A narrative review of diabetes intervention studies to explore diabetes care opportunities for pharmacists

Journal of Diabetes Research

Volumn 2016, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Ayadurai, Shamala ^a   Hattingh, H Laetitia ^a   Tee, Lisa B G ^a   Md Said, Siti Norlina ^b  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b HOSPITAL SULTANAH AMINAH   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN A1C;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; EDUCATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PHARMACIST; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; PATIENT EDUCATION; RISK REDUCTION;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PHARMACISTS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84973343023     PISSN: 23146745     EISSN: 23146753     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2016/5897452     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. World Health Organization (WHO), Global Health Estimates: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and Country, 2000-2012, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
2. N. J. Morrish, S.-L. Wang, L. K. Stevens, et al., "Mortality and causes of death in the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes, " Diabetologia, vol. 44, supplement 2, pp. S14-S21, 2001.
3. World Health Organization (WHO), Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
4. WHO, Global Data on Visual Impairments 2010, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
5. P. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Brown, et al., "Global healthcare expenditure on diabetes for 2010 and 2030, " Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 293-301, 2010.
6. Ministry of Health, Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 2009.
7. S. J. Griffin, K. Borch-Johnsen, M. J. Davies, et al., "Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes detected by screening (ADDITION-Europe): a cluster-randomised trial, " The Lancet, vol. 378, no. 9786, pp. 156-167, 2011.
8. O. Vaccaro, L. Franzini, R. Miccoli, et al., "Feasibility and effectiveness in clinical practice of a multifactorial intervention for the reduction of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: the 2-year interim analysis of the MIND. IT study: a cluster randomized trial, " Diabetes Care, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 2566-2572, 2013.
9. P. S. Koekkoek, C. Ruis, M. Van Den Donk, et al., "Intensive multifactorial treatment and cognitive functioning in screendetected type 2 diabetes-the ADDITION-Netherlands study: a cluster-randomized trial, " Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 314, no. 1-2, pp. 71-77, 2012.
10. J. M. Gamble, H. Holly, D. T. Eurich, K. K. Jindal, and P. A. Senior, "Patient-level evaluation of community-based, multifactorial intervention to prevent diabetic nephropathy in Northern Alberta, Canada, " Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 111-119, 2012.
11. S.-T. Tu, S.-J. Chang, J.-F. Chen, et al., "Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by tight target control in an Asian population with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 4-year prospective analysis, " Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 155-161, 2010.
12. Y. Yang, J.-J. Yao, J.-L. Du, et al., "Primary prevention of macroangiopathy in patients with short-duration type 2 diabetes by intensified multifactorial intervention: seven-year follow-up of diabetes complications in Chinese, " Diabetes Care, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 978-984, 2013.
13. S. D. Prato, J. LaSalle, S. Matthaei, and C. J. Bailey, "Tailoring treatment to the individual in type 2 diabetes practical guidance from the Global Partnership for Effective Diabetes Management, " International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 295-304, 2010.
14. P. King, I. Peacock, and R. Donnelly, "The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS): clinical and therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes, " British Journal ofClinical Pharmacology, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 643-648, 1999.
15. S. R. Heller, "A summary of theADVANCE trial, " Diabetes Care, vol. 32, supplement 2, pp. S357-S361, 2009.
16. W. Duckworth, C. Abraira, T. Moritz, et al., "Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes, " New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 360, no. 2, pp. 129-139, 2009.
17. G. Worrall, "Results of the DCCT trial. Implications formanaging our patient with diabetes, " Canadian Family Physician, vol. 40, pp. 1955-1963, 1994.
18. J. B. Buse, "Action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial: design and methods, " The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 99, no. 12, supplement, pp. S21-S33, 2007.
19. D. M. Nathan, H. Turgeon, and S. Regan, "Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time, " Diabetologia, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 2239-2244, 2007.
20. H. Rodbard, P. Jellinger, J. Davidson, et al., "Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control, " Endocrine Practice, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 540-559, 2009.
