A review of polymer electrolytes: fundamental, approaches and applications

Ionics

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 1259-1279

  Ngai, Koh Sing ^a   Ramesh, S ^a   Ramesh, K ^a   Juan, Joon Ching ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Application; Capacitor; Fundamental; Ionic conductivity; Polymer electrolytes; Polymer hosts

Indexed keywords

APPLICATIONS; CAPACITORS; DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS; ELECTROLYTES; FUEL CELLS; IONIC CONDUCTIVITY; POLYMERS; SOLID ELECTROLYTES;

COMPOSITE POLYMER ELECTROLYTES; ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITOR; FUNDAMENTAL; GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES; POLYMER ELECTROLYTE; SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTES; TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT; TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS;

POLYELECTROLYTES;

EID: 84975509443     PISSN: 09477047     EISSN: 18620760     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-016-1756-4     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Ramesh S, Liew CW (2010) Investigation on the effects of addition of SiO2 nanoparticles on ionic conductivity, FTIR, and thermal properties of nanocomposite PMMA-LiCF3SO3-SiO2. Ionics 16:255–262
2. Fenton DE, Parker JM, Wright PV (1973) Complexes of alkali metal ions with poly(ethylene oxide). Polymer 14:589–589
3. Shriver DF, Bruce PG (1995) In: Bruce PG (ed) Solid state electrochemistry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 95
4. Ramesh S, Lu SC (2012) Enhancement of ionic conductivity and structural properties by BMIMTf ionic liquid in P(VdF-HFP)-based polymer electrolytes. J Appl Polym Sci 126:484–492
5. Bruce PG (1995) Solid state electrochemistry. Cambridge University Press
6. Kim JH, Kang MS, Kim YJ, Won J, Park NG, Kang YS (2004) Dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells based on composite polymer electrolytes containing fumed silica nanoparticles. Chem Commun 14:1662–1663
7. MacCallum JR, Vincent CA (1987) Polymer electrolytes reviews, vol 2. Elsevier, London
8. Scrosati B (1993) Applications of electroactive polymers. Chapman Hall, London
9. Vincent CA (1987) Polymer electrolytes. Prog Solid State Chem 17:145–261
10. Ramesh S, Liew CW, Morris E, Durairaj R (2010) Effect of PVC on ionic conductivity, crystallographic structural, morphological and thermal characterizations in PMMA PVC blend-based polymer electrolytes. Thermochim Acta 511:140–146
11. Ramesh S, Uma O, Shanti R, Yi LJ, Ramesh K (2014) Preparation and characterization of poly (ethyl methacrylate) based polymer electrolytes doped with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethane-sulfonate. Measurement 48:263–273
12. Sanchez JY, Alloinand F, Lepmi CP (1998) Polymeric materials in energy storage and conversion. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 324:257–266
13. Saadun NN, Ramesh S, Ramesh K (2014) Development and characterization of poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer based polymer electrolytes. Sci World J 254215
14. Susan MABH, Kaneko T, Noda A, Watanabe M (2005) Ion gels prepared by in situ radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in an ionic liquid and their characterization as polymer electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 127:4976–4983
15. Gray FM (1991) Solid polymer electrolytes: fundamentals and technological applications. VCH Publishers, New York
16. Gray FM (1997) Polymer electrolytes, RSC materials monographs. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 1–30
17. MacCallum JR, Vincent CA (1987) Polymer electrolyte reviews. Elsevier Applied Science, London, p. 141
18. Osman Z, Arof AK (2003) FTIR studies of chitosan acetate based polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 48:993–999
19. Idris NK, Aziz NAN, Zambri MSM, Zakaria NA, Isa MIN (2009) Ionic conductivity studies of chitosan-based polymer electrolytes doped with adipic acid. Ionics 15:643–646
20. Kadir MFZ, Aspanut Z, Majid SR, Arof AK (2011) FTIR studies of plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)–chitosan blend doped with NH4NO3 polymer electrolyte membrane. Spectrochim Acta A 78:1068–1074
21. Khanmirzaei MH, Ramesh S (2013) Ionic transport and FTIR properties of lithium iodide doped biodegradable rice starch based polymer electrolytes. Int J Electrochem Sci 8:9977–9991
22. Khanmirzaei MH, Ramesh S (2014) Nanocomposite polymer electrolyte based on rice starch/ionic liquid/TiO2 nanoparticles for solar cell application. Measurement 58:68–72
23. Liew CW, Ramesh S, Ramesh K, Arof AK (2012) Preparation and characterization of lithium ion conducting ionic liquid-based biodegradable corn starch polymer electrolytes. J Solid State Electrochem 16:1869–1875
24. Liew CW, Ramesh S (2013) Studies on ionic liquid- based corn starch biopolymer electrolytes coupling with high ionic transport number. Cellulose 20:3227–3237
25. Ramesh S, Liew CW, Arof AK (2011) Ion conducting corn starch biopolymer electrolytes doped with ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro-phosphate. J Non-Cryst Solids 357:3654–3660
