Clinical relevance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease

Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 213-222

  Wiersinga, Wilmar M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Autoimmune thyroid disease; Environment; Estrogens; Infection; Selenium; Smoking; Stress; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ESTROGEN; IODINE; SELENIUM; THYROID PEROXIDASE; THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; THYROTROPIN; VITAMIN D;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GRAVES DISEASE; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PUERPERIUM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; STRESS; SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; THYROID EVENTS AMSTERDAM SCORE; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 84976604488     PISSN: 2093596X     EISSN: 20935978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.213     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Weetman AP. The immunopathogenesis of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis one century after hashimoto. Eur Thyroid J 2013;1:243-50.
2. Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Christensen K, Hegedus L. Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population- based study of two Danish twin cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:930-4.
3. Hansen PS, Brix TH, Iachine I, Kyvik KO, Hegedus L. The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: a study of healthy Danish twins. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:29-38.
4. Brix TH, Hegedus L. Twin studies as a model for exploring the aetiology of autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;76:457-64.
5. Lee HJ, Li CW, Hammerstad SS, Stefan M, Tomer Y. Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2015;64:82-90.
6. Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF, Tomer Y. Sibling recurrence risk in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 2003;13:761-4.
7. Strieder TG, Tijssen JG, Wenzel BE, Endert E, Wiersinga WM. Prediction of progression to overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in female relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease using the Thyroid Events Amsterdam (THEA) score. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1657-63.
8. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, Appleton D, Bates D, Clark F, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;43:55-68.
9. Flynn RW, MacDonald TM, Morris AD, Jung RT, Leese GP. The thyroid epidemiology, audit, and research study: thyroid dysfunction in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3879-84.
10. Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, Carle A, Vejbjerg P, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, et al. A cautious iodization programme bringing iodine intake to a low recommended level is associated with an increase in the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75:120-6.
11. Pedersen IB, Laurberg P, Knudsen N, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Ovesen L, et al. An increased incidence of overt hypothyroidism after iodine fortification of salt in Denmark: a prospective population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3122-7.
12. Aghini Lombardi F, Fiore E, Tonacchera M, Antonangeli L, Rago T, Frigeri M, et al. The effect of voluntary iodine prophylaxis in a small rural community: the Pescopagano survey 15 years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:1031-9.
13. Wiersinga WM. Smoking and thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;79:145-51.
14. Strieder TG, Prummel MF, Tijssen JG, Endert E, Wiersinga WM. Risk factors for and prevalence of thyroid disorders in a cross-sectional study among healthy female relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:396-401.
15. Belin RM, Astor BC, Powe NR, Ladenson PW. Smoke exposure is associated with a lower prevalence of serum thyroid autoantibodies and thyrotropin concentration elevation and a higher prevalence of mild thyrotropin concentration suppression in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:6077-86.
16. Asvold BO, Bjoro T, Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ. Tobacco smoking and thyroid function: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1428-32.
17. Effraimidis G, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM. Discontinuationof smoking increases the risk for developing thyroid peroxidase antibodies and/or thyroglobulin antibodies: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1324-8.
18. Carle A, Bulow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Banke Rasmussen L, et al. Smoking cessation is followed by a sharp but transient rise in the incidence of overt autoimmune hypothyroidism: a population-based, casecontrol study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;77:764-72.
19. Effraimidis G, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease: a prospective study. Eur Thyroid J 2012;1:99-104.
20. Carle A, Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Rasmussen LB, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption may protect against overt autoimmune hypothyroidism: a population- based case-control study. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167: 483-90.
21. Carle A, Bulow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Rasmussen LB, et al. Graves' hyperthyroidism and moderate alcohol consumption: evidence for disease prevention. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;79:111-9.
22. Effraimidis G, Strieder TG, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM. Natural history of the transition from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism: a prospective study. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:107-13.
23. Gartner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, Krebs B, Angstwurm MW. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1687-91.
24. Duntas LH, Mantzou E, Koutras DA. Effects of a six month treatment with selenomethionine in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148:389-93.
25. Turker O, Kumanlioglu K, Karapolat I, Dogan I. Selenium treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable doses. J Endocrinol 2006;190:151-6.
26. Karanikas G, Schuetz M, Kontur S, Duan H, Kommata S, Schoen R, et al. No immunological benefit of selenium in consecutive patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroid 2008;18:7-12.
27. Nacamulli D, Mian C, Petricca D, Lazzarotto F, Barollo S, Pozza D, et al. Influence of physiological dietary selenium supplementation on the natural course of autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73:535-9.
28. Eskes SA, Endert E, Fliers E, Birnie E, Hollenbach B, Schomburg L, et al. Selenite supplementation in euthyroid subjects with thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;80:444-51.
