Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: What is the true size of the increased risk?

British Journal of Cancer

Volumn 115, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 607-615

  Jones, Michael E ^a   Schoemaker, Minouk J ^a   Wright, Lauren ^a   Mcfadden, Emily ^a,c   Griffin, James ^a,d   Thomas, Dawn ^a   Hemming, Jane ^a   Wright, Karen ^b   Ashworth, Alan ^a,e   Swerdlow, Anthony J ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

bias (epidemiology); breast neoplasms; cohort studies; oestrogen replacement therapy

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; GESTAGEN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; TIBOLONE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CANCER SIZE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR POSITIVE BREAST CANCER; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY; MENOPAUSE; MIDDLE AGED; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREATMENT DURATION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; COHORT ANALYSIS; ESTROGEN THERAPY;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; COHORT STUDIES; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED;

EID: 84979971865     PISSN: 00070920     EISSN: 15321827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.231     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Ameye L, Antoine C, Paesmans M, de Azambuja E, Rozenberg S. (2014). Menopausal hormone therapy use in 17 European countries during the last decade. Maturitas 79(3): 287-291
2. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Kuller LH, Manson JE, Gass M, Bluhm E, Connelly S, Hubbell FA, Lane D, Martin L, Ockene J, Rohan T, Schenken R, Wactawski-Wende J. (2012). Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 13(5): 476-486
3. Antoine C, Ameye L, Paesmans M, de Azambuja E, Rozenberg S. (2016). Menopausal hormone therapy use in relation to breast cancer incidence in 11 European countries. Maturitas 84: 81-88
4. Bakken K, Alsaker E, Eggen AE, Lund E. (2004). Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of hormone-dependent cancers in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study. Int J Cancer 112(1): 130-134
5. Bakken K, Fournier A, Lund E, Waaseth M, Dumeaux V, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fabre A, Hemon B, Rinaldi S, Chajes V, Slimani N, Allen NE, Reeves GK, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Rodriguez L, Sanchez MJ, Etxezarreta PA, Ardanaz E, Tormo MJ, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Steffen A, Schulz M, Chang-Claude J, Kaaks R, Tumino R, Gallo V, Norat T, Riboli E, Panico S, Masala G, Gonzalez CA, Berrino F. (2011). Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: impact of different treatments. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 128(1): 144-156
6. Beral V. Million Women Study Collaborators. (2003). Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362(9382): 419-427
7. Beral V, Reeves G, Bull D, Green J. Million Women Study Collaborators. (2011). Breast cancer risk in relation to the interval between menopause and starting hormone therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(4): 296-305
8. Brinton LA, Richesson D, Leitzmann MF, Gierach GL, Schatzkin A, Mouw T, Hollenbeck AR, Lacey Jr JV. (2008). Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(11): 3150-3160
9. Calle EE, Feigelson HS, Hildebrand JS, Teras LR, Thun MJ, Rodriguez C. (2009). Postmenopausal hormone use and breast cancer associations differ by hormone regimen and histologic subtype. Cancer 115(5): 936-945
10. Calvocoressi L, Stowe MH, Carter D, Claus EB. (2012). Postmenopausal hormone therapy and ductal carcinoma in situ: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol 36(2): 161-168
11. Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Peris C, Berrino F. (2005). Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 96(2): 95-108
12. Chen WY, Hankinson SE, Schnitt SJ, Rosner BA, Holmes MD, Colditz GA. (2004). Association of hormone replacement therapy to estrogen and progesterone receptor status in invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer 101(7): 1490-1500
13. Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, Holmes MD, Willett WC, Colditz GA. (2006). Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 166(9): 1027-1032
14. Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL. (2012). Changing concepts: menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 104(7): 517-527
15. Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens C, Rosner B, Speizer FE. (1995). The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 332(24): 1589-1593
16. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (1997). Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52, 705 women with breast cancer and 108, 411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 350(9084): 1047-1059
17. Cordina-Duverger E, Truong T, Anger A, Sanchez M, Arveux P, Kerbrat P, Guenel P. (2013). Risk of breast cancer by type of menopausal hormone therapy: a case-control study among post-menopausal women in France. PLoS One 8(11): e78016
18. Cox DR. (1972). Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc B 34(2): 187-220
19. Daling JR, Malone KE, Doody DR, Voigt LF, Bernstein L, Coates RJ, Marchbanks PA, Norman SA, Weiss LK, Ursin G, Berlin JA, Burkman RT, Deapen D, Folger SG, McDonald JA, Simon MS, Strom BL, Wingo PA, Spirtas R. (2002). Relation of regimens of combined hormone replacement therapy to lobular, ductal, and other histologic types of breast carcinoma. Cancer 95(12): 2455-2464
20. Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, Avenel V, Clavel-Chapelon F. (2005). Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 114(3): 448-454
21. Fournier A, Fabre A, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F. (2008). Use of different postmenopausal hormone therapies and risk of histology-and hormone receptor-defined invasive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 26(8): 1260-1268
22. Fournier A, Mesrine S, Dossus L, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Chabbert-Buffet N. (2014). Risk of breast cancer after stopping menopausal hormone therapy in the E3N cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat 145(2): 535-543
23. Greiser CM, Greiser EM, Doren M. (2005). Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Hum Reprod Update 11(6): 561-573
24. Kotsopoulos J, Chen WY, Gates MA, Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA. (2010). Risk factors for ductal and lobular breast cancer: results from the nurses? health study. Breast Cancer Res 12(6): R106
25. Lee SA, Ross RK, Pike MC. (2005). An overview of menopausal oestrogenprogestin hormone therapy and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 92(11): 2049-2058
26. Li CI, Malone KE, Porter PL, Weiss NS, Tang MT, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR. (2003). Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 289(24): 3254-3263
27. Li CI, Weiss NS, Stanford JL, Daling JR. (2000). Hormone replacement therapy in relation to risk of lobular and ductal breast carcinoma in middle-aged women. Cancer 88(11): 2570-2577
28. Lunn M, McNeil D. (1995). Applying Cox regression to competing risks. Biometrics 51(2): 524-532
29. Magnusson C, Baron JA, Correia N, Bergstrom R, Adami HO, Persson I. (1999). Breast-cancer risk following long-term oestrogen-and oestrogen-progestin-replacement therapy. Int J Cancer 81(3): 339-344
30. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency UK. (2007). Hormone-replacement therapy: safety update -UK Public Assessment Report
31. Newcomb PA, Titus-Ernstoff L, Egan KM, Trentham-Dietz A, Baron JA, Storer BE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. (2002). Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use in relation to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11(7): 593-600
32. Nyante SJ, Dallal CM, Gierach GL, Park Y, Hollenbeck AR, Brinton LA. (2013). Risk factors for specific histopathological types of postmenopausal breast cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 178(3): 359-371
33. Olsson HL, Ingvar C, Bladstrom A. (2003). Hormone replacement therapy containing progestins and given continuously increases breast carcinoma risk in Sweden. Cancer 97(6): 1387-1392
34. Opatrny L, Dell?Aniello S, Assouline S, Suissa S. (2008). Hormone replacement therapy use and variations in the risk of breast cancer. BJOG 115(2): 169-175
35. Pike MC, Ross RK, Spicer DV. (1998). Problems involved in including women with simple hysterectomy in epidemiologic studies measuring the effects of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 147(8): 718-721
36. Prentice RL, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Pettinger M, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, Kooperberg C, Kuller LH, Lane DS, McTiernan A, Jo O'sullivan M, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL. (2008). Estrogen plus progestin therapy and breast cancer in recently postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 167(10): 1207-1216