26. Ramesh S, Shanti R, Morris E (2012) Exerted influence of deep eutectic solvent concentration in the room temperature ionic conductivity and thermal behavior of corn starch based polymer electrolytes. J Mol Liq 166:40–43
27. Ramesh S, Shanti R, Morris E (2012) Studies on the thermal behavior of CS: LiTFSI: [Amim] Cl polymer electrolytes exerted by different [Amim] Cl content. Solid State Sci 14:182–186
28. Teoh KH, Ramesh S, Arof AK (2012) Investigation on the effect of nanosilica towards corn starch lithium perchlorate based polymer electrolytes. J Solid State Electrochem 16:3165–3170
29. Bloise AC, Tambelli CC, Franco RWA, Donoso JP, Magon CJ, Souza MF, Rosario AV, Pereira EC (2001) Nuclear magnetic resonance study of PEO-based composite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 46:1571–1579
30. Stephan AM (2006) Review on gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Eur Polym J 42:21–42
31. Liew CW, Durairaj R, Ramesh S (2014) Rheological studies of PMMA PVC based polymer blend electrolytes with LiTFSI as doping salt. PLoS One 9:0102815
32. Kam W, Liew CW, Lim JY, Ramesh S (2014) Electrical, structural, and thermal studies of antimony trioxide-doped poly(acrylic acid)-based composite polymer electrolytes. Ionics 20:665–674
33. Feuillade G, Perche P (1975) Ion-conductive macromolecular gels and membranes for solid lithium cells. J Appl Electrochem 5:63–69
34. Saikia D, Chen-Yang YW, Chen YT, Li YK, Lin SI (2008) Investigation of ionic conductivity of composite gel polymer electrolyte membranes based on P(VDF-HFP), LiClO4 and silica aerogel for lithium ion battery. Desalination 234:24–32
35. Ramesh S, Liew CW, Ramesh K (2011) Evaluation and investigation on the effect of ionic liquid onto PMMA- PVC gel polymer blend electrolytes. J Non-Cryst Solids 357:2132–2138
36. Adebahr J, Byrne N, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR, Jacobsson P (2003) Enhancement of ion dynamics in PMMA-based gels with addition of TiO2 nano-particles. Electrochim Acta 48:2099–2103
37. Nicotera I, Coppola L, Oliviero C, Castriota M, Cazzanelli E (2006) Investigation of ionic conduction and mechanical properties of PMMA–PVdF blend-based polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 177:581–588
38. Uma T, Mahalingam T, Stimming U (2005) Conductivity studies on poly(methyl methacrylate)–Li2SO4 polymer electrolyte systems. Mater Chem Phys 90:245–249
39. Kim HS, Kum KS, Cho WI, Cho BW, Rhee HW (2003) Electrochemical and physical properties of composite polymer electrolyte of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate). J Power Sources 124:221–224
40. Kim JK, Cheruvally G, Li X, Ahn JH, Ki KW, Ahn HJ (2008) Preparation and electrochemical characterization of electrospun, microporous membrane-based composite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. J Power Sources 178:815–820
41. Zhang P, Yang LC, Li LL, Ding ML, Wu YP, Holze R (2011) Enhanced electrochemical and mechanical properties of P(VDF-HFP)-based composite polymer electrolytes with SiO2 nanowires. J Membr Sci 379:80–85
42. Wright PV (1975) Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly(ethylene oxide). Br Polym J 7:319–327
43. Armand MB, Chabagno JM, Duclot, MJ (1979) In: Duclot MJ, Vashishta P, Mundy JM, Shenoy GK (eds) Fast ion transport in solids. North Holland, Amsterdam, p 131
44. Ramesh S, Liew CW (2012) Exploration on nano-composite fumed silica-based composite polymer electrolytes with doping of ionic liquid. J Non-Cryst Solids 358:931–940
45. Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2005) Nanocomposite electrolytes with fumed silica in poly(methyl methacrylate): thermal, rheological and conductivity studies. J Power Sources 140:151–156
46. Liew CW, Ramesh S, Durairaj R (2012) Impact of low viscosity ionic liquid on PMMA PVC LiTFSI polymer electrolytes based on Ac impedance, dielectric behavior and HATR FTIR characteristics. J Mater Res 27:2996–3004
47. Rajendran S, Uma T (2000) Lithium Ion conduction in PVC-LiBF4 electrolytes gelled with PMMA. J Power Sources 88:282–285
48. Ramesh S, Winie T, Arof AK (2007) Investigation of mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride polyethylene oxide (PVC PEO) based polymer electrolytes for lithium polymer cells. Eur Polym J 43:1963–1968
49. Raghavan SR, Riley MW, Fedkiw PS, Khan SA (1998) Composite polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene glycol) and hydrophobic fumed silica: dynamic rheology and microstructure. Chem Mater 10:244–251
50. Quartarone E, Mustarelli P, Magistris A (1998) PEO-based composite polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 110:1–14
51. Itoh T, Ichikawa Y, Uno T, Kubo M, Yamamoto O (2003) Composite polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide), hyperbranched polymer, BaTiO3 and LiN(CF3SO2)2. Solid State Ionics 156:393–399
52. Hu J, Luo J, Wagner P, Conrad O, Agert C (2009) Anhydrous proton conducting membranes based on electron-deficient nanoparticles/PBI-OO/PFSA composites for high-temperature PEMFC. Electrochem Commun 11:2324–2327
53. Hu J, Luo J, Wagner P, Agert C, Conrad O (2011) Thermal behaviours and single cell performance of PBI-OO/PFSA blend membranes composited with Lewis acid nanoparticles for intermediate temperature DMFC application. Fuel Cells 11:756–763
