008; 143 (5): 681-689.
15. Löwenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, et al; European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Hovon Group. Mitoxantrone versus daunorubicin in inductionconsolidation chemotherapy-the value of lowdose cytarabine for maintenance of remission, and an assessment of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: final report. J Clin Oncol. 1998; 16 (3): 872-881.
16. Palva IP, Almqvist A, Elonen E, et al. Value of maintenance therapy with chemotherapy or interferon during remission of acute myeloid leukaemia. Eur J Haematol. 1991; 47 (3): 229-233.
17. Pautas C, Merabet F, Thomas X, et al. Randomized study of intensified anthracycline doses for induction and recombinant interleukin-2 for maintenance in patients with acute myeloid leukemia age 50 to 70 years: results of the ALFA- 9801 study. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28 (5): 808-814.
18. Perel Y, Auvrignon A, Leblanc T, et al; Group LAME; French Society of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology. Maintenance therapy in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2004; 83 (Suppl 1): S116-S119.
19. Petit A, Ducassou S, Leblanc T, et al. Relevance of a one-year maintenance therapy with interleukin-2 in the treatment of childhood acute myeloid leukemia: Results from the French multicenter, phase III, randomized controlled SFCE trial, ELAM02 [abstract]. Blood. 2014; 124 (21). Abstract 378.
20. Sauter C, Berchtold W, Fopp M, et al. Acute myelogenous leukaemia: maintenance chemotherapy after early consolidation treatment does not prolong survival. Lancet. 1984; 1 (8373): 379-382.
21. Willemze R, Suciu S, Mandelli F, et al. Value of low dose IL-2 as maintenance following consolidation treatment or autologous transplantation in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients aged 15-60 years who reached CR after high dose (HD-AraC) vs standard dose (SD-AraC) Cytosine Arabinoside during induction: Results of the AML-12 trial of EORTC and GIMEMA Leukemia Groups [abstract]. Blood. 2009; 114 (22). Abstract 791.
22. Zuhrie SR, Harris R, Freeman CB, et al. Immunotherapy alone vs no maintenance treatment in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 1980; 41 (3): 372-377.
23. Blaise D, Attal M, Reiffers J, et al. Randomized study of recombinant interleukin-2 after autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in first complete remission. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2000; 11 (1): 91-98.
24. Boumber Y, Kantarjian H, Jorgensen J, et al. A randomized study of decitabine versus conventional care for maintenance therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in complete remission. Leukemia. 2012; 26 (11): 2428-2431.
25. Brune M, Castaigne S, Catalano J, et al. Improved leukemia-free survival after postconsolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 in acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized phase 3 trial. Blood. 2006; 108 (1): 88-96.
26. Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Berdel WE, et al; German AML Cooperative Group. 6-Thioguanine, cytarabine, and daunorubicin (TAD) and highdose cytarabine and mitoxantrone (HAM) for induction, TAD for consolidation, and either prolonged maintenance by reduced monthly TAD or TAD-HAM-TAD and one course of intensive consolidation by sequential HAM in adult patients at all ages with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a randomized trial of the German AML Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21 (24): 4496-4504.
27. Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Wörmann B, et al. Longterm effects of prolonged maintenance and of very early intensification chemotherapy in AML: data from AMLCG. Leukemia. 1992; 6 (Suppl 2): 68-71.
28. Cassileth PA, Lynch E, Hines JD, et al. Varying intensity of postremission therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1992; 79 (8): 1924-1930.
29. Foran JM, Sun Z, Claxton DF, et al. North American Leukemia, Intergroup phase III randomized trial of single agent clofarabine as induction and post-remission therapy, and decitabine as maintenance therapy in newlydiagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in older adults (age $60 years): A trial of the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (E2906) [abstract]. Blood. 2015; 126 (23). Abstract 217.
30. Gale RP, Foon KA, Cline MJ, Zighelboim J. Intensive chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1981; 94 (6): 753-757.
31. Goldstone AH, Burnett AK, Wheatley K, Smith AG, Hutchinson RM, Clark RE; Medical Research Council Adult Leukemia Working Party. Attempts to improve treatment outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients: the results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood. 2001; 98 (5): 1302-1311.
