TREE-RING FEATURES: INDICATORS of EXTREME EVENT IMPACTS

IAWA Journal

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 206-231

  Bräuning, Achim ^a   De Ridder, Maaike ^b   Zafirov, Nikolay ^c   García González, Ignacio ^d   Dimitrov, Dimitar Petrov ^e   Gärtner, Holger ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^b ROYAL MUSEUM FOR CENTRAL AFRICA   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY   (Bulgaria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

^e FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Bulgaria)

^f SWISS FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE WSL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

earlywood vessels; extreme events; flood rings; frost rings; light rings; Missing rings; reaction wood; traumatic ducts; white rings

Indexed keywords

EID: 84977071845     PISSN: 09281541     EISSN: 22941932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/22941932-20160131     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Abedini R, Clair B, Pourtahmasi K, Laurans F & Arnould O. 2015. Cell wall thickening in developing tension wood of artificially bent poplar trees. IAWA J. 36: 44-57.
2. Aigner F. 1981. Bestandes-und Holzschäden durch Rissbildungen an Fichte. Allg. Forstz. 36: 720-722.
3. Astrade L & Bégin I. 1997. Tree-ring response of Populus tremula L. and Quercus robur L. to recent spring floods of the Sâone River, France. Ecoscience 4: 232-239.
4. Ballesteros JA, Stoffel M, Bodoque JM, Bollschweiler M, Hitz O & Díez-Herrero A. 2010. Changes in wood anatomy in tree rings of Pinus pinaster Ait. following wounding by flash floods. Tree-Ring Research 66: 93-103.
5. Bamber RK. 2001. A general theory for the origin of growth stresses in reaction wood: how trees stay upright. IAWA J. 22: 205-212.
6. Barrett DK. 1958. Cracking in the main stem of noble fir at Lethen, Nairnshire. Scott For. 12: 187-193.
7. Beeckman H. 2016. Wood anatomy and trait-based ecology. IAWA J. 37: 127-151.
8. Booker RE. 1994. Internal checking and collapse-which comes first? In: Proc. 4th IUFRO Wood Drying Conf.: Improving Wood Drying Technology: 133-140. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand, 9-13 August 1994.
9. Bräuning A. 2001. Climate history of the Tibetan Plateau during the last 1000 years derived from a network of Juniper chronologies. Dendrochronologia 19: 127-137.
10. Bräuning A. 2006. Tree-ring evidence of 'Little Ice Age' glacier advances in southern Tibet. The Holocene 16: 369-380.
11. Briffa KR, Jones PD, Schweingruber FH & Osborn TJ. 1998. Influence of volcanic eruptions on northern hemisphere summer temperature over the last 600 years. Nature 393: 450-455.
12. Brüchert F & Gardiner B. 2006. The effect of wind exposure on the tree aerial architecture and biomechanics of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis, Pinaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1512-1521.
13. Butler DR & Sawyer CF. 2008. Dendrogeomorphology and high-magnitude snow avalanches: a review and case study. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8: 303-309.
14. Caspari CO & Sachsse H. 1990. Rissschäden an Ficthe. Forst und Holz 45: 685-688.
15. Cherubini P, Schweingruber FH & Forster T. 1997. Morphology and ecological significance of intra-annual radial cracks in living conifers. Trees 11: 216-222.
16. Chhin S, Chumack K, Dahl T, David ET, Kurzeja P, Magruder M & Telewski FW. 2013. Growthclimate relationships of Pinus strobus in the floodway versus terrace forest along the banks of the Red Cedar River, Michigan. Tree-Ring Research 69: 37-47.
17. Christiansen E, Krokene P, Berryman AA, Franceschi VR, Krekling T, Lieutier F, Lönneborg A & Solheim H. 1999. Mechanical injury and fungal infection induce acquired resistance in Norway spruce. Tree Physiology 19: 399-403.
18. Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy, Granier A, Ogée J, Allard V, Aubinet N, et al. 2005. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437: 529-533.