54. Walls HJ, Zhou J, Yerian JA, Fedkiw PS, Khan SA, Stowe MK, Baker GL (2000) Fumed silica-based composite polymer electrolytes: synthesis, rheology, and electrochemistry. J Power Sources 89:156–162
55. Wen Z, Itoh T, Uno T, Kubo M, Yamamoto O (2003) Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of composite polymer electrolytes based on cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide) and ceramic filler. Solid State Ionics 160:141–148
56. Ramesh S, Bing KN (2012) Conductivity, mechanical and thermal studies on PMMA based polymer electrolytes complexed with Li2B4O7 and PC. J Mater Eng Perform 21:89–94
57. Capiglia C, Mustarelli P, Quartarone E, Tomasi C, Magistris A (1999) Effects of nanoscale SiO2 on the thermal and transport properties of solvent-free, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 118:73–79
58. Luo J, Conrad O, Vankelecom IFJ (2013) Imidazolium methanesulfonate as a high temperature proton conductor. J Mater Chem A 1:2238–2247
59. Hao J, Li X, Yu S, Jiang Y, Luo J, Shao Z, Yi B (2015) Development of proton-conducting membrane based on incorporating a proton conductor 1,2,4-triazolium methanesulfonate into the Nafion membrane. J Energy Chem 24:199–206
60. Dai Y, Wang Y, Greenbaum SG, Bajue SA, Golodnitsky D, Ardel G, Strauss E, Peled E (1998) Electrical, thermal and NMR investigations of composite solid electrolyte based on PEO, LiI and high surface area inorganic oxides. Electrochim Acta 43:1557–1561
61. Golodnitsky D, Ardel G, Strauss E, Peled E, Lareah Y, Rosenberg Y (1997) Conduction mechanism in concentrated LiIpolyethylene oxide Al2O3-based solid electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 144:3484–3491
62. Katsaros G, Stergiopoulos T, Arabatzis IM, Papadokostaki KG, Falaras P (2002) A solvent-free composite polymer/inorganic oxide electrolyte for high efficiency solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol A 149:191–198
63. Capuano F, Croce F, Scrosati B (1991) Composite polymer electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 139:1918–1922
64. Choi B, Shin K (1996) Effects of SiC fillers on the electrical and mechanical properties of (PEO)16LiClO4 electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 86–88:303–306
65. Stevens JR, Wieczorek W (1996) Ionically conducting polyether composites. Can J Chem 74:2106–2113
66. Yang X, Zhang F, Zhang L, Zhang T, Huang Y, Chen Y (2013) A high-performance graphene oxide-doped ion gel as gel polymer electrolyte for all-solid-state supercapacitor applications. Adv Funct Mater 23:3353–3360
67. Song MK, Kim YT, Cho JY, Cho BW, Popov BN, Rhee HW (2004) Composite polymer electrolytes reinforced by non-woven fabrics. J Power Sources 125:10–16
68. Rajendran S, Mahendran O, Kannan R (2002) Ionic conductivity studies in composite solid polymer electrolytes based on methylmethacrylate. J Phys Chem Solids 63:303–307
69. Ramesh S, Yin TS, Liew CW (2011) Effect of dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer on high molecular weight poly (vinyl chloride) lithium tetraborate based solid polymer electrolytes. Ionics 17:705–713
70. Yang CC, Lin SJ (2002) Alkaline composite PEO–PVA–glass-fibre-mat polymer electrolyte for Zn–air battery. J Power Sources 112:497–503
71. Chen-Yang YW, Chen HC, Lin FJ, Chen CC (2002) Polyacrylonitrile electrolytes: 1. A novel high-conductivity composite polymer electrolyte based on PAN, LiClO4 and α-Al2O3. Solid State Ionics 150:327–335
72. Woo HJ, Liew CW, Majid SR, Arof AK (2014) Poly(ε-caprolactone)-based polymer electrolyte for electrical double-layer capacitors. High Perform Polym 26:637–640
73. Kadir MFZ, Majid SR, Arof AK (2010) Plasticized chitosan–PVA blend polymer electrolyte based proton battery. Electrochim Acta 55:1475–1482
74. Tambelli CC, Bloise AC, Rosário AV, Pereira EC, Magon CJ, Donoso JP (2002) Characterisation of PEO–Al2O3 composite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 47:1677–1682
75. Fauteux D, Massucco A, McLin M, van Buren M, Shi J (1995) Lithium polymer electrolyte rechargeable battery. Electrochim Acta 40:2185–2190
76. Ramesh S, LiewCW(2013) Dielectric and FTIR studies on blending of [x PMMA-(1-x)PVC] with LiTFSI.Measurement 46:1650–1656
77. Croce F, Persi L, Scrosati B, Serraino-Fiory F, Plichta E, Hendrickson MA (2001) Role of the ceramic fillers in enhancing the transport properties of composite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 46:2457–2461
78. Weston JE, Steele BCH (1983) Effects of inert fillers on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of lithium salt-poly(ethylene oxide) polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 7:75–79
79. Gopalan AI, Santhosh P, Manesh KM, Nho JH, Kim SH, Hwang CG, Lee KP (2008) Development of electrospun PVdF–PAN membrane-based polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. J Membr Sci 325:683–690
80. Jiang Z, Carroll B, Abraham KM (1997) Studies of some poly(vinylidene fluoride) electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 42:2667–2677
81. Abbrent S, Pletstil J, Hlavata D, Lindgren J, Tegenfeldt J, Wendsjo A (2001) Crystallinity and morphology of PVdF–HFP-based gel electrolytes. Polymer 42:1407–1416