21. L. C. Hay, E. G. Wilmshurst, and G. Fulcher, "Unrecognized hypo-and hyperglycemia inwell-controlled patientswith type 2 diabetesmellitus: the results of continuous glucosemonitoring, " Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 19-26, 2003.
22. J. P. Jansen, "Self-monitoring of glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Bayesian meta-analysis of direct and indirect comparisons, " Current Medical Research and Opinion, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 671-681, 2006.
23. D. C. Klonoff, R. M. Bergenstal, L. Blonde, et al., "Consensus report of the coalition for clinical research-self-monitoring of blood glucose, " Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1030-1053, 2008.
24. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology, "Clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan, " Endocrine Practice, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-87, 2015.
25. DiabetesManagement in General Practice, Australian Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes, 2014-2015.
26. American Diabetes Association, "Standards of medical care in diabetes, " Diabetes Care, vol. 37, pp. 1-67, 2015.
27. N. Sattar, D. Preiss, H. M. Murray, et al., "Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials, " The Lancet, vol. 375, no. 9716, pp. 735-742, 2010.
28. S. M. Liew, P. Y. Lee, N. S. Hanafi, et al., "Statins use is associated with poorer glycaemic control in a cohort of hypertensive patients with diabetes and without diabetes, " Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, vol. 6, article 53, 5 pages, 2014.
29. P. M. Ridker, A. Pradhan, J. G. MacFadyen, P. Libby, and R. J. Glynn, "Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial, " The Lancet, vol. 380, no. 9841, pp. 565-571, 2012.
30. S. N. Rajpathak, D. J. Kumbhani, J. Crandall, N. Barzilai, M. Alderman, and P. M. Ridker, "Statin therapy and risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis, " Diabetes Care, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1924-1929, 2009.
31. U. S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Drug Safety Communication: Important Safety Label Changes to Cholesterol-Lowering Statin Drugs, 2012, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/Drug-Safety/ucm293101.htm.
32. C. D. Hepler and L. M. Strand, "Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care, " American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 533-543, 1990.
33. L. M. Strand, R. J. Cipolle, and M. J. Frakes, Medication Adherence: Improved Results with Comprehensive MedicationTherapy Management Services, Medication Management Systems, 2007.
34. V. Ruelas, G. M. Roybal, Y. Lu, D. Goldman, and A. Peters, "Clinical and behavioral correlates of achieving and maintaining glycemic targets in an underserved population with type 2 diabetes, " Diabetes Care, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 54-56, 2009.
35. F. A. Guisasola, S. T. Povedano, G. Krishnarajah, R. Lyu, P. Mavros, and D. Yin, "Hypoglycaemic symptoms, treatment satisfaction, adherence and their associations with glycaemic goal in patients with type 2 diabetesmellitus: findings fromthe Real-Life Effectiveness and Care Patterns of Diabetes Management (RECAP-DM) Study, "Diabetes, Obesity andMetabolism, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25-32, 2008.
36. A. K. Jha, R. E. Aubert, J. Yao, J. R. Teagarden, and R. S. Epstein, "Greater adherence to diabetes drugs is linked to less hospital use and could save nearly $5 billion annually, " Health Affairs, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1836-1846, 2012.
37. W. C. Lee, S. Balu, D. Cobden, A. V. Joshi, and C. L. Pashos, "Prevalence and economic consequences of medication adherence in diabetes: a systematic literature review, " Managed Care Interface, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 31-41, 2006.
38. L. Breitscheidel, S. Stamenitis, F.-W. Dippel, and O. Schoffski, "Economic impact of compliance to treatmentwith antidiabetes medication in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review paper, " Journal of Medical Economics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 8-15, 2010.
39. K. L. Hepke, M. T. Martus, and D. A. Share, "Costs and utilization associated with pharmaceutical adherence in a diabetic population, "The American Journal ofManaged Care, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 144-151, 2004.
