‘Gaafa dhaabaa - the period of stop’: Narrating impacts of shifta insurgency on pastoral economy in northern Kenya, c. 1963 to 2007

Pastoralism

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Khalif, Zeinabu Kabale ^a   Oba, Gufu ^a,b  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OSLO PRIO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Conflicts; Counter insurgency; Horn of Africa; Insurgency; NFD; Pastoral economic collapse; shifta; Waso Borana

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975230077     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20417136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2041-7136-3-14     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Baxter PTW PhD thesis. In Social organization of the Galla of northern Kenya. University of Oxford; 1954.
2. Baxter PTW: Acceptance and rejection of Islam among the Borana of the Northern Frontier District of Kenya. In Islam in tropical Africa. Edited by: Lewis IM. London: International African Institute; 1966:233–250.
3. Baxter PTW: Immediate problems: An overview from a distance. In African pastoralism: Conflict, institutions and government. Edited by: Saleh MARM, Dietz T, Ahmed AGM. London: Pluto Press; 2001:235–246.
4. Brons MH: Somalia, society, sovereignty and state: From statelessness to statelessness?. Utrecht: International Books; 2001.
5. Buchanan-Smith M, Lind J: Armed violence and poverty in northern Kenya: A case study for the Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative. Bradford: Centre for International Cooperation and Security, University of Bradford; 2005.
6. Castagno AA: The Somali-Kenya controversy: Implications for the future. The Journal of Modern African Studies 1964, 2: 165–168. 10.1017/S0022278X00003980
7. Collier P, Hoeffler A: Greed and grievance in civil wars. Oxford Economic Papers 2004,56(4):563–595. 10.1093/oep/gpf064
8. Dahl G: The suffering grass: Subsistence and society of Waso Borana. Stockholm: Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm; 1979.
9. Dahl G, Hjort A: Having herds: Pastoral herd growth and household economy. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology; 1976.
10. Dahl G, Sandford S: Which way to go: A study of people and pastoralism in Isiolo district of Kenya. Ottawa: Canadian International Development Agency; 1978.
11. Daleo PT: The Somali role in organized poaching in northeastern Kenya, c. 1909–1939. International Journal of African Historical Studies 1979, 12: 472–482. 10.2307/218414
12. de Waal A: Famine crimes: Politics and the disaster relief industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey; 1997.
13. Drysdale J: The Somali dispute. New York: Fredrick A. Praeger; 1964.
14. Egal MHI: Somalia: Nomadic individualism and the rule of law. African Affairs 1968, 67: 219–226.
15. Farer T: War clouds on the Horn of Africa: The widening storm. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment; 1979.
16. Hammond J: Fire from the ashes: A chronicle of the revolution in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975–1991. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press; 1999.
17. Hendrickson D, Amon J, Means R: Livestock raiding among the pastoral Turkana of Kenya: Redistribution, predation and the links to famine. Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 1996,27(3):17–30.
18. Hess RL: Italian colonialism in Somalia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1966.
19. Hjort A: Savanna town: Rural ties and urban opportunities in northern Kenya. Stockholm: Department of Social Studies, University of Stockholm; 1979.
20. Hogg R: Pastoralism and impoverishment: The case of the Isiolo Boran of northern Kenya. Disasters 1980,4(3):299–310. 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1980.tb00117.x
21. Hogg R: Re-stocking pastoralists in Kenya: A strategy for relief and rehabilitation, ODI, Pastoral Development Network, Paper 19 (c). London: Overseas Development Institute; 1985.
22. Hogg R: The new pastoralism: Poverty and dependency in northern Kenya. Africa 1986, 56: 319–333. 10.2307/1160687
23. Hogg R: The politics of changing property rights among Isiolo Boran pastoralists in northern Kenya. In Property, poverty and people: Changing rights in property and problems of pastoral development. Edited by: Baxter PTW, Hogg R. Manchester: Department of Social Anthropology and International Development Centre, University of Manchester; 1990:20–31.
24. Hoskyns C: The Ethiopian-Somali-Kenyan dispute 1960–67: Documents. Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Public Administration, University College Dar es Salaam; 1969.
25. James W: War and survival in Sudan's frontierlands: Voices from the Blue Nile. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
26. Kaimba GK, Njehia BK, Guliye AY: Effects of cattle rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst pastoralists in Baringo District, Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 2011, 1: 18. http://www.pastoralismjournal.com/content/1/1/18 10.1186/2041-7136-1-18
27. Lewis IM: The problem of Northern Frontier District of Kenya. Race 1963, 5: 48–60. 10.1177/030639686300500104
28. Lewis IM: A modern history of Somalia. Oxford: James Currey; 2000.
29. Lewis IM: Visible and invisible differences: The Somali paradox. Africa 2004, 74: 489–515. 10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489
30. Markakis J: Conflict and the decline of pastoralism in the Horn of Africa. Edited by: Markakis J. London: Macmillan Press; 1993.
31. Markakis J: Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa. PRIO: Oslo; 1998.
32. Markakis J: Ethiopia: The last two frontiers. London: James Currey; 2010.
33. Mburu N: Bandits on the border: The last frontier in the search for Somali unity. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press; 2005.
34. McCabe JT: Cattle brings us to our enemies: Turkana ecology, politics, and raiding in a disequilibrium system. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press; 2004.
35. McEwen AC: International boundaries of East Africa. Oxford: Clarendon; 1971.
36. Miall H: Conflict transformation: A multi-dimensional task. 2004.http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/miall_handbook.pdf
37. Mkutu KA: Small arms and light weapons among pastoral groups in the Kenya-Uganda border area. African Affairs 2006,106(422):47–70. 10.1093/afraf/ad1002
38. Mkutu KA: Guns and governance in the Rift valley: Pastoralist conflict and small arms. James Currey: Oxford University Press; 2008.
39. Oba G: Ecological factors in land use conflicts, land administration and food insecurity in Turkana Kenya. ODI Pastoral Network 1993, Issue 32a. Accessed 23 November 2012 http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5389.pdf
40. Oba G: The effect of multiple droughts on cattle in Obbu, northern Kenya. J Arid Environ 2001, 49: 375–386. 10.1006/jare.2000.0785
41. Pieter L: Only hyenas laugh. London: Michael Joseph; 1964.
42. Schilling J, Opiyo FEO, Scheffran J: Raiding pastoral livelihoods: Motives and effects of violent conflict in north-western Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 2012, 2: 25. Accessed on 6 December 2012 http://www.pastoralismjournal.com/content/2/1/25 10.1186/2041-7136-2-25
43. Schlee G, Watson E: Changing identifications and alliances in North-east Africa: Ethiopia and Kenya, vol. 1. London: Berghahn Books; 2009.
44. The Earl of Lytton: The stolen desert: A study of Uhuru in Northeast Africa. London: McDonald; 1966.
45. Touval S: The Boundary politics of independent Africa. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1972.
46. Turton ER: Somali resistance Somali political activity in Kenya 1893–1960. The Journal of African History 1972,13(1):119–143. 10.1017/S0021853700000293
47. Whittaker HA: The socioeconomic dynamics of the shifta conflict in Kenya, c. 1963–8. The Journal of African History 2012, 53: 391–408. 10.1017/S0021853712000448