82. Tsuchida E, Ohno H, Tsunemi K (1983) Conductivity of lithium ions in PVdF and its derivatives—I. Electrochim Acta 28:591–595
83. Tsunemi K, Ohno H, Tsuchida E (1983)A mechanism of ionic conduction of PVdF-lithium perchlorate hybrid films. Electrochim Acta 28:833–837
84. Choe HS, Giaccai J, Alamgir M, Abraham KM (1995) Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl sulfone) and poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 40:2289–2293
85. Kim KM, Ryu KS, Kang SG, Chang SH, Chung JJ (2001) The effect of silica addition on the properties of poly((vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene)-based polymer electrolytes. Macromol Chem Phys 202:866–872
86. Capiglia C, Saito Y, Kataoka H, Kodama T, Quartarone E, Mustarelli P (2001) Structure and transport of polymer gel electrolytes based on PVdF-HFP and LiN(C2F5SO2)2. Solid State Ionics 131:291–299
87. Saika D, Kumar A (2004) Ionic conduction in (PVdFHFP)PC + DEC-LiClO4 polymer gel electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 49:2581–2589
88. Iijima T, Toyoguchi Y, Eda N (1985) Solid organic electrolytes gelatinized with PMMA and their applications for lithium batteries. Denki Kagaku 53:619–621
89. Appetecchi GB, Croce F, Scrosati B (1995) Kinetics and stability of the lithium electrode in poly(methylmethacrylate)-based gel electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 40:991–997
90. Bohnke O, Rousselot C, Gillet PA, Truche C (1992) Gel electrolytes for solid-state electrochromic cells. J Electrochem Soc 139:1862–1865
91. Vondrak J, Sedlarikova M, Velicka J, Klapste B, Novak V, Reiter J (2001) Gel polymer electrolytes based on PMMA. Electrochim Acta 46:2047–2048
92. Rhoo HJ, Kim HT, Park JK, Hwang TS (1997) Ionic conduction in plasticized PVC/ PMMA blend polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 42:1571–1579
93. Alamgir M, Abraham K (1993) Li ion conductive electrolytes based on poly(vinyl chloride). J Electrochem Soc 140:L96–L97
94. Sukeshini M, Nishimoto A, Watanabe M (1996) Transport and electrochemical characterization of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) solid electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 86–88:385–393
95. Dasenbrock CO, Ridgway TH, Seliskar CJ, Heineman RW (1998) Evaluation of the electrochemical characteristics of a poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) polymer blend. Electrochim Acta 43:3497–3502
96. Yang JM, Wang ZW, Yang CC (2008) Modification and characterization of semiecrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) with interpenetrating poly(acrylic acid) by UV radiation method for alkaline solid polymer electrolytes membrane. J Membr Sci 322:74–80
97. Yang CC, Wu GM (2009) Study of microporous PVA/PVC composite polymer membrane and it application to MnO2 capacitors. Mater Chem Phys 114:948–955
98. Lu Y, Wang D, Li T, Zhao X, Cao Y, Yang H, Duan YY (2009) Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel coatings for improving electrode-neural tissue interface. Biomaterials 30:4143–4151
99. Qiao J, Okada T, Ono H (2009) High molecular weight PVAe modified PVA/PAMPS protone conducting membranes with increased stability and their application in DMFCs. Solid State Ionics 180:1318–1323
100. Hirankumar G, Selvasekarapandian S, Kuwata N, Kawamura J, Hattori T (2005) Thermal, electrical and optical studies on the poly(vinylalcohol) based polymer electrolytes. J Power Sources 144:262–267
101. Yang CC (2004) Chemical composition and XRD analyses for alkaline composite PVA polymer electrolyte. Mater Lett 58:33–38
102. Tsutsumi H, Matsuo A, Takase K, Doi S, Hisanaga A, Onimura K, Oishi T (2010) Conductivity enhancement of polyacrylonitrile-based electrolytes by addition of cascade nitrile compounds. J Power Sources 90:33–38
103. Tatsuma T, Taguchi M, Iwaku M, Sotomura T, Oyama N (1999) Inhibition effects of polyacrylonitrile gel electrolytes on lithium dendrite formation. J Electroanal Chem 472:142–146
104. Abraham KM, Alamgir M (1990) Li +-conductive solid polymer electrolyte with liquid-like conductivity. J Electrochem Soc 137:1657–1658
105. Huq R, Koksbang R, Tonder PE, Farrington GC (1992) Effect of plasticizers on the properties of new ambient temperature polymer electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 37:1681–1684
106. Watanabe M, Kanba M, Nagaoka K, Shinohara I (1982) Ionic conductivity of hybrid films based on polyacrylonitrile and their battery application. J Appl Polym Sci 27:4191–4198
107. Watanabe M, Kanba M, Nagaoka K, Shinohara I (1983) Ionic conductivity of hybrid films composed of polyacrylonitrile, ethylene carbonate and LiClO4. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 21:939–948
108. Croce F, Gerace F, Dautzenberg G, Passerini S, Appectecchi GB, Scrosati B (1994) Synthesis and characterization of highly conducting gel electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 39:2187–2194
109. Appettecchi GB, Croce F, Ramagnoli P, Scrosati B, Heider U, Osten R (1999) High performance of gel-type lithium electrolyte membranes. Electrochem Commun 1:83–86
110. Akashi H, Sekai K, Tanaka K (1998) A novel fire-retardant poly(acrylonitrile) based lithium batteries. Electrochim Acta 43:1193–1197