32. Hewlett J, Kopecky KJ, Head D, et al. A prospective evaluation of the roles of allogeneic marrow transplantation and low-dose monthly maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of adult acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): a Southwest Oncology Group study. Leukemia. 1995; 9 (4): 562-569.
33. Jehn U. Long-term outcome of postremission chemotherapy for adults with acute myeloid leukemia using different dose-intensities. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994; 15 (1-2): 99-112.
34. Jehn U, Knüppel W, Wilmanns W. Intensive maintenance treatment in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): single institution experience of a multicenter randomized trial. Onkologie. 1988; 11 (1): 13-17.
35. Jehn U, Zittoun R, Suciu S, et al. A randomized comparison of intensive maintenance treatment for adult acute myelogenous leukemia using either cyclic alternating drugs or repeated courses of the induction-type chemotherapy: AML-6 trial of the EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. Haematol Blood Transfus. 1990; 33: 277-284.
36. Kobayashi T, Miyawaki S, Tanimoto M, et al; The Japan Leukemia Study Group. Randomized trials between behenoyl cytarabine and cytarabine in combination induction and consolidation therapy, and with or without ubenimex after maintenance/ intensification therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1996; 14 (1): 204-213.
37. Kolitz JE, George SL, Benson DM Jr, et al; Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology. Recombinant interleukin-2 in patients aged younger than 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 19808. Cancer. 2014; 120 (7): 1010-1017.
38. Kolitz JE, Hars V, DeAngelo DJ, et al. Phase III trial of immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) versus observation in patients ,60 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first remission (CR1): preliminary results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 19808 [abstract]. Blood. 2007; 110 (11). Abstract 157.
39. Krug U, Berdel WE, Gale RP, et al. Increasing intensity of therapies assigned at diagnosis does not improve survival of adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2016; 30 (6): 1230-1236.
40. la Cour Petersen E, Hokland P, Ellegaard J. Adjuvant immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum during maintenance chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. A prospective randomized study. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1983; 16 (2): 88-92.
41. Lange BJ, Smith FO, Feusner J, et al. Outcomes in CCG-2961, a children's oncology group phase 3 trial for untreated pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the children's oncology group. Blood. 2008; 111 (3): 1044-1053.
42. Luger S, Wang V, Paietta E, et al. Tipifarnib as maintenance therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) improves survival in a subgroup of patients with high risk disease. Results of the phase III intergroup trial E2902 [abstract]. Blood. 2015; 126 (23). Abstract 1308.
43. Miyawaki S, Sakamaki H, Ohtake S, et al; Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group AML 97 Study. A randomized, postremission comparison of four courses of standard-dose consolidation therapy without maintenance therapy versus three courses of standard-dose consolidation with maintenance therapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia: the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group AML 97 Study. Cancer. 2005; 104 (12): 2726-2734.
44. Montastruc M, Reiffers J, Stoppa AM, et al. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients: the influence of maintenance therapy (BGM 84 protocol). Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1990; 32 (2): 147-152.
45. Morrison FS, Kopecky KJ, Head DR, et al. Late intensification with POMP chemotherapy prolongs survival in acute myelogenous leukemia-results of a Southwest Oncology Group study of rubidazone versus adriamycin for remission induction, prophylactic intrathecal therapy, late intensification, and levamisole maintenance. Leukemia. 1992; 6 (7): 708-714.
46. Müller-Tidow C, Tschanter P, Röllig C, et al. Azacitidine in combination with intensive induction chemotherapy in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia: The AML-AZA trial of the study alliance leukemia. Leukemia. 2016; 30 (3): 555-561.
47. Ohno R, Kobayashi T, Tanimoto M, et al. Randomized study of individualized induction therapy with or without vincristine, and of maintenance-intensification therapy between 4 or 12 courses in adult acute myeloid leukemia. AML- 87 Study of the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. Cancer. 1993; 71 (12): 3888-3895.
