Protein and polysaccharide content of tightly and loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances and the development of a granular activated sludge floc

Water Research

Volumn 82, Issue , 2015, Pages 104-117

  Basuvaraj, Mahendran ^a   Fein, Jared ^b   Liss, Steven N ^a  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b A Division of Darling International Canada Inc   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dewaterability; Extracellular polymeric substances; Flocs and granules; Polysaccharide; Protein; Rendering plant wastewater treatment system; Settleability; Sludge characterization

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS; BATCH REACTORS; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; POLYSACCHARIDES; PROTEINS; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

DEWATERABILITY; EXTRA-CELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES; FLOCS AND GRANULES; SETTLEABILITY; WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM;

POLYMERS;

INDUSTRIAL WASTE; POLYMER; POLYSACCHARIDE; PROTEIN; SEWAGE; WASTE WATER;

CHEMISTRY; FLOCCULATION; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; MEAT INDUSTRY; PROCEDURES; SEWAGE; WASTE WATER;

FLOCCULATION; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY; POLYMERS; POLYSACCHARIDES; PROTEINS; SEWAGE; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER;

EID: 84979862648     PISSN: 00431354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.014     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Ahmed, Z., Cho, J., Lim, B.R., Song, K.G., Ahn, K.H., Effects of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and microbial community in a membrane bioreactor. J. Membr. Sci. 287 (2007), 211–218.
2. Alam, M.Z., Fakhru'l-Razi, A., Enhanced settleability and dewaterability of fungal treated domestic wastewater sludge by liquid state bioconversion process. Water Res. 37:5 (2003), 1118–1124.
3. APHA., Standard Methods for the Examination of Waters and Wastewaters. 1998, American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
4. Blanco, M.D., Olmo, R., Teijon, J.M., Hydrogels. Swarbrick, James, (eds.) Technology, E.o.P, second ed., 2004, Marcel Dekker, New York, 235–259.
5. Bye, C.M., Dold, P.L., Sludge volume index settleability measures: effect of solids characteristics and test parameters. Water Environ. Res. 70:1 (1998), 87–93.
6. Buzatu, P., Zsirai, T., Aerts, P., Judd, S.J., Permeability and clogging in an immersed hollow fibre membrane bioreactor. J. Membr. Sci. 421 (2012), 342–348.
7. Chao, A.C., Keinath, T.M., Influence of process loading intensity on sludge clarification and thickening characteristics. Water Res. 13 (1979), 1213–1223.
8. Comte, S., Guibaud, G., Baudu, M., Relations between extraction protocols for activated sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and EPS complexation properties: part I. Comparison of the efficiency of eight EPS extraction methods. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 38:1–2 (2006), 237–245.
9. Dangcong, P., Bernet, N., Delgenes, J.P., Moletta, R., Aerobic granular sludge-a case report. Water Res. 33:3 (1999), 890–893.
10. de Bruin, L.M., de Kreuk, M.K., van der Roest, H.F., Uijterlinde, C., van Loosdrecht, M.C., Aerobic granular sludge technology: an alternative to activated sludge?. Water Sci. Technol. 49:11–12 (2004), 1–7.
11. de Kreuk, M.K., Kishida, N., van Loosdrecht, M.C., Aerobic granular sludge-state of the art. Water Sci. Technol. 55:8–9 (2007), 75–81.
12. Dignac, M.F., Urbain, V., Rybacki, D., Bruchet, A., Snidaro, D., Scribe, P., Chemical description of extracellular polymers: implication on activated sludge floc structure. Water Sci. Technol. 38 (1998), 45–53.
13. Dogsa, I., Kriechbaum, M., Stopar, D., Laggnerz, P., Structure of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances at different pH values as determined by SAXS. Biophys. J. 83 (2005), 2711–2720.
14. Fan, F., Zhou, H., Interrelated effects of aeration and mixed liquor fractions on membrane fouling for submerged membrane bioreactor processes in wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:7 (2007), 2523–2528.
15. Flemming, H., Wingender, C., Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). Part II. Technical aspects. Water Sci. Technol. 43:6 (2001), 9–16.
16. Flemming, H.-C., The forces that keep biofilms together. Sand, W., (eds.) Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Dechema Monographs, vol. 133, 1996, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 311–316.
17. Frølund, B., Palmgren, R., Keiding, K., Nielsen, P.H., Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Res. 30 (1996), 1749–1758.
18. Fryer, H.L., Davis, G.E., Manthorpe, M., Varon, S., Lowry protein assay using an automatic microtiter plate spectrophotometer. Anal. Biochem. 153 (1985), 262–266.