111. Amass W, Amass A, Tighe B (1998) A review of biodegradable polymers: uses, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blends of biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies. Polym Int 47:89–144
112. Coombes AGA, Rizzi SC, Williamson M, Barralet JE, Downes S, Wallace WA (2004) Precipitation casting of polycaprolactone for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Biomaterials 25:315–325
113. Muzzarelli RAA (1977) Chitin. Pergamon Press, Oxford
114. Neto CG, Dantas TN, Fonseca JL, Pereira MR (2005) Permeability studies in chitosan membranes. Effects of crosslinking and poly(ethylene oxide) addition. Carbohydr Res 340:2630–2636
115. Donoso JP, Lopes LVS, Pawlicka A, Fuentes S, Retnert PJ, Gonzalez G (2007) Nuclear magnetic resonance study of chitosan-based polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 53:1455–1460
116. Singh PK, Bhattacharya B, Nagaraled RK, Kim KW, Rhee HW (2010) Synthesis, characterization and application of biopolymer-ionic liquid composite membranes. Synth Met 160:139–142
117. Aiba S, Izume M, Minoura N, Fujiwara Y (1986) Chitosan based membranes for separation process. In: Muzzarelli RAA, Jeuniaux C, Gooday GM (eds) Chitin in nature and technology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 396–398
118. Ghaouth AE, Arul J, Ponnampalam R, Boulet M (1991) Chitosan coating effect on storability and quality of fresh strawberries. J Food Sci 56:1618–1620
119. Smitha B, Sridhar S, Khan AA (2004) Polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) as proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. Macromolecules 37:2233–2239
120. Yusuf SNF, Aziz MF, Hassam HC, Bandara TMWJ, Mellander BE, Careem MA, Arof AK (2014) Phthaloylchitosan-based gel polymer electrolytes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. J Chem 783023
121. Fadzallah IA, Majid SR, Careem MA, Arof AK (2014) Relaxation process in chitosan-oxalic acid solid polymer electrolytes. Ionics 20:969–975
122. Rajendran S, Kannan R, Mahendran O (2001) An electrochemical investigation on PMMA/PVdF blend-based polymer electrolytes. Mater Lett 49:172–179
123. Wen Z, Itoh T, Ichikawa Y, Kubo M, Yamamoto O (2000) Blend-based polymer electrolytes of poly(ethylene oxide) and hyperbranched poly[bis(triethylene glycol)benzoate] with terminal acetyl groups. Solid State Ionics 134:281–289
124. Ahmad Z, Al-Awadi NA, Al-Sagheer F (2007) Morphology, thermal stability and visco-elastic properties of polystyrene–poly(vinyl chloride) blends. Polym Degrad Stab 92:1025–1033
125. Shukur MF, Ithnin R, Illias HA, Kadir MFZ (2013) Proton conducting polymer electrolyte based on plasticized chitosan–PEO blend and application in electrochemical devices. Opt Mater 35:1834–1841
126. Raghavan P, Zhao X, Manuel J, Chauhan GS, Ahn JH, Ryub HS, Ahn HJ, Kim KW, Nah C (2010) Electrochemical performance of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)-based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes incorporating ceramic fillers and room temperature ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 55:1347–1354
127. Gozdz AS, Tarascon JM, Schmutz CN, Warren PC, Gebizlioglu OS, Shokoohi, F (1994) Ext. Abstr.-ECS fall meeting. Miami, Ž.Ž. Florida, p 117
128. Aihara Y, Kodama M, Nakahara K, Okise H, Murata K (1997) Characteristics of a thin film lithium-ion battery using plasticized solid polymer electrolyte. J Power Sources 65:143–147
129. Lee K–H, Lee Y–G, Park J–K, Seung D–Y (2000) Effect of silica on the electrochemical characteristics of the plasticized polymer electrolytes based on the P(AN-co-MMA) copolymer. Solid State Ionics 133:257–263
130. Vassal N, Salmon E, Fauvarque J–F. Electrochemical properties of an alkaline solid polymer electrolyte based on P(ECH-co-EO). Electrochim Acta 2000:45:1527–1532.
131. Nishimoto A, Agehara K, Furuya N, Watanabe T, Watanabe M (1999) High ionic conductivity of polyether-based network polymer electrolytes with hyperbranched side chains. Macromolecules 32:1541–1548
132. Matsui S, Muranaga H, Higibashi H, Inoue S, Sakai T (2001) Liquid free rechargeable Li-polymer battery. J Power Sources 97–98:772–774
133. Kuratomi J, Iguchi T, Bando T, Aihara Y, Ono T, Kuwana K (2001) Development of solid polymer lithium secondary batteries. J Power Sources 97–98:801–803
134. Matoba Y, Ikeda Y, Kohjiya S (2003) Ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of polymer networks prepared from high molecular weight branched poly(oxyethylene)s. Solid State Ionics 147:403–409
135. Lee KH, Kim KH, Lim HS (2001) Studies on new series of crosslinked A1152. Polymer electrolytes for a lithium secondary battery. J Electrochem Soc 148:A1148–A1152
136. Chung SH, Wang Y, Persi L, Croce F, Greenbaum SG, Scrosati B, Plichta E (2001) Enhancement of ion transport in polymer electrolytes by addition of nanoscale inorganic oxides. J Power Sources 97–98:644–648
137. Croce F, Appetecchi GB, Persiand L, Scrosati B (1998) Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Nature 394:456–458
138. Croce F, Scrosati B, Mariotto G. Electrochemical and spectroscopic study of the transport properties of composite polymer electrolytes. Chem Mater 1992;4:1134–1136.
