Screening Tools and Methods of Identifying Perinatal Depression

Identifying Perinatal Depression and Anxiety: Evidence-Based Practice in Screening, Psychosocial Assessment, and Management

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 76-92

  Mann, Rachel ^a   Evans, Jonathan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antenatal; Case finding; Depression; Generic tools; Perinatal; Postnatal; Questionnaire; Screening; Self report; Two questions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84976439545     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118509722.ch5     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. Abiodun, O. A. (1994). A validity study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in general hospital units and a community sample in Nigeria. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 669-672.
2. Adewuya, A., Adekunle, A., & Adejare, L. (2005). Prevalence of postnatal depression in Western Nigerian women: A controlled study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9, 60-64.
3. Aguado, J., Campbell, A., Ascaso, C., Navarro, P., Garcia-Esteve, L., & Luciano, J. V. (2012). Examining the factor structure and discriminant validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among Spanish postpartum women. Assessment, 19, 517-525.
4. Altschuler, L., Cohen, L., Vitonis, A., Faraone, S., Harlow, B., Suri, R., ... Stowe, Z. (2008). The Pregnancy Depression Scale (PDS): A screening tool for depression in pregnancy. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 11, 277-285.
5. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-III) (3rd ed.). Washington, DC.
6. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) (4th ed.). Washington, DC.
7. Arroll, B., Smith, F. G., Kerse, N., Fishman, T., & Gunn, J. (2005). Effect of the addition of a "help" question to two screening questions on specificity for diagnosis of depression in general practice: Diagnostic validity study. British Medical Journal, 331, 884.
8. Baggaley, R. F., Ganaba, R., Filippi, V., Kere, M., Marshall, T., Sombié, I., ... Patel, V. (2007). Short communication: Detecting depression after pregnancy: The validity of the K10 and K6 in Burkina Faso. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12, 1225-1229.
9. Baker-Glen, E. A., Park, B., Granger, L., Symonds, P., & Mitchell, A. J. (2011). Desire for psychological support in cancer patients with depression or distress: Validation of a simple help question. Psycho-Oncology, 20, 525-531.
10. Beattie-Clarke, P. (2003). Validation of two postpartum screening scales in a sample of Saskatchewan First Nations and Metis women. (Master's thesis). University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
11. Beck, A. T., Guth, D., Steer, R. A., & Ball, R. (1997). Screening for major depression disorders in medical inpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for primary care. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 35, 785-791.
12. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
13. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A (1987). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
14. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K (1996). Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
15. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K (2000). BDI: Fast screen for medical patients manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
16. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M. M., Mock, J. J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
17. Beck, C. T, & Gable, R. K. (2000). Postpartum depression screening scale: Development and psychometric testing. Nursing Research, 49, 272-282.
18. Beck, C. T, & Gable, R. K. (2001). Further validation of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale. Nursing Research, 50, 150-164.
19. Beck, C. T, & Gable, R. K. (2005). Screening performance of the postpartum depression screening scale-Spanish version. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 16, 331-338.
20. Bergink, V., Kooistra, L., Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. P., Wijnen, H., Bunevicius, R., van Baar, A., & Pop, V. (2011). Validation of the Edinburgh Depression Scale during pregnancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70(4), 385-389.
21. Berle, J. Ø., Aarre, T. F., Mykletun, A., Dahl, A. A., & Holsten, F. (2003). Screening for postnatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 76(1), 151-156.
22. Bhatti-Ali, R., & Hussain, A. (2000). The development and evaluation of a Punjabi Postnatal Depression Scale. Report available from Bradford Community Healthcare Trust, Shipley, UK.
23. Boyd, R. C., Le, H. N., & Somberg, R. (2005). Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 8, 141-153.
24. Chaudron, L. H., Szilagyi, P. G., Tang, W., Anson, E., Talbot, N. L., Wadkins, H. I., ... Wisner, K. L. (2010). Accuracy of depression screening tools for identifying postpartum depression among Urban mothers. Pediatrics, 125, e609-e617.