48. Ohno R, Nakamura H, Kodera Y, et al. Randomized controlled study of chemoimmunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton and irradiated allogeneic AML cells. Cancer. 1986; 57 (8): 1483-1488.
49. Omura GA, Vogler WR, Lefante J, et al. Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: influence of three induction regimens and maintenance with chemotherapy or BCG immunotherapy. Cancer. 1982; 49 (8): 1530-1536.
50. Petersdorf SH, Kopecky KJ, Slovak M, et al. A phase 3 study of gemtuzumab ozogamicin during induction and postconsolidation therapy in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2013; 121 (24): 4854-4860.
51. Rees JK, Gray RG, Swirsky D, Hayhoe FG. Principal results of the Medical Research Council's 8th acute myeloid leukaemia trial. Lancet. 1986; 2 (8518): 1236-1241.
52. Röllig C, Serve H, Hüttmann A, et al; Study Alliance Leukaemia. Addition of sorafenib versus placebo to standard therapy in patients aged 60 years or younger with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (SORAML): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16 (16): 1691-1699.
53. Serve H, Krug U, Wagner R, et al. Sorafenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31 (25): 3110-3118.
54. Stein RS, Vogler WR, Winton EF, Cohen HJ, Raney MR, Bartolucci A. Therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia in patients over the age of 50: a randomized Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Leuk Res. 1990; 14 (10): 895-903.
55. Stone RM, Mandrekar S, Sanford BL, et al. The multi-kinase inhibitor midostaurin (M) prolongs survival compared with placebo (P) in combination with daunorubicin (D)/cytarabine (C) induction (ind), high-dose C consolidation (consol), and as maintenance (maint) therapy in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (pts) age 18-60 with FLT3 mutations (muts): An international prospective randomized (rand) P-controlled double-blind trial (CALGB 10603/RATIFY [Alliance]) [abstract]. Blood. 2015; 126 (23). Abstract 6.
56. Summerfield GP, Gibbs TJ, Bellingham AJ. Immunotherapy using BCG during remission induction and as the sole form of maintenance in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 1979; 40 (5): 736-742.
57. Vogler WR, Winton EF, Gordon DS, Raney MR, Go B, Meyer L. A randomized comparison of postremission therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial. Blood. 1984; 63 (5): 1039-1045.
58. Volger WR, Weiner RS, Moore JO, Omura GA, Bartolucci AA, Stagg M. Long-term follow-up of a randomized post-induction therapy trial in acute myelogenous leukemia (a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial). Leukemia. 1995; 9 (9): 1456-1460.
59. Wells RJ, Woods WG, Lampkin BC, et al. Impact of high-dose cytarabine and asparaginase intensification on childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1993; 11 (3): 538-545.
60. Zhai X, Xuan L, Sun J, et al. Autologous HSCT followed by immunotherapy and maintenance chemotherapy compared with allogeneic HSCT for intermediate-risk molecules/cytogenetics acute myeloblastic leukemia in first complete remission [abstract]. Blood. 2014; 124 (21). Abstract 3949.
61. Mathé G, Amiel JL, Schwarzenberg L, et al. Active immunotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 1969; 1 (7597): 697-699.
62. Crowther D, Bateman CJ, Vartan CP, et al. Combination chemotherapy using Lasparaginase, daunorubicin, and cytosine arabinoside in adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia. BMJ. 1970; 4 (5734): 513-517.
63. Harris R, Zuhrie SR, Freeman CB, et al. Active immunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukaemia and the induction of second and subsequent remissions. Br J Cancer. 1978; 37 (2): 282-288.
64. Anguille S, Lion E, Willemen Y, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN, Smits EL. Interferon-a in acute myeloid leukemia: an old drug revisited. Leukemia. 2011; 25 (5): 739-748.
65. Buyse M, Squifflet P, Lange BJ, et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials evaluating IL-2 monotherapy as remission maintenance therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2011; 117 (26): 7007-7013.
66. Mao C, Fu XH, Yuan JQ, et al. Interleukin-2 as maintenance therapy for children and adults with acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete remission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 11: CD010248.
