Globalization and Its Discontents in the MENA Region

Middle East Policy

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 146-160

  Springborg, Robert ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975069989     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: 14754967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12201     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. World Economic Outlook, 2015: Adjusting to Lower Commodity Prices (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, October 2015).
2. World Trade Report, 2014: Trade and Development - Recent Trends and the Role of the WTO (World Trade Organization, March 14, 2015), https://www.wto.org/english/ res_e/booksp_e/world_trade_report14_e.pdf.
3. For a discussion of globalization's dual impact on equality - increasing it between countries, reducing it within them, see Foreign Affairs 95, no. 1 (December 2015).
4. Ronald Inglehart, "Inequality and Modernization: Why Equality Is Likely to Make a Comeback," https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ 2015-12-14/inequality-and-modernization.
5. For a discussion of the "colonial dialectic" and its contemporary relevance to globalization in MENA, see Clement Moore Henry and Robert Springborg, Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
6. For a sympathetic presentation of this view among Egyptian youth, see Jack Shenker, The Egyptians: A Radical Story (Allen Lane, 2016).
7. Sujata Rao, "Emerging Markets Dropping Fast," Daily Star (January 20, 2016), http://www.dailystar.com. lb/Business/International/2016/Jan-20/332869-emerging-economies-dropping-fast.ashx.
8. Landon Thomas, "Davos Takes a Fresh Look at Emerging Markets," New York Times (January 19, 2016), http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/20/business/dealbook/davos-takes-a-fresh-look-at-emerging-markets. html?ref=international.
9. For a discussion of the "colonial dialectic" and its contemporary relevance to globalization in MENA, see Clement Moore Henry and Robert Springborg, Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
10. Human Development Report, 2013: The Rise of the South-Human Progress in a Diverse World (United Nations Development Program, 2013), 43.
11. Brahim Elmorchid, Nouira Ridha and Khalid Sekkat, "A Comparative Analysis of the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Arab World and in Asia," Working Paper 811, Cairo: Economic Research Forum, December 2013, 2.
12. Jobs for Shared Prosperity: Time for Action in the Middle East and North Africa (World Bank, January, 2013), http://www.wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/04/12/00044572 9_20130412114115/Rendered/PDF/724690v40Full00Prosperity0full0book.pdf, 14.
13. Rethinking Economic Growth: Towards Productive and Inclusive Arab Societies (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 2012), 74.
14. H. S. Doucouliagos, H. S. Iamsiraroj, and M.A. Ulubasoglu, "Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: A Real Relationship or Wishful Thinking?" Deakin University, Working Paper SWP 2010/14 (2010)
15. Elena Ianchovichina, cited in Noha Moustafa, "Size Matters, Al Ahram Weekly, 1117 (December 19, 2013), http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/4981/18/Size-matters.aspx.
16. Khalid Sekkat, "Is There Anything Special with Inter-Arab Capital Flows?" Working Paper 812, Cairo: Economic Research Forum, December, 2013.
17. UNCTAD estimated that in 2009 there were 82,000 multinationals in operation, controlling more than 810,000 subsidiaries worldwide and accounting for more than two-thirds of world trade. World Trade Report 2014, 201.
18. World Development Indicators (World Bank, April 2015), http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL. TECH.MF.ZS.
19. Jobs for Shared Prosperity, 107.
20. Ishac Diwan, "Understanding Revolution in the Middle East: The Central Role of the Middle Class," Middle East Development Journal 5, no. 1 (2013), http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/idiwan/files/diwan_ mc.pdf?m=1393872550.
21. Jobs for Shared Prosperity, 1-5.
22. Facundo Alvaredo and Thomas Piketty, "Measuring Top Incomes and Inequality in the Middle East: Data Limitations and Illustrations with the Case of Egypt," Working Paper 832, Cairo: Economic Research Forum, May, 2014.
23. The Road Not Travelled: Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa (World Bank, 2008), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/EDU_Flagship_Full_ENG.pdf.
24. Jobs for Shared Prosperity: Time for Action in the Middle East and North Africa.
25. For a review of evidence on the gaming of indicators, see Robert Springborg, "Governance in Egypt," in Abbas Khadim, Handbook of Governance in the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge, 2012, pp. 399- 416.
26. Cited in Economist, January 30, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financialindicators/ 21689553-perceptions-corruption.