40. M. C. Sokol, K. A. McGuigan, R. R. Verbrugge, and R. S. Epstein, "Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost, " Medical Care, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 521-530, 2005.
41. M. Adachi, K. Yamaoka, M. Watanabe, et al., "Effects of lifestyle education program for type 2 diabetes patients in clinics: a cluster randomized controlled trial, " BMC Public Health, vol. 13, article 467, 2013.
42. R. H. Bishay, A. Omari, J. Zang, et al., "Divide and conquer: the multidisciplinary approach to achieving significant long-term weight loss and improved glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, " Clinical Diabetes, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 14-20, 2013.
43. T. A. Wadden, R. H. Neiberg, R. R. Wing, et al., "Four-year weight losses in the look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success, " Obesity, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1987-1998, 2011.
44. Australian Institute of Health andWelfare, Diabetes: Australian Facts, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra, Australia, 2008.
45. J. B. Rice, U. Desai, A. K. G. Cummings, H. G. Birnbaum, M. Skornicki, and N. B. Parsons, "Burden of diabetic foot ulcers for medicare and private insurers, " Diabetes Care, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 651-658, 2014.
46. S. M. Ali, "Barriers to optimal control of type 2 diabetes in MalaysianMalay patients, "Global Journal of Health Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 106-118, 2009.
47. S. Farsaei, A. M. Sabzghabaee, A. H. Zargarzadeh, and M. Amini, "Effect of pharmacist-led patient education on glycemic control of type 2 diabetics: a randomized controlled trial, " Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 43-49, 2011.
48. A. Philis-Tsimikas, A. Fortmann, L. Lleva-Ocana, et al., "Peerled diabetes education programs in high-risk Mexican Americans improve glycemic control compared with standard approaches: a Project Dulce promotora randomized trial, " Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1926-1931, 2011.
49. E. Beyazit and M. Mollaoglu, "Investigation of effect on glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and body mass index of diabetes intensive education program in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, " American Journal of Mens Health, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 351-357, 2011.
50. M. Y. Tan, J. M. Magarey, S. S. Chee, L. F. Lee, and M. H. Tan, "A brief structured education programme enhances self-care practices and improves glycaemic control in Malaysians with poorly controlled diabetes, " Health Education Research, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 896-907, 2011.
51. M. Moriyama, M. Nakano, Y. Kuroe, K. Nin, M. Niitani, and T. Nakaya, "Efficacy of a self-management education program for people with type 2 diabetes: results of a 12 month trial, " Japan Journal of Nursing Science, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 51-63, 2009.
52. International Diabetes Federation, Global Guideline for Type Diabetes, vol. 2, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium, 2012.
53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), The Management of Type 2 Diabetes, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), London, UK, 2014.
54. National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance, Guidelines for the Management of Absolute Cardiovascular Disease Risk, NVDPA, 2012.
55. R. B. D'Agostino Sr., R. S. Vasan, M. J. Pencina, et al., "General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart study, " 2008, http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk-functions/cardiovascular-disease/10-year-risk.php#.
56. P. J. O'Connor, N. L. Bodkin, J. Fradkin, et al., "Diabetes performance measures: current status and future directions, " Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1651-1659, 2011.
57. N. Ahmad, Y. Hassan, B. Tangiisuran, et al., "Guidelines adherence and hypertension control at a tertiary hospital inMalaysia, " Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 798-804, 2013.
58. I. Krass, R. Hebing, B. Mitchell, et al., "Diabetes management in an Australian primary care population, " Journal of Clinical Pharmacy andTherapeutics, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 664-672, 2011.
59. J. D. DePue, S. Dunsiger, A. D. Seiden, et al., "Nurse-community health worker teamimproves diabetes care in American Samoa: results of a randomized controlled trial, " Diabetes Care, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1947-1953, 2013.