139. Scrosati B, Croce F, Persi L (2000) Impedance spectroscopy study of PEO-based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 147:1718–1721
140. Liquan C, Chowdari BV, Radhakrishna S (1988) Materials for solid-state batteries. World Scientific, Singapore, p. 69
141. Golodnitsky D, Ardel G, Peled E (2002) Ion-transport phenomena in concentrated PEO-based composite polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 147:141–155
142. Madhurjya MB, Thokchom J, Bhat SV (2010) Studies on a nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte with hydrotalcite as a filler. Solid State Ionics 181:964–970
143. Ahn JH, Wang GX, Liu HK, Dou SX (2003) Nanoparticle-dispersed PEO polymer electrolytes for Li batteries. J Power Sources 119–121:422–426
144. Xiong HG, Tang SW, Tang HL, Zou P (2008) The structure and properties of a starch-based biodegradable film. Carbohydr Polym 71:263–268
145. Ramesh S, Lu SC, Morris E (2012) Towards magnesium ion conducting poly (vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene)-based solid polymer electrolytes with great prospects: ionic conductivity and dielectric behaviours. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43:806–812
146. Liew CW, Ramesh S, Arof AK (2014) Good prospect of ionic liquid based-poly(vinyl alcohol) polymer electrolytes for supercapacitors with excellent electrical, electrochemical and thermal properties. Int J Hydrog Energy 39:2953–2963
147. Liew CW, Ramesh S (2014) Comparing triflate and hexafluorophosphate anions of ionic liquids in polymer electrolytes for supercapacitor applications. Materials 7:4019–4033
148. Li Q, Sun HY, Takeda Y, Imanishi N, Yang J, Yamamoto O (2001) Interface properties between a lithium metal electrode and a poly(ethylene oxide) based composite polymer electrolyte. J Power Sources 94:201–205
149. Ramesh S, Liew CW (2013) Development and investigation on PMMA-PVC blend-based solid polymer electrolytes with LiTFSI as dopant salt. Polym Bull 70:1277–1288
150. Ramesh S, Shanti R, Morris E (2013) Employment of [Amim] Cl in the effort to upgrade the properties of cellulose acetate based polymer electrolytes. Cellulose 20:1377–1389
151. Ahmad S, Bohidar HB, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2006) Role of fumed silica on ion conduction and rheology in nanocomposite polymeric electrolytes. Polymer 47:3583–3590
152. Xu K (2004) Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chem Rev 104:4303–4417
153. Ramesh S, Liew CW (2013) Tailor made of fumed silica based nano composite polymer electrolytes consisting of BmImTFSI ionic liquid. Iran Polym J 21:273–281
154. Shamsipur M, Beigi AAM, Teymouri M, Pourmortazavi SM, Irandoust M (2010) Physical and electrochemical properties of ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. J Mol Liq 157:43–50
155. Ramesh S, Lu SC (2012) Concentration effect of BMIMTf on P(VdF-HFP)/MgTf-based solid polymer electrolyte system. J Mater Res 27:1488–1496
156. Sirisopanaporn C, Fernicola A, Scrosati B (2009) New ionic liquid based membranes for lithium battery application. J Power Sources 86:490–495
157. Xu W, Angell CA (2003) Solvent-free electrolytes with aqueous solution-like conductivities. Science 302:422–425
158. Luo J, Conrad O, Vankelecom IFJ (2012) Physicochemical properties of phosphonium-based and ammonium-based protic ionic liquids. J Mater Chem 22:20574–20579
159. Luo J, Hu J, Saak W, Beckhaus R, Wittstock G, Vankelecom IFJ, Agert C, Conrad O (2011) Protic ionic liquid and ionic melts prepared from methanesulfonic acid and 1H-1,2,4-triazole as high temperature PEMFC electrolytes. J Mater Chem 21:10426–10436
160. Luo J, Jensen AH, Brooks NR, Sniekers J, Knipper M, Aili D, Li Q, Vanrov B, Wübbenhorst M, Yan F, Meervelt LV, Shao Z, Fang J, Luo Z-H, Vos DED, Binnemans K, Fransaer J (2015) 1,2,4-triazolium perfluorobutanesulfonate as an archetypal pure protic organic ionic plastic crystal electrolyte for all-solid-state fuel cells. Energy Environ Sci 8:1276–1291
161. Luo J, Tan TV, Conrad O, Vankelecom IFJ (2012) 1H-1,2,4-triazole as solvent for imidazolium methanesulfonate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:11441–11447
162. Brazier A, Appetecchi GB, Passerini S, Vuk AS, Orel R, Donsanti F, Decker F (2007) Ionic liquids in electrochromic devices. Electrochim Acta 52:4792–4797
163. Cheng H, Zhu C, Huang B, Lu M, Yang Y (2007) Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of PEO-based polymer electrolytes with room temperature ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 52:5789–5794
164. Jain N, Kumar A, Chauhan S, Chauhan SMS (2005) Chemical and biochemical transformations in ionic liquids. Tetrahedron 61:1015–1060
165. Lu J, Yan F, Texter J (2009) Advanced applications of ionic liquids in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 34:431–448