25. Conradt, E., Manian, N., & Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Screening for depression in the postpartum using the Beck Depression Inventory-II: What logistic regression reveals. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 30, 427-435.
26. Coronado-Montoya, S., Kwakkenbos, L., Levis, B., & Thombs, B. (2013). Reassessing the clinical utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 for depression screening in prenatal women: A commentary on Sidebottom et al. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 16, 253-254.
27. Cox, J., & Holden, J (2003). Perinatal mental health. A guide to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). London, UK: Gaskell.
28. Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782-786.
29. Davis, K., Pearlstein, T., Stuart, S., O'Hara, M., & Zlotnick, C. (2013). Analysis of brief screening tools for the detection of postpartum depression: Comparisons of the PRAMS 6-item instrument, PHQ-9, and structured interviews. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 16, 1-7.
30. Derogatis, L. R (1992). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual-II for the (R)evised version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale service. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.
31. Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behavioural Science, 19, 1-15.
32. Downe, S. M., Butler, E., & Hinder, S. (2007). Screening tools for depressed mood after childbirth in UK-based South Asian women: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57, 565-583.
33. Edmondson, O. J., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., Netsi, E., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2010). Depression in fathers in the postnatal period: Assessment of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as a screening measure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3), 365-368.
34. Elliot, S., & Henshaw, C. (2005). Conclusions. In C. Henshaw & S. Elliot (Eds.), Screening for perinatal depression. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.
35. Fantino, B., & Moore, N. (2009). The self-reported Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale is a useful evaluative tool in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 26.
36. First, M. B., & Gibbon, M (1997). User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders SCID-I: Clinician version. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press.
37. Flynn, H. A., Sexton, M., Ratliff, S., Porter, K., & Zivin, K. (2011). Comparative performance of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in pregnant and postpartum women seeking psychiatric services. Psychiatry Research, 187, 130-134.
38. Gaynes, B. N., Gavin, N., Meltzer-Brody, S., & Lohr, K. N (2005). Perinatal depression: Prevalence, screening accuracy and screening outcomes. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
39. Gibson, J., Mckenzie-Mcharg, K., Shakespeare, J., Price, J., & Gray, R. (2009). A systematic review of studies validating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in antepartum and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119, 350-364.
40. Gjerdingen, D., Crow, S., McGovern, P., Miner, M., & Center, B. (2009). Postpartum depression screening at well-child visits: Validity of a 2-question screen and the PHQ-9. The Annals of Family Medicine, 7, 63-70.
41. Goldberg, D (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
42. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 26, 56-62.
43. Hanusa, B., Scholle, S., Haskett, R., Spadaro, K., & Wisner, K. L. (2008). Screening for depression in the postpartum period: A comparison of three instruments. Journal of Women's Health, 17, 585-596.
44. Henshaw, C., Cox, J., & Barton, J (2009). Modern management of perinatal psychiatric disorder. London, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
45. Hewitt, C. E., Gilbody, S. M., Brealey, S., Paulden, M., Palmer, S., Mann, R., ... Richards, D. (2009). Methods to identify postnatal depression in primary care: An integrated evidence synthesis and value of information analysis. Heath Technology Assessment, 13(36), 147-230.
46. Hewitt, C. E., Gilbody, S. M., Mann, R., & Brealey, S. (2010). Instruments to identify post-natal depression: Which methods have been the most extensively validated, in what setting and in which language? International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 14:72-76.
47. Hill, C (2010). An evaluation of screening for postnatal depression against NSC criteria. London, UK: National Screening Committee.
48. Holcomb, W., Stone, L., Lustman, P., Gavard, J., & Mostello, D. (1996). Screening for depression in pregnancy: Characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 88, 1021-1025.
49. Jomeen, J., & Martin, C. R. (2005). Confirmation of an occluded anxiety component within the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during early pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 23(2), 143-154. doi:10.1080/02646830500129297.
50. Kadir, A., Nordin, R., Ismail, S., Yaacob, M., & Mustapha, W. (2004). Validation of the Malay version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for postnatal women in Kelantan, Malaysia. Asia Pacific Family Medicine, 3, 9-18.