60. M. S. Spencer, A.-M. Rosland, E. C. Kieffer, et al., "Effectiveness of a community health worker intervention among African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial, " American Journal of Public Health, vol. 101, no. 12, pp. 2253-2260, 2011.
61. S.-F. V. Wu, M.-C. Lee, S.-Y. Liang, Y.-Y. Lu, T.-J. Wang, and H.-H. Tung, "Effectiveness of a self-efficacy program for persons with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial, " Nursing and Health Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 335-343, 2011.
62. K. A. Sinclair, E. K. Makahi, C. Shea-Solatorio, S. R. Yoshimura, C. K. M. Townsend, and J. K. Kaholokula, "Outcomes from a diabetes self-management intervention for native hawaiians and pacific people: partners in care, " Annals of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 24-32, 2013.
63. A. Farmer, W. Hardeman, D. Hughes, et al., "An explanatory randomised controlled trial of a nurse-led, consultation-based intervention to support patients with adherence to taking glucose lowering medication for type 2 diabetes, " BMC Family Practice, vol. 13, article 30, 2012.
64. S. M. Chen, D. Creedy, H.-S. Lin, and J. Wollin, "Effects of motivational interviewing intervention on self-management, psychological and glycemic outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial, " International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 637-644, 2012.
65. K. M. P. Keogh, S. M. M. D. Smith, P. White, et al., "Psychological family intervention for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, " The American Journal of Managed Care, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 105-113, 2011.
66. C.-M. Kang, S.-C. Chang, P.-L. Chen, et al., "Comparison of family partnership intervention care vs. conventional care in adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in a community hospital: a randomized controlled trial, " International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 1363-1373, 2010.
67. H. H. Fischer, S. L. Eisert, R. M. Everhart, et al., "Nurse-run, telephone-based outreach to improve lipids in people with diabetes, " The American Journal of Managed Care, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 77-84, 2012.
68. K. Weinger, E. A. Beverly, Y. Lee, L. Sitnokov, O. P. Ganda, and A. E. Caballero, "The effect of a structured behavioral intervention on poorly controlled diabetes: a randomized controlled trial, " Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 171, no. 22, pp. 1990-1999, 2011.
69. M. Barrera Jr., D. Toobert, L. Strycker, and D. Osuna, "Effects of acculturation on a culturally adapted diabetes intervention for latinas, " Health Psychology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 51-54, 2012.
70. C. C. Quinn, M. D. Shardell, M. L. Terrin, E. A. Barr, S. H. Ballew, and A. L. Gruber-Baldini, "Cluster-randomized trial of a mobile phone personalized behavioral intervention for blood glucose control, " Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1934-1942, 2011.
71. E. D. Williams, D. Bird, A. W. Forbes, et al., "Randomised controlled trial of an automated, interactive telephone intervention (TLC Diabetes) to improve type 2 diabetes management: baseline findings and six-month outcomes, " BMC PublicHealth, vol. 12, no. 1, article 602, 2012.
72. J. Belsey and G. Krishnarajah, "Glycaemic control and adverse events in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin + sulphonylurea: a meta-analysis, " Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, vol. 10, supplement 1, pp. 1-7, 2008.
73. S. E. Inzucchi, R. M. Bergenstal, J. B. Buse, et al., "Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centred approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), " Diabetologia, vol. 35, no. 6, 2012.
74. S. Pande, J. E. Hiller, N. Nkansah, and L. Bero, "The effect of pharmacist-provided non-dispensing services on patient outcomes, health service utilisation and costs in low-and middle-income countries, " Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 2, Article ID CD010398, pp. 1-71, 2013.
75. A. M. Samtia, M. F. Rasool, N. M. Ranjha, F. Usman, and I. Javed, "A multifactorial intervention to enhance adherence to medications and disease-related knowledge in type 2 diabetic patients in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, " Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 851-856, 2013.
