Clarifying competition: the case of wildlife and pastoral livestock in East Africa

Pastoralism

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Butt, Bilal ^a   Turner, Matthew D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Competition; East Africa; Livestock; Parks; Pastoralism; Rangeland ecology wildlife

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975453693     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20417136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2041-7136-2-9     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Akama JS: The evolution of wildlife conservation policies in Kenya. Journal of Third World Studies 1998, 15: 103–117.
2. Akama JS: The role of Government in the development of tourism in Kenya. International Journal of Tourism Research 2002, 4: 1–14. 10.1002/jtr.318
3. Alley TR: Competition theory, evolution, and the concept of an ecological niche. Acta Biotheor 1982, 31: 165–179. 10.1007/BF01857239
4. Andrewartha HG, Birch C: The distribution and abundance of animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 1954.
5. Arnold GW, Dudzinsk ML: Ethology of free-ranging domestic animals. Developmens in Animal and Veterinary Science 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 1978.
6. Augustine DJ: Long-term, livestock-mediated redistribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in an East African savanna. J Appl Ecol 2003, 40: 137–149. 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00778.x
7. Averbeck C, Apio A, Plath M, Wronski T: Environmental parameters and anthropogenic effects predicting the spatial distribution of wild ungulates in the Akagera savannah ecosystem. Afr J Ecol 2009, 47: 756–766. 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01076.x
8. Ayantunde A, Hiernaux P, Fernandez-Rivera S, van Keulen H, Udo HMJ: Selective grazing by cattle on spatially and seasonally heterogeneous rangeland in Sahel. J Arid Environ 1999, 42: 261–279. 10.1006/jare.1999.0518
9. BBC: In Pictures: Grevy’s zebra. 2010. Accessed 08 Nov 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8719000/8719473.stm Accessed 08 Nov 2010
10. Beck JL, Peek JM: Diet composition, forage selection, and potential for forage competition among elk, deer, and livestock on aspen-sagebrush summer range. Rangel Ecol Manage 2005, 58: 135–147. 10.2111/03-13.1
11. Behnke RH, Scoones I, Kerven C: Range ecology at disequilibrium: New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas. Overseas Development Institute, London; 1993.
12. Belsky AJ: Does herbivory benefit plants? A review of the evidence. Am Nat 1986, 127: 870–892. 10.1086/284531
13. Brockington D: Fortress conservation: The preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. James Currey, Oxford; 2002.
14. Broten M, Said M: Population trends of ungulates in and around Kenya’s Masai Mara Reserve. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, management and conservation of an ecosystem. Edited by: Sinclair ARE, Arcese P. University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 1995:169–193.
15. Butt B: Pastoral resource access and utilization: Quantifying the spatial and temporal relationships between livestock mobility, density and biomass availability in southern Kenya. Land Degradation and Development 2010, 21: 520–539. 10.1002/ldr.989
16. Butt B: Seasonal space-time dynamics of cattle behavior and mobility among Maasai pastoralists in semi-arid Kenya. J Arid Environ 2010, 74: 403–413. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.025
17. Butt B: Coping with uncertainty and variability: The influence of protected areas on pastoral herding strategies in East Africa. Hum Ecol 2011, 39: 289–307. 10.1007/s10745-011-9399-6
18. Cleaveland S, Packer C, Hampson K, Kaare M, Kock R, Craft M, Lembo T, Mlengeya T, Dobson A: The multiple roles of infectious diseases in the serengeti ecosystem. In In Serengeti III: Human impacts on dynamic ecosystems. Edited by: Sinclair ARE, Packer C, Mduma S, Fryxell JM. University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 2008:209–240.