19. Clair B, Alméras T, Yamamoto H, Okuyama T & Sugiyama J. 2006. Mechanical behavior of cellulose microfibrils in tension wood, in relation with maturation stress generation. Biophysical J. 91: 1128-1135.
20. Clair B, Gril J, Baba KI, Thibaut B & Sugiyama J. 2005. Precautions for the structural analysis of the gelatinous layer in tension wood. IAWA J. 26: 189-195.
21. Clair B & Thibaut B. 2001. Shrinkage of the gelatinous layer of poplar and beech tension wood. IAWA J. 22: 121-131.
22. Cochard H & Tyree MT. 1990. Xylem dysfunction in Quercus: vessel sizes, tyloses, cavitation and seasonal changes in embolism. Tree Physiology 6: 393-407.
23. Copini P. 2015. Markers inside wood-tree rings as archives of insect outbreaks, drift-sand dynamics, and spring flooding. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University. 159 pp.
24. Côté WA & Day AC. 1965. Anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood. Cellular ultrastructure of woody plants. Syracuse Univ. Press. 603 pp.
25. Coutand C, Jeronimidis G, Chanson B & Loup C. 2004. Comparison of mechanical properties of tension and opposite wood in Populus. Wood Sci. Technol. 38: 11-24.
26. Day WR & Peace TR. 1934. The experimental production and the diagnosis of frost injury on forest trees. Oxford Forestry Mem. 16: 1-60.
27. De Micco V, Balzano A, Wheeler EA & Baas P. 2016a. Tyloses and gums: a review of structure, function and occurrence of vessel occlusions. IAWA J. 37: 186-205.
28. De Micco V, Battipaglia G, Cherubini P & Aronne G. 2014. Comparing methods to analyse anatomical features of tree rings with and without intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs). Dendrochronologia 32: 1-6.
29. De Micco V, Campelo F, De Luis M, Bräuning A, Grabner M, Battipaglia G & Cherubini P. 2016b. Intra-annual density fluctuations in tree rings: how, when, where, and why? IAWA J. 37: 232-259.
30. De Ridder M, Trouet V, Van den Bulcke J, Hubau W, Van Acker J & Beeckman H. 2013. A treering based comparison of Terminalia superba climate-growth relationships in West and Central Africa. Trees 27: 1225-1238.
31. Delwaide A, Filion L & Payette S. 1991. Spatiotemporal distribution of light rings in subarctic black spruce, Quebec. Canad. J. For. Res. 21: 1828-1832.
32. Dittmar C, Fricke W & Elling W. 2006. Impact of late frost events on radial growth of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Southern Germany. Europ. J. For. Res. 125: 249-259.
33. Donaldson LA, Grace J & Downes GM. 2004. Within-tree variation in anatomical properties of compression wood in radiata pine. IAWA J. 25: 253-271.
34. Donges JF, Schleussner CF, Siegmund JF & Donner RV. 2015. Coincidence analysis for quantifying statistical interrelationships between event time series-On the role of flood events as possible drivers of epidemic outbreaks. Physics and Society: arXiv:1508.03534.
35. Dy G & Payette S. 2007. Frost hollows of the boreal forest as extreme environments for black spruce tree growth. Canad. J. For. Res. 37: 492-504.
36. Esper J, Büntgen U, Luterbacher J & Krusic PJ. 2013. Testing the hypothesis of post-volcanic missing rings in temperature sensitive dendrochronological data. Dendrochronologica 31: 216-222.
37. Evert RF. 2006. Esau's Plant Anatomy. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ. 601 pp.
38. Fang CH, Clair B, Gril J & Liu SQ. 2008. Growth stresses are highly controlled by the amount of G-layer in poplar tension wood. IAWA J. 29: 237-246.
39. Filion L, Payette S, Gauthier L & Boutin Y. 1986. Light rings in subarctic conifers as a dendrochronological tool. Quaternary Research 26: 272-279.
40. Fisher JB & Stevenson JW. 1981. Occurrence of reaction wood in branches of dicotyledons and its role in tree architecture. Bot. Gaz. 1: 82-95.