51. Kirch, W (2008). Encyclopaedia of public health. New York, NY: Springer.
52. Kitamura, T., Shima, S., Sugawara M., & Toda, M. A. (1994). Temporal variation of validity of self-rating questionnaires: Repeated use of the General Health Questionnaire and Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale among women during antenatal and postnatal periods. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 446-450.
53. Knottnerus, J., & Muris, J. (2002). Assessment of the accuracy of diagnostic tests: The cross-sectional study. In J. Knottnerus (Ed.), The evidence base of clinical diagnosis (p. 39). London, UK: BMJ Publishing Group.
54. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613.
55. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41, 1284-1292.
56. Lee, D., Yi, A., Chan, S., Tsui, M., Wong, W., & Chung, T. (2003). Postdelivery screening for postpartum depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 357-361.
57. Lee, D., Yip, A., Chiu, H., Leung, T., & Chung, T. (2001). Screening for postnatal depression: Are specific instruments mandatory? Journal of Affective Disorders, 63, 233-238.
58. Lombardo, P., Vaucher, P., Haftgoli, N., Burnand, B., Favrat, B., Verdon, F., ... Herzig, L. (2011). The "help" question doesn't help when screening for major depression: External validation of the three-question screening test for primary care patients managed for physical complaints. BMC Medicine, 9, 114.
59. Manian, N., Schmidt, E., Bornstein, M. H., & Martinez, P. (2013). Factor structure and clinical utility of BDI-II factor scores in postpartum women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149, 259-268.
60. Mann, R., Adamson, J., & Gilbody, S. M. (2012). Diagnostic accuracy of case-finding questions to identify perinatal depression. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184, E424-E430.
61. Mann, R., & Gilbody, S. M. (2011). Validity of two case finding questions to detect postnatal depression: A review of diagnostic test accuracy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 388-397.
62. Matthey, S. (2008). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to screen for anxiety disorders. Depression & Anxiety, 25(11), 926-931.
63. Matthey, S. (2009). Are we overpathologising motherhood? Journal of Affective Disorders, 120(1-3), 263-266.
64. Matthey, S., Fisher, J., & Rowe, H. (2012). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to screen for anxiety disorders: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(2), 224-230. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.009.
65. Milgrom, J., Ericksen, J., Negri, L., & Gemmill, A. W. (2005). Screening for postnatal depression in routine primary care: Properties of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in an Australian sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 833-839
66. Milgrom, J., Mendelsohn, J., & Gemmill, A. W. (2011). Does postnatal depression screening work? Throwing out the bathwater, keeping the baby. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132(3), 301-310.
67. Mitchell, A., & Coyne, J. (2007). Do ultra-short screening instruments accurately detect depression in primary care? A pooled analysis and meta-analysis of 22 studies. British Journal of General Practice, 57, 144-151.
68. Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 382-389.
69. Myers, E. R., Aubuchon-Endsley, N., Bastian, L. A., Gierisch, J. M., Kemper, A. R., Swamy, G. K., ... Sanders, G. D (2013). Efficacy and safety of screening for postpartum depression. comparative effectiveness review 106. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
70. National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence [NICE] (2007). Ante-natal and post-natal mental health. The NICE guideline on clinical management and service guidance. London, UK: The British Psychological Society & The Royal College of Psychiatrists.
71. Navarro, P., Ascaso, C., Garcia-Esteve, L., Aguado, J., Torres, A., & Martin-Santos, R. (2007). Postnatal psychiatric morbidity: A validation study of the GHQ-12 and the EPDS as screening tools. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29, 1-7.
72. O'Hara, M., Stuart, S., Watson, D., Dietz, P., Farr, S., & D'Angelo, D. (2012). Brief scales to detect postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Women's Health, 21, 1237-1243.
73. Parkerson, G. R., Broadhead, W. E., & Tse, C. K. (1996). Anxiety and depressive symptom identification using the Duke Health Profile. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49, 85-93.
74. Pitt, B. (1968). "Atypical" depression following childbirth. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 1325-1335.