166. Marcilla R, Alcaide F, Sardon H, Pomposo JA, Gonzalo CP, Mecerreyes D (2006) Tailor-made polymer electrolytes based upon ionic liquids and their application in all-plastic electrochromic devices. Electrochem Commun 8:482–488
167. Ramesh S, Liew CW (2012) Rheological characterizations of ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolytes and fumed silica-based composite polymer electrolytes. Ceram Int 38:3411–3417
168. Reiter J, Vondrak J, Michalek J, Micka Z (2006) Ternary polymer electrolytes with 1-methylimidazole based ionic liquids and aprotic solvents. Electrochim Acta 52:1398–1408
169. Sekhon SS, Krishnan P, Singh B, Yamada K, Kim CS (2006) Proton conducting membrane containing room temperature ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 52:1639–1644
170. Vioux A, Viau L, Volland S, Bideau JL (2009) Use of ionic liquids in sol-gel; ionogels and applications. C R Chim 13:242–255
171. Yu B, Zhou F, Wang C, Liu W (2007) A novel gel polymer electrolyte based on poly ionic liquid 1-ethyl 3-(2-methacryloyloxy ethyl) imidazolium iodide. Eur Polym J 43:2699–2707
172. Chagnes A, Allouchi H, Carré B, Lemordant D (2005) Thermal analysis of γ-butyrolactone +1 butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ionic liquids mixtures. Solid State Ionics 176:1419–1427
173. Aravindan V, Vickraman P, Krishnaraj K (2009) Li+ ion conduction in TiO2 filled polyvinlidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene based novel nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membranes with LiDFOB. Curr Appl Phys 9:1474–1479
174. Kubisa P (2004) Application of ionic liquids as solvents for polymerization processes. Prog Polym Sci 29:3–12
175. Cheng H, Wang P, Luo J, Fransaer J, Vos DED, Luo Z-H (2015) Poly(ionic liquid)-based nanocomposites and their performance in CO2 capture. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:3107–3115
176. Wang P, Zhou Y-N, Luo J-S, Luo Z-H (2014) Poly(ionic liquid)s-based nanocomposite polyelectrolytes with tunable ionic conductivity prepared via SI-ATRP. Polym Chem 5:882–891
177. Japan Atomic Energy Agency (2010) High performance extraction separation systems using ionic liquids. Application to extraction of metal ions and proteins, JAEA R&D Review, p 85
178. Winter M, Brodd RJ (2004) What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem Rev 104:4245–4269
179. Shukla AK, Sampath S, Vijayamohanan K (2000) Electrochemical supercapacitors: energy storage beyond batteries. Curr Sci 79:1656–1661
180. Conway BE (1999) Electrochemical supercapacitors: scientific fundamentals and technological applications. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
181. Hashmi SA (2004) Supercapacitor: an emerging power source. Natl Acad Sci Lett 27:27–46
182. Pandey GP, Kumar Y, Hashmi SA (2010) Ionic liquid incorporated polymer electrolytes for supercapacitor application. Indian J Chem 49:743–751
183. Burke A (2000) Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology. J Power Sources 91:37–50
184. Kotz R, Carlen M (2000) Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim Acta 45:2483–2498
185. Tripathi SK, Kumar A, Hashmi SA (2006) Electrochemical redox supercapacitors using PVdF-HFP based gel electrolytes and polypyrrole as conducting polymer electrode. Solid State Ionics 177:2979–2985
186. Duong TQ (2003) Annual progress report for energy storage research and development
187. Matsuda A, Honjo H, Hirata K, Tatsumisago M, Minami T (1999) Electric double-layer capacitor using composites composed of phosphoric acid doped silica gel and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene elastomer as a solid electrolyte. J Power Sources 77:12–16
188. Tanahashi I (2002) Comparison of the characteristics of electric double-layer capacitors with an activated carbon powder and an activated carbon fiber. J Appl Electrochem 35:1067–1072
189. Nohara S, Wada H, Furukawa N, Inoue H, Morita M, Iwakura C (2003) Electrochemical characterization of new electric double layer capacitor with polymer hydrogel electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 48:749–753
190. Yang CC, Hsu ST, Chien WC (2005) All solid-state electric double-layer capacitors based on alkaline polyvinyl alcohol polymer electrolytes. J Power Sources 152:303–310
191. Yamazaki S, Takegawa KA, Kadokawa JI, Yamagata M, Ishikawa M (2009) An acidic cellulose–chitin hybrid gel as novel electrolyte for an electric double layer capacitor. Electrochem Commun 11:68–70
192. Frackowiak E, Béguin F (2001) Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors. Carbon 39:937–950
193. Tanahashi I, Yoshida A, Nishino A (1990) Comparison of the electrochemical properties of electric double-layer capacitors with an aqueous electrolyte and with a nonaqueous electrolyte. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 63:3611–3614
194. Gu HB, Kim JU, Song HW, Park GC, Park BK (2000) Electrochemical properties of carbon composite electrode with polymer electrolyte for electric double-layer capacitor. Electrochim Acta 45:1533–1536