41. Fletcher JM. 1975. Relation of abnormal earlywood in oaks to dendrochronology and climatology. Nature 254: 506-507.
42. Fonti P, von Arx G, García-González I, Eilmann B, Sass-Klaassen U, Gärtner H & Eckstein D. 2010. Studying global change through investigation of the plastic responses of xylem anatomy in tree rings. New Phytologist 185: 42-53.
43. Friedrich M, Kromer B, Spurk M, Hofmann J & Kaiser KF. 1999. Paleo-environment and radiocarbon calibration as derived from Lateglacial/Early Holocene tree-ring chronologies. Quaternary International 61: 27-39.
44. Fritts HC. 1976. Tree rings and climate. Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco. 576 pp.
45. Galvin S, Potito A & Hickey K. 2014. Evaluating the dendroclimatological potential of Taxus baccata (yew) in southwest Ireland. Dendrochronologia 32: 144-152.
46. García-González I & Eckstein D. 2003. Climatic signal of earlywood vessels of oak on a maritime site. Tree Physiology 23: 497-504.
47. García-González I, Souto-Herrero M & Campelo F. 2016. Ring porosity and earlywood vessels: a review on extracting environmental information through time. IAWA J. 37: 295-314.
48. Gardiner B, Barnett J, Saranpää P & Gril J. (eds.) 2014. The biology of reaction wood. Springer Series in Wood Sciences, Heidelberg. 274 pp.
49. Gärtner H & Heinrich I. 2009. The formation of traumatic rows of resin ducts in Larix decidua and Picea abies (Pinaceae) as a result of wounding experiments in the dormant season. IAWA J. 30: 199-215.
50. Gärtner H & Heinrich I. 2013. Dendrogeomorphology. In: Elias SA (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciencs 2: 91-103. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
51. Gärtner H, Lucchinetti S & Schweingruber FH. 2014. New perspectives for wood anatomical analysis in dendrosciences: the GSL1-microtome. Dendrochronologia 32: 47-51.
52. Gindl W. 1999. Climatic significance of light rings in timberline spruce, Picea abies, Austrian alps. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 31: 242-246.
53. Gindl W & Grabner M. 2000. Characteristics of spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] latewood formed under abnormally low temperatures. Holzforschung 54: 9-11.
54. Gindl W, Grabner M & Wimmer R. 2000. The influence of temperature on latewood lignin content in treeline Norway spruce compared with maximum density and ring width. Trees 14: 409-414.
55. Girardin MP, Tardif JC, Epp B & Conciatori F. 2009. Frequency of cool summers in interior North America over the past three centuries. Geophysical Research Letters 36, L07705; DOI: 10.1029/2009GL037242.
56. Glawenda M & Koprowski M. 2012. Dendrochronological analysis of radial growth of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Sarg.) from Western Pomerania (Dobrzany Forest District). Sylwan 156: 287-293.
57. Glerum C & Farrar JL. 1966. Frost ring formation in the stems of some coniferous species. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 879-886.
58. Glock WS. 1951. Cambial frost injuries and multiple growth layers at Lubbock, Texas. Ecology 32: 28-36.
59. Grabner M, Cherubini P, Rozenberg P & Hannrup B. 2006. Summer drought and low earlywood density induce intra-annual radial cracks in conifers. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 21: 151-157.
60. Grabner M, Gierlinger N & Wimmer R. 2001. Mechanism leading to intra-ring radial cracks in young spruce trees. In: Kaennel Dobbertin M & Bräker OU (eds.), Tree rings and people: 204-205. International Conference on the Future of Dendrochronology, Davos, 22-26 September 2001. Abstracts. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf.
61. Gurskaya MA. 2014. Temperature conditions of the formation of frost damages in conifer trees in the high latitudes of western Siberia. Biology Bull. 41: 187-196.
62. Hantemirov RM, Gorlanova LA & Shiyatov SG. 2004. Extreme temperature events in summer in northwest Siberia since AD 742 inferred from tree rings. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 209: 155-164.
63. Hartig R. 1896. Innere Frostspalten. Forst. Naturw. Z. 5: 483-488.
64. Heinrich I, Gärtner H & Monbaron M. 2007. Tension wood formed in Fagus sylvatica and Alnus glutinosa after simulated mass movement events. IAWA J. 28: 39-48.