67. Buyse M, Squifflet P, Lucchesi KJ, Brune ML, Castaigne S, Rowe JM. Assessment of the consistency and robustness of results from a multicenter trial of remission maintenance therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Trials. 2011; 12: 86.
68. Antar A, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Ghaddara HA, Mahfouz R, Bazarbachi A. Azacitidine maintenance after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is feasible in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia [abstract]. Blood. 2014; 124 (21). Abstract 5884.
69. Oshikawa G, Kakihana K, Saito M, et al. Posttransplant maintenance therapy with azacitidine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin for high-risk acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2015; 169 (5): 756-759.
70. Pusic I, Choi J, Fiala MA, et al. Maintenance therapy with decitabine after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015; 21 (10): 1761-1769.
71. William BM, de Lima M, Oran B, et al. CC-486 (oral azacitidine) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AlloHSCT) in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [abstract]. Blood. 2014; 124 (21). Abstract 990.
72. Gill H, Lie AKW, Kwong YL, Leung AYH. Prospective evaluation of azacitidine maintenance following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome [abstract]. Blood. 2015; 126 (23). Abstract 5476.
73. Chen YB, Li S, Lane AA, et al. Phase I trial of maintenance sorafenib after allogeneic HSCT for patients with FLT3-ITD AML. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014; 20 (2): S152.
74. Sandmaier BM, Khaled SK, Oran B, Gammon G, Trone D, Frankfurt O. Results of a phase 1 study of quizartinib (AC220) as maintenance therapy in subjects with acute myeloid leukemia in remission following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation [abstract]. Blood. 2014; 124 (21). Abstract 428.
75. Collins R, Kantarjian HM, Ravandi F, et al. Full doses of crenolanib, a type I FLT3 inhibitor, can be safely administered in AML patients post allogeneic stem cell transplant [abstract]. Blood. 2015; 126 (23). Abstract 4359.
76. Pratz KW, Gojo I, Karp JE, et al. Prospective study of peri-transplant use of sorafenib as remission maintenance for FLT3-ITD patients undergoing allogeneic transplantation [abstract]. Blood. 2015; 126 (23). Abstract 3164.
77. Bug G, Burchert A, Wagner E-M, et al. Phase I/II study of the deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat as maintenance therapy after an allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk MDS or AML: The Panobest-Trial [abstract]. Blood. 2015; 126 (23). Abstract 4344.
78. Sockel K, Bornhaeuser M, Mischak-Weissinger E, et al; German MDS and Cooperative Transplant Study Group (GCTSG). Lenalidomide maintenance after allogeneic HSCT seems to trigger acute graft-versus-host disease in patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia and del (5q): results of the LENAMAINT trial. Haematologica. 2012; 97 (9): e34-e35.
79. Borrello IM, Levitsky HI, Stock W, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting cellular immunotherapy in combination with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as postremission therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2009; 114 (9): 1736-1745.
80. Ho VT, Vanneman M, Kim H, et al. Biologic activity of irradiated, autologous, GM-CSFsecreting leukemia cell vaccines early after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106 (37): 15825-15830.
81. Kayser S, Schlenk RF, Grimwade D, Yosuico VE, Walter RB. Minimal residual disease-directed therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2015; 125 (15): 2331-2335.
82. Araki D, Wood BL, Othus M, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: Time to move toward a minimal residual disease-based definition of complete remission? J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34 (4): 329-336.
83. Efficace F, Lo-Coco F. Using patient-reported health status to improve prognostic assessment in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: current challenges and future applications. Haematologica. 2013; 98 (1): 7-9.
84. Mohamedali H, Breunis H, Timilshina N, et al. Older age is associated with similar quality of life and physical function compared to younger age during intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res. 2012; 36 (10): 1241-1248.
85. Alibhai SM, Breunis H, Timilshina N, et al. Quality of life and physical function in adults treated with intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia improve over time independent of age. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015; 6 (4): 262-271.
86. Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85 (5): 365-376.
87. Cella D, Jensen SE, Webster K, et al. Measuring health-related quality of life in leukemia: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy- Leukemia (FACT-Leu) questionnaire. Value Health. 2012; 15 (8): 1051-1058.