19. Gabarrón, S., Gómez, M., Monclús, H., Rodríguez-Roda, I., Comas, J., Ragging phenomenon characterisation and impact in a full-scale MBR. Water Sci. Technol. 67:4 (2013), 810–816.
20. Goodwin, J.A.S., Forster, C.F., A further examination into the composition of activated sludge surfaces in relation to their settlement characteristics. Water Res. 19 (1985), 527–533.
21. Guo, J., Peng, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Huang, H., Wang, Z., Long-term effect of dissolved oxygen on partial nitrification performance and microbial community structure. Bioresour. Technol. 100:10 (2009), 2796–2802.
22. Jenkins, D., Richard, M., Daigger, G., Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming. 1993, Ridgeline Press, Lafayette, CA.
23. Jin, B., Wilen, B.M., Lant, P., A comprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge. Chem. Eng. J. 95 (2003), 221–234.
24. Jin, B., Wilen, B.M., Lant, P., Impact of morphological, physical and chemical properties of sludge flocs on dewatering of activated sludge. Chem. Eng. J. 98 (2004), 115–126.
25. Kara, F., Gurakan, G.C., Sanin, F.D., Monovalent cations and their influence on activated sludge floc chemistry, structure, and physical characteristics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100:2 (2008), 231–239.
26. Karr, P.R., Keinath, T.M., Influence of particle size on sludge dewaterability. J. WPCF 50:8 (1978), 1911–1930.
27. th ed. Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, vols. 1 & 2, 2003, California State University, Sacramento Foundation.
28. Laspidou, C.S., Rittmann, B.E., A unified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass. Water Res. 36 (2002), 2711–2720.
29. Lee, C.H., Liu, J.C., Sludgedewaterability and floc structure in dual polymer conditioning. Adv. Environ. Res. 5 (2001), 129–136.
30. Li, X.Y., Yuan, Y., Collision frequencies of microbial aggregates with small particles by differential sedimentation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002), 387–393.
31. Li, X.Y., Yang, S.F., Influence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge. Water Res. 41 (2007), 1022–1030.
32. Li, Z.H., Kuba, T., Kusuda, T., The influence of starvation phase on the properties and the development of aerobic granules. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 38 (2006), 670–674.
33. Liao, B.Q., Allen, D.G., Droppo, I.G., Leppard, G.G., Liss, S.N., Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability. Water Res. 35 (2001), 339–350.
34. Liao, B.Q., Droppo, I.G., Leppard, G.G., Liss, S.N., Effect of solid retention time on structure and characteristics of sludge flocs in sequencing bactch reactors. Water Res. 35 (2006), 339–350.
35. Lin, H.J., Xie, K., Mahendran, B., Bagley, D.M., Leung, K.T., Liss, S.N., Liao, B.Q., Sludge properties and their effects on membrane fouling in submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (SAnMBR). Water Res. 43:15 (2009), 3827–3837.
36. Lin, Y., de Kreuk, M., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Adin, A., Characterization of alginate-like exopolysaccharides isolated from aerobic granularsludge in pilot-plant. Water Res. 44 (2010), 3355–3364.
37. Linlin, H., Jianlong, W., Xianghua, W., Yi, Q., The formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) by seeding anaerobic granules. Process Biochem. 40 (2005), 5–11.
38. Liu, H., Fang, P., Characterization of electrostatic binding sites of extracellular polymers by linear programming analysis of titration data. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 80 (2002), 806–811.
39. Mahendran, B., Lishman, L., Liss, S.N., Structural, physicochemical and microbial properties of flocs and biofilms in Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFFAS) systems. Water Res. 46:6 (2012), 5085–5101.
40. Martinez, F., Torres, E.F., Gomez, J., Oscillations of exopolymeric composition and sludge volume index in nitrifying flocs. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 87 (2000), 177–188.
41. Martins, A.M.P., Pagilla, K., Heijnen, J.J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Filamentous bulking sludge-a critical review. Water Res. 38 (2004), 793–817.
42. Masuko, T., Minami, A., Iwasaki, N., Majima, T., Nishimura, S.I., Yuan, C., Lee, Y.C., Carbohydrate analysis by phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format. Anal. Biochem. 339:1 (2005), 69–72.
43. McSwain, B.S., Irvine, R.L., Hausner, M., Wilderer, P.A., Composition and distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic flocs and granular sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2 (2005), 1051–1057.
44. Mikkelsen, L.H., Keiding, K., Physico-chemical characteristics of full scale sewage sludges with implications to dewatering. Water Res. 36:10 (2002), 2451–2462.
45. Morris, V.J., Belton, Gels.P., (eds.) The Chemical Physics of Food, 2007, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, 151–191.