37. Ritte R, Lukanova A, Berrino F, Dossus L, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad TF, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fournier A, Fagherazzi G, Rohrmann S, Teucher B, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Sieri S, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Quiros JR, Buckland G, Sanchez MJ, Amiano P, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Sund M, Lenner P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Krum-Hansen S, Gram IT, Lund E, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Allen NE, Key TJ, Romieu I, Rinaldi S, Siddiq A, Cox D, Riboli E, Kaaks R. (2012). Adiposity, hormone replacement therapy use and breast cancer risk by age and hormone receptor status: a large prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res 14(3): R76
38. Rockhill B, Colditz GA, Rosner B. (2000). Bias in breast cancer analyses due to error in age at menopause. Am J Epidemiol 151(4): 404-408
39. Roman M, Sakshaug S, Graff-Iversen S, Vangen S, Weiderpass E, Ursin G, Hofvind S. (2016). Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer in Norway. Int J Cancer 138(3): 584-593
40. Rosenberg LU, Magnusson C, Lindstrom E, Wedren S, Hall P, Dickman PW. (2006). Menopausal hormone therapy and other breast cancer risk factors in relation to the risk of different histological subtypes of breast cancer: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 8(1): R11
41. Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Wan PC, Pike MC. (2000). Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(4): 328-332
42. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(3): 321-333
43. Salagame U, Canfell K, Banks E. (2011). An epidemiological overview of the relationship between hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 6(3): 397-409
44. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, Archer DF, Boyd N, Braunstein GD, Burger HG, Colditz GA, Davis SR, Gambacciani M, Gower BA, Henderson VW, Jarjour WN, Karas RH, Kleerekoper M, Lobo RA, Manson JE, Marsden J, Martin KA, Martin L, Pinkerton JV, Rubinow DR, Teede H, Thiboutot DM, Utian WH, Endocrine S. (2010). Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(7 Suppl 1): s1-s66
45. Saxena T, Lee E, Henderson KD, Clarke CA, West D, Marshall SF, Deapen D, Bernstein L, Ursin G. (2010). Menopausal hormone therapy and subsequent risk of specific invasive breast cancer subtypes in the California Teachers Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(9): 2366-2378
46. Schairer C, Lubin J, Troisi R, Sturgeon S, Brinton L, Hoover R. (2000). Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA 283(4): 485-491
47. Simpson JA, English DR, MacInnis RJ, Gertig DM, Hopper JL, Giles GG. (2007). A comparison of different methods for including ?age at menopause? in analyses of the association between hormone replacement therapy use and breast cancer. J Fam Plan Reprod H 33(1): 11-16
48. Stahlberg C, Pedersen AT, Lynge E, Andersen ZJ, Keiding N, Hundrup YA, Obel EB, Ottesen B. (2004). Increased risk of breast cancer following different regimens of hormone replacement therapy frequently used in Europe. Int J Cancer 109(5): 721-727
49. StataCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14StataCorp LP: College Station, TX
50. Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV, Santen RJ. (2015). Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(11): 3975-4011
51. Swerdlow AJ, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Hemming J, Thomas D, Williamson J, Ashworth A. (2011). The Breakthrough Generations Study: design of a long-term UK cohort study to investigate breast cancer aetiology. Br J Cancer 105(7): 911-917
52. Thorbjarnardottir T, Olafsdottir EJ, Valdimarsdottir UA, Olafsson O, Tryggvadottir L. (2014). Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: a cohort study of 16 928 women 48 years and older. Acta Oncol 53(6): 752-758
53. Van Leeuwen FE, Rookus MA. (2003). Breast cancer and hormonereplacement therapy: the Million Women Study. Lancet 362(9392): 1330 1330-1331; author reply 1330-1331
54. Velthuis-Te Wierik EJ, Hendricks PT, Martinez C. (2007). Preferential prescribing of tibolone and combined estrogen plus progestogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Menopause 14(3): 518-527
55. Vickers MR, Martin J, Meade TW. WISDOM study team. (2007). The Women's international study of long-duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial. BMC Womens Health 7: 2