19. Connell JH: On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: Evidence from field experiments. American Naturality 1983, 122: 661–696. 10.1086/284165
20. Connor EF, Simberloff D: The assembly of species communities; Chance or competition. Ecology 1979, 60: 1132–1140. 10.2307/1936961
21. Coppolillo PB: The landscape ecology of pastoral herding: Spatial analysis of land use and livestock production in East Africa. Hum Ecol 2000, 28: 527–560. 10.1023/A:1026435714109
22. Deshmukh I: Common relationship between precipitation and grassland peak biomass for East and Southern Africa. Afr J Ecol 1984, 22: 181–186. 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1984.tb00693.x
23. Deshmukh I: Primary production of a grassland in Nairobi National Park, Kenya. J Appl Ecol 1986, 23: 115–123. 10.2307/2403085
24. Ellis J, Galvin KA: Climate patterns and land-use practices in the dry zones of Africa. Bioscience 1994, 44: 340–349. 10.2307/1312384
25. Ellis J, Swift DM: Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development. J Range Manage 1988, 41: 450–459. 10.2307/3899515
26. Elton CS: Competition and the structure of ecological communities. J Anim Ecol 1946, 15: 54–68. 10.2307/1625
27. Fernández-Rivera S, Hiernaux P, Williams TO, Turner MD, Schlecht E, Salla A: Nutritional constraints to grazing ruminants in the millet-cowpea-livestock farming system of the Sahel. In Coping with feed scarcity in smallholder livestock systems in developing countries. Edited by: Ayantunde AA, Fernández-Rivera S, McCrabb G. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi; 2005:157–182.
28. Fritz H, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Letessier G: Habitat use by sympatric wild and domestic herbivores in an African savanna woodland: The influence of cattle spatial behaviour. J Appl Ecol 1996, 33: 589–598. 10.2307/2404987
29. Gause GF: The struggle for existence. Williams ?& Wilkins Company, Baltimore; 1934.
30. Georgiadis N, Hack M, Turpin K: The influence of rainfall on zebra population dynamics: implications for management. J Appl Ecol 2003, 40: 125–136. 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00796.x
31. Georgiadis N, Olwero JGN, Ojwang G, Romañach SS: Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape: I. Dependence on land use, rainfall, density, and time. Biol Conserv 2007, 137: 461–472. 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.03.005
32. Goldman M: Tracking wildebeest, locating knowledge: Maasai and conservation biology understandings of wildebeest behavior in Northern Tanzania. Environment and Planning D Society and Space 2007, 25: 307–331. 10.1068/d0505
33. Gordon IJ: Facilitation of red deer grazing by cattle and its impact on red deer performance. J Appl Ecol 1988, 25: 1–9. 10.2307/2403605
34. Hance J: Famous Kenyan park experiencing large declines in wildlife. 2009. Accessed 21 Aug 2011 http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0421-hance_masaimara.html Accessed 21 Aug 2011
35. Hardin G: The competitive exclusion principle. Science 1960, 131: 1292–1297. 10.1126/science.131.3409.1292
36. Harper D: Approaches to the study of plant competition. In Mechanisms in biological competition symposia of the society for experimental biology, XV, 1–39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1961.
37. Harper D: The population biology of plants. Academic Press, New York; 1977.
38. Hiernaux P: Effects of grazing on plant species composition and spatial distribution in rangelands of the Sahel. Plant Ecology 1998, 138: 191–202. 10.1023/A:1009752606688
39. Hiernaux P, Bielders CL, Valentin C, Bationo A, Fernandez-Rivera S: Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. J Arid Environ 1999, 41: 231–245. 10.1006/jare.1998.0475
40. Hiernaux P, Turner MD: The effect of clipping on growth and nutrient uptake of Sahelian annual rangelands. J Appl Ecol 1996, 33: 387–399. 10.2307/2404760
41. Hobbs NT, Baker DL, Bear GD, Bowden DC: Ungulate grazing in Sagebrush grassland: Effects of resource competition on secondary production. Ecol Appl 1996, 6: 218–227. 10.2307/2269565
42. Homewood K, Lambin EF, Coast E, Kariuki A, Kikula I, Kivelia J, Said M, Serneels S, Thompson M: Long-term changes in Serengeti-Mara wildebeest and land cover: Pastoralism, population, or policies? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98: 12544–12549. 10.1073/pnas.221053998
43. Homewood K, Rodgers W: Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy. In Conservation in Africa. Edited by: Anderson D, Grove R. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1987:111–128.
44. Homewood K, Rodgers W: Pastoralism and conservation. Hum Ecol 1984, 12: 431–441. 10.1007/BF01531127
45. Hopcraft D: Wildlife land use and the great experiment. In Wildlife conservation by sustainable use. Edited by: Prins HHT, Grootenhuis JG, Dolan TT. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston; 2000:267–275.