195. Matsuda Y, Morita M, Ishikawa M, Ihara M (1993) New electric double-layer capacitors using polymer solid electrolytes containing tetraalkylammonium salts. J Electrochem Soc 140:109–110
196. Tien CP, Liang WJ, Kuo PL, Teng HS (2008) Electric double layer capacitors with gelled polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) cured with poly(propylene oxide) diamenes. Electrochim Acta 53:4505–4511
197. Lewandowski A, Zajder M, Frackowiak E, Béguin F (2001) Supercapacitor based on activated carbon and polyethylene oxide–KOH–H2O polymer electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 46:2777–2780
198. Osaka T, Liu X, Nojima M, Momma T (1999) An electrochemical double layer capacitor using an activated carbon electrode with gel electrolyte binder. J Electrochem Soc 146:1724–1729
199. Yang CM, Ju JB, Lee JK, Cho WI, Cho BW (2005) Electrochemical performances of electric double layer capacitor with UV-cured gel polymer electrolyte based on poly[(ethylene glycol)diacrylate]–poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend. Electrochim Acta 50:1813–1819
200. Choudhury NA, Sampath S, Shukla AK (2009) Hydrogel-polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors: an overview. Energy Environ Sci 2:55–67
201. Hashmi SA, Upadhyaya HM (2002) Polypyrrole and poly(3-methyl thiophene)-based solid state redox supercapacitors using ion conducting polymer electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 152–153:883–889
202. Mitra S, Shukla AK, Sampath S (2001) Electrochemical capacitors with plasticized gel-polymer electrolytes. J Power Sources 101:213–218
203. Ryu KS, Kim KM, Park NG, Park YJ, Chang SH (2003) Symmetric redox supercapacitor with conducting polyaniline electrodes. J Power Sources 103:305–309
204. Yu H, Wu J, Fan L, Lin Y, Xu K, Tang Z, Cheng C, Tang S, Lin J, Huang M, Lan Z (2013) A novel redox-mediated gel polymer electrolyte for high-performance supercapacitor. J Power Sources 198:402–407
205. Noto VD, Vittadello M, Lavina S, Fauri M, Biscazzo S (2001) Mechanism of ionic conductivity in poly(ethyleneglycol 400)/(LiCl)x electrolytic complexes: studies based on electrical spectroscopy. J Phys Chem 105:4584–4595
206. Dias FB, Plomp L, Veldhuis JBJ (2000) Trends in polymer electrolytes for secondary lithium batteries. J Power Sources 88:169–191
207. Aurbach D, Markovsky B, Salitra G, Markevich E, Talyossef Y, Koltypin M, Nazar L, Ellis B, Kovacheva D (2007) Review on electrode–electrolyte solution interactions, related to cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. J Power Sources 165:491–499
208. Croce F, Persi L, Ronci F, Scrosati B (2000) Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes and their impact on the lithium battery technology. Solid State Ionics 135:47–52
209. Mohtadi R, Matsui M, Arthur TS, Hwang S-J (2012) Magnesium borohydride: from hydrogen storage to magnesium battery. Angew Chem 51:9780–9783
210. Saha P, Datta MK, Velikokhatnyi OI, Manivannan A, Alman D, Kumta PN (2014) Rechargeable magnesium battery: current status and key challenges for the future. Prog Mater Sci 66:1–86
211. Sun Q, Ren Q-Q, Li H, Fu Z-W (2011) High capacity Sb2O4 thinfilm electrodes for rechargeable sodium battery. Electrochem Commun 13:1462–1464
212. Steele BCH, Heinzel A (2001) Review article materials for fuel-cell technologies. Nature 414:345–352
213. Springer TE, Zawodzinski TA, Gottesfeld S (1991) Polymer electrolyte fuel cell model. J Electrochem Soc 138:2334–2342
214. Liu H, Ramnarayanan R, Logan BE (2004) Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ Sci Technol 38:2281–2285
215. Lu L, Li R, Fan K, Peng T (2010) Effects of annealing conditions on the photoelectron-chemical properties of dye-sensitized solar cells made with ZnO nanoparticles. Sol Energy 84:844–853
216. Hagfeldt A, Boschloo G, Sun L, Kloo L, Pettersson H (2010) Dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Rev 110:6595–6663
217. Ito S, Chen, P. Comte, P, Nazeeruddin, MK, Liska, P, Péchy, P, Grätzel, M (2007) Fabrication of screen-printing pastes from TiO2 powders for dye-sensitised solar cells. 15:603–612
218. Griffith MJ, Sunahara K, Wagner P, Wagner K, Wallace GG, Officer DL, Furube A, Katoh R, Mori S, Mozer AJ (2012) Porphyrins for dye-sensitised solar cells: new insights into efficiency-determining electron transfer steps. Chem Commun 48:4145–4162
219. Bay L, West K, Winther-Jensen B, Jocobsen T (2006) Electrochemical reaction rates in a dye-sensitised solar cell—the iodide/tri-iodide redox system. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90:341–351
220. Mathew S, Yella A, Gao P, Humphry-Baker R, Curchod BFE, Ashari-Astani N, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2014) Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13 % efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers. Nat Chem 6:242–247
221. Grätzel M (2003) Dye-sensitized solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 4:145–153