65. Helinska-Raczkowska I. 1994. Variation of vessel lumen diameter in radial direction as an indication of the juvenile wood growth in oak (Quercus petraea Liebl). Ann. For. Sci. 51: 283-290.
66. Hetzer T, Bräuning A & Leuschner H-H. 2014. High-resolution climatic analysis of wood anatomical features in Corsican pine from Corsica (France) using latewood tracheid profiles. Trees 28: 1279-1288.
67. Hogg EH, Hart M & Lieffers VJ. 2002. White tree rings formed in trembling aspen saplings following experimental defoliation. Canad. J. For. Res. 32: 1929-1934.
68. Jaccard P. 1938. Exzentrisches Dickenwachstum und anatomisch-histologische Differenzierung des Holzes. Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 48: 491-537.
69. Khishigjargal M, Dulamsuren C, Leuschner HH, Leuschner C & Hauck M. 2014. Climate effects on inter-and intra-annual larch stemwood anomalies in the Mongolian forest-steppe. Acta Oecol. 55: 113-121.
70. Knuchel H. 1947. Holzfehler. Werner Classen, Zürich.
71. Koprowski M & Duncker P. 2012. Tree ring width and wood density as the indicators of climatic factors and insect outbreaks affecting spruce growth. Ecological Indicators 23: 332-337.
72. Krause C, Gionest F, Morin H & MacLean D. 2003. Temporal relations between defoliation caused by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) and growth of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). Dendrochronologia 21: 23-31.
73. Krepkowski J, Bräuning A & Gebrekirstos A. 2012. Growth dynamics and potential for crossdating and multi-century climate reconstruction of Podocarpus falcatus in Ethiopia. Dendrochronologia 30: 257-265.
74. Kübler H. 1983. Mechanism of frost crack formation in trees. A review and synthesis. Forest Sciences 29: 559-568.
75. Lakatos F & Mirtchev S. 2014. Handbook of the major forest pests in Southeast Europe. FAO, ISBN 978-92-5-108580-6.
76. LaMarche VC. 1970. Frost-damage rings in subalpine conifers and their application to tree-ring dating problems. In: Smith JHG & Worral J (eds.), Tree-ring analysis with special reference to Northwest America. Fac. Forest Bull. 7: 99-100. University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
77. LaMarcheVC & Hirschboeck K. 1984. Frost rings in trees as records of major volcanic eruptions. Nature 307: 121-126.
78. Land A. 2014. Holzanatomische Veränderungen als Reaktion auf extreme Umweltereignisse in rezenten und subfossilen Eichen und deren Verifizierung im Experiment. PhD Thesis, Universität Hohenheim. 332 pp. http://opus.uni-hohenheim.de/volltexte/2014/1029/
79. Land A, Schönbein J & Friedrich M. 2015. Extreme climate events identified by wood-anatomical features from the river Main valley (Germany) - a case study for 3000 to 2000 BC. In: Meller H, Arz HW, Jung R & Risch R (eds.), 2200 BC-A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte 13: 595-602.
80. Leuschner HH & Schweingruber FH. 1996. Dendroökologische Klassifizierung und Auswertung häufig auftretender intraannueller holzanatomischer Merkmale bei Eichen und Kiefern. Dendrochronologia 14: 275-285.
81. Liang C, Filion L & Cournoyer L. 1997. Wood structure of biotically and climatically induced light rings in eastern larch (Larix laricina). Canad. J. For. Res. 27: 1538-1547.
82. Liang E & Eckstein D. 2006. Light rings in Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) in semiarid areas of north China and their palaeo-climatological potential. New Phytologist 171: 783-791.
83. Lorimer CG, Dahir SE & Singer MT. 1999. Frequency of partial and missing rings in Acer saccharum in relation to canopy position and growth rate. Plant Ecology 143: 189-202.