27. Remittance Growth to Slow Sharply in 2015 as Europe and Russia Stay Weak, World Bank press release, April 13, 2015, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/pressrelease/ 2015/04/13/remittances-growth-to-slow-sharply-in-2015-as-europe-and-russia-stay-weak-pick-upexpected- next-year.
28. Dev Kar and Joseph Spanjers, Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries, 2003-2012 (Global Financial Integrity, December, 2014), 8, http://www.gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Illicit- Financial-Flows-from-Developing-Countries-2003-2012.pdf.
29. For a review of FDI flows to MENA during that period, see Recent FDI Trends in the MENA Region, MENA-OECD Investment Program, Regional Investment Working Group, Cairo, December 9-11, 2014, http://www.oecd.org/mena/investment/Draftpercent- 20Note_FDIpercent20trendspercent20inpercent20MENA_Dec.percent202014.pdf.
30. Migration and Remittance Fact Book, 2016, Third edition (World Bank Group, 2016), http://siteresources. worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/4549025-1450455807487/Factbookpart1. pdf.
31. According to the investment firm Lazard, the cost of electricity generation using wind power fell 61 percent from 2009 to 2015, while the cost of solar power fell 82 percent. Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis, Version 9.0, (Lazard, November 2015), https://www.lazard.com/media/2390/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy- analysis-90.pdf.
32. Economist, January 30, 2006, http://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financialindicators/ 21689555-economist-commodity-price-index.
33. Technology at Work: The Future Is Not What It Used to Be. Oxford Martin School and Citigroup.
34. The Economist, January 30, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21689635- jobs-poor-countries-may-be-especially-vulnerable-automation-machine-earning.
35. John Williamson, "Beijing Consensus versus Washington Consensus," in Robert E. Looney, Handbook of Emerging Economies (Routledge, 2014), 177-184.
36. On limited access orders and their negative impacts on development, see Douglass C. North et. al. "Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: A New Approach to the Problems of Development," Policy Research Working Paper 4359, World Bank, September, 2007, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/ IW3P/IB/2007/09/19/000158349_20070919115851/Rendered/PDF/WPS4359.pdf.
37. Michael Mann, "The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results," Archives européennes de sociologie 25 (1984), 185-213.
38. Global defense spending as a proportion of GDP rose in 2015 compared to 2014, in part because of increased defense spending by European countries. U.S. defense spending was $100 billion more than its inflation- adjusted, post-Cold War average. Saudi Arabia's expenditure of 13 percent of its GDP on the military was more than double that of Russia, the second most profligate military spender. "Defense Budgets," Economist, February 13, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21692877- defence-budgets. The U.S. defense budget supported in 2015 military operations in 147 countries and commencement of a $1 trillion upgrade of 7,200 nuclear weapons.
39. John Feffer, "The Leader Our Foreign Policy Deserves," Lobelog Foreign Policy, February 7, 2016, http://lobelog.com/ the-leader-our-foreign-policy-deserves/.
40. Suna Korkmaz, "The Effect of Military Spending on Economic Growth and Unemployment in Mediterranean Countries," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 5, no. 1 (2015), 273-280.
41. Bonn International Center for Conversion, Global Militarization Index, http://gmi.bicc.de/.
42. For a review of MENA arms purchases based on data provided by the Congressional Research Service, SIPRI, and other sources, see Anthony H. Cordesman, The Changing Patterns of Arms Imports in the Middle East and North Africa (Center for Strategic and International Studies, February 5, 2016), http://csis.org/files/ publication/160205_cordesman_changing_arms_race_MENA.pdf.
43. Securing Gaza: Challenges to Reunifying the Palestinian Security and Justice Sectors (Geneva, Switzerland, Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. December, 2015).
44. Global Terrorism Index, 2015, VisionOfHumanity.org, http://www.visionofhumanity.org/#/page/our-gtifindings.
45. Government Defense Anti-Corruption Index 2015: Middle East and North Africa (Transparency International, 2015), http://government.defenceindex.org/downloads/docs/GI-MENA-Regional-Results-web.pdf.
46. For a report on MENA's contribution to the 60 million globally displaced persons in 2014-15, the highest recorded total in history, see Anthony H. Cordesman, The Human Cost of War in the Middle East: A Graphic Overview (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, February 3, 2016), http://csis. org/files/publication/160203_human_cost_of_mena_wars_0.pdf.