46. Papadimitriou, C.A., Samaras, P., Sakellaropoulos, G.P., Comparative study of phenol and cyanide containing wastewater in CSTR and SBR activated sludge reactors. Bioresour. Technol. 100:1 (2009), 31–37.
47. Park, C., Muller, C.D., Abu-Orf, M.M., Novak, J.T., The effect of wastewater cations on activated sludge characteristics: effects of aluminum and iron in floc. Water Environ. Res. 78:1 (2006), 31–40.
48. Peng, Y.Z., Zhu, G.B., Biological nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite pathway. Appl. Microbiol. Biol. 73 (2006), 15–26.
49. Raszka, A., Chorvatova, M., Wanner, J., The role and significance of extracellular polymers in activated sludge. Part I: literature review. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 34:5 (2006), 411–426.
50. Richard, M.G., Daigger, G., Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming. Jenkins, D., (eds.), second ed., 1993, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
51. Seviour, T., Yuan, Z., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Lin, Y., Aerobic sludge granulation: a tale of two polysaccharides?. Water Res. 46:15 (2012), 4803–4813.
52. Seviour, T., Pijuan, M., Nicholson, T., Keller, J., Yuan, Z., Understanding the properties of aerobic sludge granules as hydrogels. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102 (2009), 1483–1493.
53. Shen, W., Zhang, K., Kornfield, J.A., Tirrell, D.A., Tuning the erosion rate of artificial protein hydrogels through control of network topology. Nat. Mater. 5 (2006), 153–158.
54. Sobeck, D.C., Higgins, M.J., Examination of three theories for mechanisms of cation-induced bioflocculation. Water Res. 36:3 (2002), 527–538.
55. Sponza, D.T., Extracellular polymer substances and physicochemical properties of flocs in steady and unsteady-state activated sludge systems. Process Biochem. 37 (2002), 983–998.
56. Sponza, D.T., Investigation of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of different activated sludge flocs under steady-state conditions. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 32 (2003), 375–385.
57. Sponza, D.T., Properties of four biological flocs as related to settling. J. Environ. Eng. 130:11 (2004), 1289–1300.
58. Suresh, S., Tripathi, R.K., Gernal Rana, M.N., Review on treatment of industrial wastewater using sequential batch reactor. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Manag. 2:1 (2011), 64–84.
59. Thompson, G., Forster, C., Bulking in activated sludge plant treating paper mill wastewaters. Wat. Res. 37:11 (2003), 2636–2644.
60. Tsuneda, S., Aikawa, H., Hayashi, H., Yuasa, A., Hirata, A., Extracellular polymeric substances responsible for bacterial adhesion onto solid surface. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 223 (2003), 287–292.
61. Van Dierdonck, J., Van den Broeck, R., Vervoort, E., D'haeninck, P., Springael, D., Van Impe, J., Smets, I., Does a change in reactor loading rate affect activated sludge bioflocculation?. Process Biochem. 47 (2012), 2227–2233.
62. Van Dierdonck, J., Van den Broeck, R., Vervoort, A., Van Impe, J., Smets, I., Microscopic image analysis versus sludge volume index to monitor activated sludge bioflocculation: a case study. Sep. Sci. Technol. 48 (2013), 1433–1441.
63. Wang, Q., Du, G., Chen, J., Aerobic granular sludge cultivated under the selective pressure as a driving force. Process Biochem. 39 (2004), 557–563.
64. West, E.R., Xu, M., Woodruff, T.K., Shea, L.D., Physical properties of alginate hydrogels and their effects on in vitro follicle development. Biomaterials 28 (2007), 4439–4448.
65. Wilén, B.M., Balmér, P., The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the structure, size and size distribution of activated sludge flocs. Water Res. 33:2 (1999), 391–400.
66. Wilén, B.M., Jin, B., Lant, P., The influence of key chemical constituents in activated sludge on surface and flocculating properties. Water Res. 77:9 (2003), 2127–2139.
67. Wilén, B.M., Lumleyb, D., Mattssonb, A., Minoc, T., Relationship between floc composition and flocculation and settling properties studied at a full scale activated sludge plant. Water Res. 4:2 (2008), 4404–4418.
68. Wu, J., Huang, X., Effect of mixed liquor properties on fouling propensity in membrane bioreactors. J. Membr. Sci. 342:1–2 (2009), 88–96.
69. Yang, S.F., Li, X.Y., Influences of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the characteristics of activated sludge under non-steady-state conditions. Process Biochem. 44 (2009), 91–96.
70. Ye, F., Ye, Y., Li, Y., Effect of C/N on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of activated sludge floc. J. Hazard. Mater. 188 (2011), 37–43.
71. Zhang, L., Feng, X., Zhu, N., Chen, J., Role of extracellular protein in the formation and stability of aerobic granules. Enzyme Microbial. Technol 44:5 (2007), 551–557.