29. Pilli T, Cantara S, Schomburg L, Cenci V, Cardinale S, Heid EC, et al. IFN?-inducible chemokines decrease upon selenomethionine supplementation in women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis: comparison between two doses of selenomethionine (80 or 160 μg) versus placebo. Eur Thyroid J 2015;4:226-33.
30. de Farias CR, Cardoso BR, de Oliveira GM, de Mello Guazzelli IC, Catarino RM, Chammas MC, et al. A randomizedcontrolled, double-blind study of the impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid autoimmunity and inflammation with focus on the GPx1 genotypes. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1065-74.
31. Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Bartalena L, Prummel M, Stahl M, et al. Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1920-31.
32. Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1263-8.
33. Mao J, Pop VJ, Bath SC, Vader HL, Redman CW, Rayman MP. Effect of low-dose selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in UK pregnant women with mild-tomoderate iodine deficiency. Eur J Nutr 2016;55:55-61.
34. Rayman MP. Selenium and human health. Lancet 2012; 379:1256-68.
35. Wu Q, Rayman MP, Lv H, Schomburg L, Cui B, Gao C, et al. Low population selenium status is associated with increased prevalence of thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:4037-47.
36. Van Belle TL, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D in autoimmune, infectious and allergic diseases: a vital player? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:617-32.
37. Wang J, Lv S, Chen G, Gao C, He J, Zhong H, et al. Metaanalysis of the association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease. Nutrients 2015;7:2485-98.
38. Choi YM, Kim WG, Kim TY, Bae SJ, Kim HK, Jang EK, et al. Low levels of serum vitamin D3 are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in pre-menopausal women. Thyroid 2014;24:655-61.
39. Effraimidis G, Badenhoop K, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM. Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167:43-8.
40. Feng M, Li H, Chen SF, Li WF, Zhang FB. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and risk of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a meta-analysis. Endocrine 2013;43:318-26.
41. Tomer Y, Davies TF. Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity. Endocr Rev 1993;14:107-20.
42. Wang Z, Zhang Q, Lu J, Jiang F, Zhang H, Gao L, et al. Identification of outer membrane porin f protein of Yersinia enterocolitica recognized by antithyrotopin receptor antibodies in Graves' disease and determination of its epitope using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4012-20.
43. Effraimidis G, Tijssen JG, Strieder TG, Wiersinga WM. No causal relationship between Yersinia enterocolitica infection and autoimmune thyroid disease: evidence from a prospective study. Clin Exp Immunol 2011;165:38-43.
44. Brix TH, Hansen PS, Hegedus L, Wenzel BE. Too early to dismiss Yersinia enterocolitica infection in the aetiology of Graves' disease: evidence from a twin case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;69:491-6.
45. Strieder TG, Wenzel BE, Prummel MF, Tijssen JG, Wiersinga WM. Increased prevalence of antibodies to enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica virulence proteins in relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2003;132:278-82.
46. Winsa B, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Gamstedt A, Dahlberg PA, Adamson U, et al. Stressful life events and Graves' disease. Lancet 1991;338:1475-9.
47. Sonino N, Girelli ME, Boscaro M, Fallo F, Busnardo B, Fava GA. Life events in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease: a controlled study. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993; 128:293-6.
48. Kung AW. Life events, daily stresses and coping in patients with Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;42:303-8.
49. Radosavljevic VR, Jankovic SM, Marinkovic JM. Stressful life events in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:699-701.
50. Effraimidis G, Tijssen JG, Brosschot JF, Wiersinga WM. Involvement of stress in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease: a prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012;37:1191-8.
51. Bulow Pedersen I, Laurberg P, Knudsen N, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Ovesen L, et al. Lack of association between thyroid autoantibodies and parity in a population study argues against microchimerism as a trigger of thyroid autoimmunity. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:39-45.
52. Massoudi MS, Meilahn EN, Orchard TJ, Foley TP Jr, Kuller LH, Costantino JP, et al. Prevalence of thyroid antibodies among healthy middle-aged women. Findings from the thyroid study in healthy women. Ann Epidemiol 1995; 5:229-33.
53. Frank P, Kay CR. Incidence of thyroid disease associated with oral contraceptives. Br Med J 1978 2;2:1531.
54. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Weeke J, Hoeck HC, Nielsen HK, Rungby J, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, and autoimmune hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2002;12:69-75.
55. Rotondi M, Pirali B, Lodigiani S, Bray S, Leporati P, Chytiris S, et al. The post partum period and the onset of Graves' disease: an overestimated risk factor. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159:161-5.
56. Stagnaro-Green A, Schwartz A, Gismondi R, Tinelli A, Mangieri T, Negro R. High rate of persistent hypothyroidism in a large-scale prospective study of postpartum thyroiditis in southern Italy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:652-7.
57. Effraimidis G, Wiersinga WM. Mechanisms in endocrinology: autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;170:R241-52.