84. Lowe J. 1897. The Yew trees of Great Britain and Ireland. Macmillan, London.
85. Mann ME, Fuentes JD & Rutherford S. 2012. Underestimation of volcanic cooling in tree-ring based reconstruction of hemispheric temperatures. Nature Geoscience 5: 202-205.
86. Martin D, Tholl D, Gershenzon J & Bohlmann J. 2002. Methyl jasmonate induces traumatic resin ducts, terpenoids resin biosynthesis, and terpenoids accumulation in developing xylem of Norway spruce stems. Plant Physiology 129: 1003-1018.
87. Mayr S, Wieser G & Bauer H. 2006. Xylem temperatures during winter in conifers at the altime timberline. Agr. Forest Meteorology 137: 81-88.
88. McDougall KL, Brookhouse MT & Broome LS. 2012. Dendroclimatological investigation of mainland Australia's only alpine conifer, Podocarpus lawrencei Hook.f. Dendrochronologia 30: 1-9.
89. McDowell N, Pockman WT, Allen CD, Breshears DD, Cobb N, Kolb T, Plaut J, Sperry J, West A, Williams DG & Yepez EA. 2008. Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytol. 178: 719-739.
90. Morita MT & Tasaka M. 2004. Gravity sensing and signaling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7: 712-718.
91. Nagy NE, Franceschi VR, Solheim H, Krokene P & Christiansen E. 2000. Wound-induced traumatic resin duct development in stems of Norway spruce (Pinaceae): Anatomy and cytochemical traits. Amer. J. Bot. 87: 302-313.
92. Nördlinger H. 1878. Trockenrisse (falsche Frostrisse) an der Fichte. Auch ein Grund der Rothfäule. Cbl. Ges. Forstw. 4: 281-284.
93. Novak K, De Luis M, Cufar K & Raventós J. 2011. Frequency and variability of missing tree rings along the stems of Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea from a semiarid site in SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments 75: 494-498.
94. Novak K, De Luis M, Gricar J, Prislan P, Merela M, Smith KT & Cufar K. 2016. Missing and dark rings associated with drought in Pinus halepensis. IAWA J. 37: 260-274.
95. Olano JM, Arzac A, García-Cervigón A, von Arx G & Rozas V. 2013. New star on the stage: amount of ray parenchyma in tree rings shows a link to climate. New Phytol. 198: 486-495.
96. Ossenbruggen PJ, Peters MA & Shigo AL. 1986. Potential failure of a decayed tree under wind loading. Wood Fiber Science 18: 168-186.
97. Panayotov M. 2007. Influence of ecological factors on the growth of the tree species from Pinaceae family at the Bulgarian treeline. University of Forestry, Sofia.
98. Panayotov M & Yurukov S. 2007. Tree ring chronology from Pinus peuce in Pirin Mts and the possibilities to use it for climate analysis. Phytologia Balcanica 13: 313-320.
99. Panayotov M, Zafirov N & Cherubini P. 2013. Fingerprints of extreme climate events in Pinus sylvestris tree rings from Bulgaria. Trees 27: 211-227.
100. Paredes-Villanueva K, Sanchez-Salguero R, Manzanedo RD, Sopepi RQ, Palacios G & Navarro-Cerrillo RM. 2013. Growth rate and climatic response of Machaerium scleroxylon in a dry tropical forest in southeastern Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Tree-Ring Research 69: 63-79.
101. Pellizzari E, Pivodori M & Carrer M. 2014. Winter precipitation effect in mid-latitude temperaturelimited environment: the case of common juniper at high elevation in the Alps. Environmen-tal Research Letters 9: 104021. Pdf reprint.
102. Peters MA, Ossenbruggen PA & Shigo AL. 1985. Cracking and failure behavior models of defective balsam fir trees. Holzforschung 39: 125-135.
103. Piermattei A, Crivellaro A, Carrer M & Urbinati C. 2015. The "blue ring": anatomy and formation hypothesis of a new tree-ring anomaly in conifers. Trees 29: 613-620.
104. Pohl KA, Hadley KS & Arabas KB. 2006. Decoupling tree-ring signatures of climate variation, fire, and insect outbreaks in Central Oregon. Tree-Ring Research 62: 37-50.