46. Hopcraft JGC, Olff H, Sinclair ARE: Herbivores, resources and risks: Alternating regulation along primary environmental gradients in savannas. Trends Ecol Evol 2010, 25: 119–128. 10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.001
47. Illius AW, O’Connor TG: On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems. Ecol Appl 1999, 9: 798–813. 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0798:OTRONC]2.0.CO;2
48. Jacobs MJ, Schloeder CA: Impacts of conflict on biodiversity and protected areas in Ethiopia. Biodiversity Support Program.WWF, Washington, DC; 2001.
49. Kreuter UP, Workman JP: Government policy effects on cattle and wildlife ranching profits in Zimbabwe. J Range Manage 1994, 47: 264–269. 10.2307/4002545
50. Lamprey RH, Reid RS: Expansion of human settlement in Kenya’s Maasai Mara: What future for pastoralism and wildlife? J Biogeogr 2004, 31: 997–1032. 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01062.x
51. Little PD: Pastoralism, biodiversity, and the shaping o f savanna landscapes in East Africa. Africa 1996, 66: 37–51.
52. Loft ER, Menke JW, Kie JG: Habitat shifts by mule deer: The influence of cattle grazing. Journal of Wildlife Management 1991, 55: 16–26. 10.2307/3809236
53. Lotka AJ: Elements of physical biology. Williams ?& Wilkins Company, Baltimore; 1925.
54. Low B, Sundaresan SR, Fischhoff IR, Rubenstein DI: Partnering with local communities to identify conservation priorities for endangered Grevy’s zebra. Biol Conserv 2009, 142: 1548–1555. 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.003
55. Madhusudan MD: Recovery of wild large herbivores following livestock decline in a tropical Indian wildlife reserve. J Appl Ecol 2004, 41: 858–869. 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00950.x
56. Manser MB, Brotherton PNM: Environmental constraints on the foraging behavior of a Dwarf Antelope (Madoqua-Kirkii). Oecologia 1995, 102: 404–412. 10.1007/BF00341352
57. McNaughton SJ: Ecology of a Grazing System: The Serengeti. JMonographs 1985, 55: 259–294.
58. McNaughton SJ, Georgiadis NJ: Ecology of African grazing and browsing mammals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1986, 17: 39–65. 10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.000351
59. Mead R: A mathematical model for the estimation of inter-plant competition. Biometrics 1967, 23: 189–205. 10.2307/2528155
60. Milne A: Definition of competition among animals. In Mechanisms in biological competition symposia of the society for experimental biology XV, 40–61. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1961.
61. Milner-Gulland EJ, Fryxell JM, Sinclair ARE: Animal migration: A synthesis. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2011.
62. Mishra C, Prins HHT, Van Wieren SE, Ketner P, Heitkönig IMA: Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. J Appl Ecol 2004, 41: 344–354. 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00885.x
63. Msoffe FU, Ogutu JO, Kaaya J, Bedelian C, Said MY, Kifugo SC, Reid RS, Neselle M, van Gardingen P, Thirgood S: Participatory wildlife surveys in communal lands: a case study from Simanjiro, Tanzania. Afr J Ecol 2010, 48: 727–735.
64. Mworia JK, Mnene WM, Musembi DK, Reid RS: Reselienceof soils and vegetation subjected to different grazing intensities in a semi-arid Tangeland of Kenya. African Journal of Range ?& Forage Science 1997, 14: 26–31. 10.1080/10220119.1997.9647915
65. Namgail T, Fox JL, Bhatnagar YV: Habitat shift and time budget of the Tibetan argali: The influence of livestock grazing. Ecological Research 2007, 22: 25–31. 10.1007/s11284-006-0015-y
66. Neumann R: Imposing wilderness: Struggles over livelihood and nature preservation in Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley; 1998.
67. Newsome AE: Competition between wildlife and domestick livestock. Aust Vet J 1971, 47: 577–586. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1971.tb02074.x
68. Ngugi MK, Conant RT: Ecological and social characterization of key resource areas in Kenyan rangelands. J Arid Environ 2008, 72: 820–835. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.09.009
69. Oba G, Kaitira LM: Herder knowledge of landscape assessments in arid rangelands in northern Tanzania. J Arid Environ 2006, 66: 168–186. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.10.020
70. Odadi WO, Karachi M, Abdulrazak S, Young TP: African wild ngulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season. Science 2011, 333: 1753–1755. 10.1126/science.1208468
71. Odadi WO, Young TP, Okeyo-Owuor JB: Effects of wildlife on cattle diets in Laikipia rangeland, Kenya. Rangel Ecol Manage 2007, 60: 179–185. 10.2111/05-044R3.1
72. Ogutu J, Piepho HP, Dublin HT, Bhola N, Reid R: Rainfall extremes explain interannual shifts in timing and synchrony of calving in topi and warthog. Population Ecology 2009, 52: 89–102.