75. Popoff, L. M. (1969). A simple method for diagnosis of depression by the family physician. Clinical Medicine, 76, 24-27.
76. Prady, S., Miles, J., Pickett, K., Fairley, L., Bloor, K., Gilbody, S., ... Wright, J. (2013). The psychometric properties of the subscales of the GHQ-28 in a multi-ethnic maternal sample: Results from the Born in Bradford cohort. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 55.
77. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
78. Raskin, A., Schulterbrandt, J., Reatig, N., & McKeon, J. J. (1969). Replication of factors of psychopathology in interview, ward behavior and self-report ratings of hospitalized depressives. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 148, 87-98.
79. Raynor, P., & the Born in Bradford Collaborative Group. (2008). Born in Bradford, a cohort study of babies born in Bradford, and their parents: Protocol for the recruitment phase. BMC Public Health, 8, 327.
80. Robins, L., Helzer, J., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K. (1981). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule, its history, characteristics and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381-389.
81. Rush, A. J., Giles, D. E., & Schlesser, M. A. (1986). The inventory for depressive symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings. Psychiatry Research, 18, 65-87.
82. Shakespeare, J., Blake, F., & Garcia, J. (2003). A qualitative study of the acceptability of routine screening of postnatal women using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of General Practice, 53, 614-619.
83. Sidebottom, A., Harrison, P., Godecker, A., & Kim, H. (2012). Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 for prenatal depression screening. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 15, 367-374.
84. Spies, G., Stein, D. J., Roos, A., Faure, S. C., Mostertr, J., Seedat, S., & Vythilingum, B. (2009). Validity of the Kessler 10 (K-10) in detecting DSM-IV defined mood and anxiety disorders among pregnant women. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 12, 69-74.
85. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Kroenke, K., Linzer, M., Degruy, F. V. I., Hahn, S. R., ... Johnson, J. G. (1994). Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: The PRIME-MD 1000 study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1749-1756.
86. Stein, G., & Van Den Akker, O. (1992). The retrospective diagnosis of postnatal depression by questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 67-75.
87. Su, K.-P., Chiu, T.-H., Huang, C.-L., Ho, M., Lee, C.-C., Wu, P.-L., ... Pariante, C. M. (2007). Different cutoff points for different trimesters? The use of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Beck Depression Inventory to screen for depression in pregnant Taiwanese women. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29, 436-441.
88. Teng, H.-W., Hsu, C.-S., Shih, S.-M., Lu, M.-L., Pan, J.-J., & Shen, W. W. (2005). Screening postpartum depression with the Taiwanese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 261-265.
89. Tsai, A. C., Scott, J. A., Hung, K. J., Zhu, J. Q., Matthews, L. T., Psaros, C., & Tomlinson, M. (2013). Reliability and validity of instruments for assessing perinatal depression in African settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 8(12), e82521.
90. Tuohy, A., McVey, C., Tuohy, A., & McVey, C. (2008). Subscales measuring symptoms of non-specific depression, anhedonia, and anxiety in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(Pt 2), 153-169.
91. Weobong, B., Akpalu, B., Doku, V., Owusu-Agyei, S., Hurt, L., Kirkwood, B., & Prince, M. (2009). The comparative validity of screening scales for postnatal common mental disorder in Kintampo, Ghana. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113, 109-117.
92. Whiffen, V. (1988). Screening for postpartum depression: A methodological note. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 367-371.
93. Whooley, M., Avins, A., Miranda, J., & Browner, W. (1997). Case-finding instruments for depression: Two questions are as good as many. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12, 439-445.
94. World Health Organisation (2005). ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Tenth revision (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
95. Yawn, B. P., Pace, W., Wollan, P. C., Bertram, S., Kurland, M., Graham, D., & Dietrich, A. (2009). Concordance of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess increased risk of depression among postpartum women. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 22, 483-491.
96. Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361-370.
97. Zung, W. K., Richards, C., & Short, M. J. (1965). Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic: Further validation of the SDS. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 508-515.