105. Pourtahmasi K, Lotfiomran N, Bräuning A & Parsapajouh D. 2011. Variations of tree growth and vessel characteristics of Fagus orientalis along an altitudinal gradient in the Caspian Forests, northern Iran. IAWA J. 32: 461-473.
106. Priya PB & Bhat KM. 1998. False ring formation in teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) and the influence of environmental factors. Forest Ecology and Management 108: 215-222.
107. Raven PH, Evert RF & Eichhorn SE. 1999. Biology of plants. Ed.6 Freeman & Co./Worth Publishers, New York, NY, USA.
108. Richter HG, Grosser D, Heinz I & Gasson PE. 2004. IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. IAWA J. 25: 1-70.
109. Robson JRM, Conciatori F, Tardif JC & Knowles K. 2015. Tree-ring response of Jack pine and Scots pine to budworm defoliation in Central Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 347: 83-95.
110. Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Anfodillo T & Carraro V. 2008. Evidence of threshold temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers at high altitudes. Oecologia 152: 1-12.
111. Rozas V, Pérez-de-Lis G, García-González I & Arévalo JR. 2011. Constrasting effects of wildfire and climate on radial growth of Pinus canariensis on windward and leeward slopes on Tenerife, Canary Islands. Trees 25: 895-905.
112. Schneider L & Gärtner H. 2013. The advantage of using a starch based non-Newtonian fluid to prepare micro sections. Dendrochronologia 31: 175-178.
113. Scholz A, Klepsch M, Karimi Z & Jansen S. 2013. How to quantify conduits in wood? Frontiers in Plant Science 4. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00056.
114. Schweingruber FH. 1996. Tree rings and environment: dendroecology. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Paul Haupt Publishers, Berne, Stuttgart, Vienna. 609 pp.
115. Schweingruber FH. 2007. Wood structure and environment. Springer Science & Business Media, Heidelberg. 279 pp.
116. Schweingruber FH, Eckstein D, Serre-Bachet F & Bräker OU. 1990. Identification, presentation and interpretation of event years and pointer years in dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 8: 9-38.
117. Scurfield G. 1973. Reaction wood: its structure and function. Science 179 (4074): 647-655.
118. Sheue CR, Chang HC, Yang YP, Liu HY, Chesson P & Hsu FH. 2014. A new classification of marginal resin ducts improves understanding of Hard pine (Pinaceae) diversity in Taiwan. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 209: 414-425.
119. Sinnott EW. 1952. Reaction wood and the regulation of tree form. Amer. J. Bot. 39: 69-78.
120. Sorauer P. 1922. Manual of plant diseases. I. Non-parasitic diseases. Ed.3 Transl. from German by F. Dorrance. Record Press, Wilkes-Barre, Penna.
121. Sousa VB, Cardoso S, Quilho T & Pereira H. 2012. Growth rate and ring width variability of teak, Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae) in an unmanaged forest in East Timor. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60: 483-494.
122. St.George S, Ault TR & Torbenson MCA. 2013. The rarity of absent growth rings in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Southwest. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40: 3727-3731.
123. St.George S, Nielsen E, Conciatori F & Tardif J. 2002. Trends in Quercus macrocarpa vessel areas and their implications for tree-ring paleoflood studies. Tree-Ring Bull. 58: 3-10.
124. Stahle D. 1990. The tree-ring record of false spring in the southcentral USA. Dissertation, Arizona State University.
125. Sutton A & Tardif JC. 2005. Distribution and anatomical characteristics of white rings in Populus tremuloides. IAWA J. 26: 221-238.
126. Swetnam TW & Lynch AN. 1989. A tree-ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm history in the southern Rocky Mountains, For. Sci. 35: 962-986.
127. Szeicz JM. 1996. White spruce light rings in northwestern Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research 28: 184-189.
128. Tardif JC, Girardin MP & Conciatori F. 2011. Light rings as bioindicators of climate change in Interior North America. Global and Planetary Change 79: 134-144.