73. Ogutu J, Piepho HP, Dublin HT, Bhola N, Reid RS: Dynamics of Mara Serengeti ungulates in relation to land use changes. J Zool 2009b, 278: 1–14. 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00536.x
74. Ogutu JO, Owen-Smith N, Piepho HP, Said MY: Continuing wildlife population declines and range contraction in the Mara region of Kenya during 1977–2009. J Zool 2011, 285: 99–109. 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00818.x
75. Ottichilo WK, Said MY, de Leeuw J, Skidmore AK, Prins HHT: Population trends of large non-migratory wild herbivores and livestock in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, between 1977 and 1997. Afr J Ecol 2000, 38: 202–216. 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00242.x
76. Pangle WM, Holekamp KE: Lethal and nonlethal anthropogenic effects on spotted hyenas in the Masai Mara National Reserve. J Mammal 2010, 91: 154–164. 10.1644/08-MAMM-A-359R.1.
77. Peden DG: Livestock and wildlife population distributions in relation to aridity and human populations in Kenya. J Range Manage 1987, 40: 67–71. 10.2307/3899364
78. Penning de Vries FWT, Djitèye MA: La productivité des pâturages sahéliens. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen; 1982.
79. Prins HHT: The pastoral road to extinction: Competition between wildlife and traditional pastoralism in East Africa. Environmental Conservation 1992, 19: 117–123. 10.1017/S0376892900030587
80. Prins HHT: Competition between wildlife and livestock in Africa. In Wildlife conservation by sustainable use. Edited by: Prins HHT, Grootenhuis JG, Dolan TT. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston; 2000:51–80.
81. Reid R, Rainy M, Ogutu J, Kruska R, McCartney M, Nyabenge M, Kimani K, Kshatriya M, Worden J, Ng’ang’a L, Owuor J, Kinoti J, Njuguna E, Wilson C, Lamprey R: People, wildlife and livestock in the Mara ecosystem: the Mara count 2002, Report, Mara Count 2002. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi; 2003.
82. Reid R, Thornton PK, Kruska R: Loss and fragmentation of habitat for pastoral people and wildlife in east Africa: Concepts and issues. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 2004, 21: 171–181. 10.2989/10220110409485849
83. Reid R, Rainy ME, Wilson CJ, Harris E, Kruska RL, Waweru MN, MacMillan SA, Worden JS: Wildlife cluster around pastoral settlements in Africa, creating multiple species associations of wildlife, livestock and people, PLE Science Series # 2. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi; 2001.
84. Ritchie ME: Competition and coexistence of mobile animals. In Competition and coexistence. Edited by: Sommer U, Worm B. Springer, Berlin; 2002:109–132.
85. Ruess RW, McNaughton SJ: Grazing and the dynamics of nutrient and energy regulated microbial processes in the Serengeti Grasslands. Oikos 1987, 49: 101–110. 10.2307/3565559
86. Schoener TW: Field experiments on interspecific competition. Am Nat 1983, 122: 240–285. 10.1086/284133
87. Scoones I: Why are there so many animals? Cattle population dynamics in the communal areas of Zimbabwe. In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas. Edited by: Behnke R, Kerven C. Overseas Development Institute, London; 1993:62–76.
88. Scoones I: Living with uncertainty: new directions in pastoral development in Africa. Intermediate Technology Publications, London; 1994.
89. Scoones I: New directions in pastoral development in Africa. In Living with uncertainty: New directions in pastoral development in Africa. Edited by: Scoones I. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London; 1994:1–36.
90. Serneels S, Lambin EF: Impact of land-use changes on the wildebeest migration in the northern part of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. J Biogeogr 2001, 28: 391–407.
91. Shrestha R, Wegge P: Wild sheep and livestock in Nepal Trans-Himalaya: Coexistence or competition? Environmental Conservation 2008, 35: 125–136.
92. Sinclair ARE, Packer C, Mduma S, Fryxell JM (Eds): Serengeti III: Human impacts on ecosystem dynamics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 2008.
93. Sinclair ARE, Arcese P (Eds): Serengeti II: Dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 1995.
94. Sinclair ARE, Norton-Griffiths M (Eds): Serengeti, dynamics of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 1979.
95. Sitters J, Heitnig IMA, Holmgren M, Ojwang GSO: Herded cattle and wild grazers partition water but share forage resources during dry years in East African savannas. Biol Conserv 2009, 142: 738–750. 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.001
96. Sommer U, Worm B: Competition and coexistence. Springer-Verlag, Berlin; 2002.
97. Stewart KM, Bowyer RT, Kie JG, Cimon NJ, Johnson BK, O’Shea TJ: Temporospatial distributions of elk, mule deer, and cattle: Resource partitioning and competitive displacement. J Mammal 2002, 83: 229–244. 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0229:TDOEMD>2.0.CO;2
98. Sullivan S, Rohde R: On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems. J Biogeogr 2002, 29: 1595–1618. 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00799.x
99. Tilman D: Resource competition between planktonic algae: Experimental and theoretical approach. Ecology 1977, 58: 338–348. 10.2307/1935608
100. Tilman D: Tests of resource competition theory using four species of Lake Michigan Algae. Ecology 1981, 62: 802–815. 10.2307/1937747
101. Tilman D: Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology 1994, 75: 2–16. 10.2307/1939377
102. Turner MD: Spatial and temporal scaling of grazing impact on the species composition and productivity of Sahelian annual grasslands. J Arid Environ 1999, 41: 277–297. 10.1006/jare.1998.0485
103. Vavra M, Sheehy D: Improving elk habitat characteristics with livestock grazing. Rangelands 1996, 18: 182–185.
104. Veblen KE: Season- and herbivore-dependent competition and facilitation in a semiarid savanna. Ecology 2008, 89: 1532–1540. 10.1890/07-0973.1
105. Vila AR, Borrelli L, Martinez L: Dietary overlap between huemul and livestock in Los Alerces National Park, Argentina. Journal of Wildlife Management 2009, 73: 368–373. 10.2193/2008-062
106. Voeten MM, Prins HHT: Resource partitioning between sympatric wild and domestic herbivores in the Tarangire region of Tanzania. Oecologia 1999, 120: 287–294. 10.1007/s004420050860
107. Volterra V: Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui in specie animali conviventi. Memoria della Regia Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, ser. 1926,6(2):31–113.
108. von Liebig J: Chemistry in its application to agriculture and physiology. Taylor ?& Walton, London; 1842.
109. Waithaka J: Maasai Mara: An ecosystem under siege: an African case study on the societal dimension of rangeland conservation. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 2004, 21: 79–88. 10.2989/10220110409485838
110. Western D: Amboseli National Park: Enlisting landowners to conserve migratory wildlife. Ambio 1982, 11: 302–308.
111. Western D, Russell S, Cuthill I: The status of wildlife in protected areas compared to non-protected areas of Kenya. PLoS One 2009, 4: 1–6. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005361
112. Whittaker RH: Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol Rev 1967, 42: 207–264. 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1967.tb01419.x
113. Wiens JA: Competition and variable environments. Am Sci 1977, 65: 590–597.
114. Wiens JA: On understanding a nonequilibrium world: Myth and reality in community patterns and processes. In Ecological communities: Conceptual issues and the evidence. Edited by: Strong DR, Simberloff D, Abele LG, Thistle AB. Princeton University Press, Princeton; 1984:439–457.
115. Wiens JA: The ecology of bird communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1989.
116. Yoshihara Y, Ito TY, Lhagvasuren B, Takatsuki s: A comparison of food resources used by Mongolian gazelles and sympatric livestock in three areas in Mongolia. J Arid Environ 2008, 72: 48–55. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.05.001
117. Young TP, Okello B, Kinyua D, Palmer T: KLEE: A long-term multi-species herbivore exclusion experiment in Laikipia, Kenya. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 1998, 14: 92–104.
118. Young TP, Palmer T, Gadd ME: Competition and compensation among cattle, zebras, and elephants in a semi-arid savanna in Laikipia, Kenya. Biol Conserv 2005, 122: 351–359. 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.08.007
119. Zhongqiu LI, Zhigang J, Chunwang LI: Dietary overlap of Przewalski’s Gazelle, Tibetan Gazelle, and Tibetan Sheep on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Wildlife Management 2008, 72: 944–948. 10.2193/2007-233