129. Tarelkin Y, Delvaux C, De Ridder M, De Cannière C & Beeckman H. 2016. Tree-ring distinctness based on IAWA's definition: variability and consequences for trait analysis. IAWA J. 37: 275-294.
130. Tasaka M, Kato T & Fukaki H. 1999. The endodermis and shoot gravitropism. Trends in Plant Science 4: 103-107.
131. Timell TE. 1986. Compression wood in gymnosperms (3 vols.). Springer, Berlin. 2210 pp.
132. von Arx G & Carrer M. 2014. ROXAS-A new tool to build centuries-long tracheid-lumen chronologies in conifers. Dendrochronologia 32: 290-293.
133. von Arx G, C. Kueffer & P. Fonti. 2013. Quantifying plasticity in vessel grouping-added value from the image analysis tool ROXAS. IAWA J. 34: 433-445.
134. Waito J, Conciatori F & Tardif JC. 2013. Frost rings and white earlywood rings in Picea mariana trees from the boreal plains, Central Canada. IAWA J. 34: 71-87.
135. Wang L, Payette S & Bégin Y. 2000. A quantitative definition of light rings in black spruce (Picea mariana) at the Arctic treeline in northern Quebec, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 32: 324-330.
136. Wang L, Payette S & Bégin Y. 2002. Relationships between anatomical and densitometric characteristics of black spruce and summer temperature at tree line in northern Quebec. Canad. J. For. Res. 32: 477-486.
137. Wardrop AB. 1965. The formation and function of reaction wood. In: Côté WA (ed.), Cellular ultrastructure of woody plants: 373-390). Syracuse University Press, New York.
138. Wardrop AB & Dadswell HE. 1955. The nature of reaction wood. IV. Variations in cell wall organization of tension wood fibres. Austral. J. Bot. 3: 177-189.
139. Weber UM. 1997. Dendroecological reconstruction of larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana) outbreaks in two central alpine valleys of Switzerland from 1470-1990. Trees 11: 277-290.
140. Werf GW van der, Sass-Klaassen U & Mohren GMJ. 2007. The impact of the 2003 summer drought on the intra-annual growth pattern of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) on a dry site in the Netherlands. Dendrochronologia 25: 103-112.
141. Westing AH. 1965. Formation and function of compression wood in gymnosperms. The Botanical Review 31: 381-480.
142. Wiedenhoeft AC & Miller RB. 2002. Brief comments on the nomenclature of softwood axial resin canals and their associated cells. IAWA J. 23: 299-303.
143. Wilmking M, Hallinger M, Van Bogaert R, Kyncl T, Babst F, Hahne W, Juday GP, De Luis M, Novak K & Völlm C. 2012. Continuously missing outer rings in woody plants at their distributional margins. Dendrochronologia 30: 213-222.
144. Wils THG, Sass-Klaassen U, Eshetu Z, Bräuning A, Gebrekirstos A, Couralet C, Robertson I, Touchan R, Koprowski M, Conway D, Briffa KR & Beeckman H. 2011. Dendrochronology in the dry tropics: the Ethiopian case. Trees 25: 345-354.
145. Wilson BF & Archer RR. 1977. Reaction wood: induction and mechanical action. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 28: 23-43.
146. Wimmer R. 2002. Wood anatomical features in tree-rings as indicators of environmental change. Dendrochronologia. 20: 21-36.
147. Wistuba M, Malik I, Gärtner H, Kojs P & Owczarek P. 2013. Application of eccentric growth of trees as a tool for landslide analyses: the example of Picea abies Karst. in the Carpathian and Sudeten Mountains (Central Europe). Catena 111: 41-55.
148. Worbes M. 2002. One hundred years of tree-ring research in the tropics - a brief history and an outlook to future challenges. Dendrochronologia 20: 217-231.
149. Yamaguchi DK, Filion L & Savage M. 1993. Relationship of temperature and light ring formation at subarctic treeline and implications for climate reconstruction. Quaternary Research 39: 256-262.
150. Yamamoto F. 1992. Effects of depth of flooding on growth and anatomy of stems and knee roots of Taxodium distichum. IAWA Bull. n.s. 13: 93-104.