76. M. O. Adibe, C. V. Ukwe, and C. N. Aguwa, "The impact of pharmaceutical care intervention on the quality of life of nigerian patients receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes, " Value in Health Regional Issues, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 240-247, 2013.
77. C.-W. Chan, S.-C. Siu, C. K. W. Wong, and V. W. Y. Lee, "A pharmacist care program: positive impact on cardiac risk in patients with type 2 diabetes, " Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology andTherapeutics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 57-64, 2012.
78. J. P. Jameson and P. J. Baty, "Pharmacist Collaborative Management of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial, " The American Journal of Managed Care, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 250-255, 2010.
79. L. Navin Kumar, S. T. Chin, T. Rachet, K. Y. Lim, and A. Fudziah, "Clinical and economic impact of pharmacist-run medication therapy adherence clinic service on patients with type 2 diabetes, " Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, vol. 5, no. 11, p. 42, 2011.
80. M. Ali, F. Schifano, P. Robinson, et al., "Impact of community pharmacy diabetes monitoring and education programme on diabetes management: a randomized controlled study, " Diabetic Medicine, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. e326-e333, 2012.
81. N. N. Ladhani, S. R. Majumdar, J. A. Johnson, et al., "Adding pharmacists to primary care teams reduces predicted long-term risk of cardiovascular events in Type2 diabetic patients without established cardiovascular disease: results from a randomized trial, " Diabetic Medicine, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1433-1439, 2012.
82. A. O. M. Mourao, W. R. Ferreira, M. A. P. Martins, et al., "Pharmaceutical care program for type 2 diabetes patients in Brazil: a randomised controlled trial, " International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 79-86, 2013.
83. L. B. Cohen, T. H. Taveira, S. A. M. Khatana, A. G. Dooley, P. A. Pirraglia, and W.-C. Wu, "Pharmacist-led shared medical appointments for multiple cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes, "The Diabetes Educator, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 801-812, 2011.
84. A. M. Castejon, J. L. Calderon, A. Perez, et al., "A communitybased pilot study of a diabetes pharmacist intervention in Latinos: impact on weight and hemoglobin A1c, " Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, vol. 24, supplement 4, pp. 48-60, 2013.
85. D. F. Kraemer, W. A. Kradjan, T. M. Bianco, and J. A. Low, "A randomized study to assess the impact of pharmacist counseling of employer-based health plan beneficiaries with diabetes: the EMPOWER study, " Journal of Pharmacy Practice, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 169-179, 2012.
86. E. Mehuys, L. Van Bortel, L. De Bolle, et al., "Effectiveness of a community pharmacist intervention in diabetes care: a randomized controlled trial, " Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 602-613, 2011.
87. A. S. Jarab, S. G. Alqudah, T. L. Mukattash, G. Shattat, and T. Al-Qirim, "Randomized controlled trial of clinical pharmacy management of patients with type 2 diabetes in an outpatient diabetes clinic in Jordan, " Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 516-526, 2012.
88. M. Heisler, T. P. Hofer, J. A. Schmittdiel, et al., "Improving blood pressure control through a clinical pharmacist outreach program in patients with diabetes mellitus in 2 highperforming health systems: the adherence and intensification of medications cluster randomized, controlled pragmatic trial, " Circulation, vol. 125, no. 23, pp. 2863-2872, 2012.
89. J. L. Kirwin, R. J. Cunningham, and T. D. Sequist, "Pharmacist recommendations to improve the quality of diabetes care: a randomized controlled trial, " Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 104-113, 2010.
90. T. H. Taveira, P. D. Friedmann, L. B. Cohen, et al., "Pharmacistled group medical appointment model in type 2 diabetes, " Diabetes Educator, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 109-117, 2010.
91. M. Jacobs, P. S. Sherry, L. M. Taylor, M. Amato, G. R. Tataronis, and G. Cushing, "Pharmacist assisted medication program enhancing the regulation of diabetes (PAMPERED) study, " Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 613-621, 2012.
92. C. Nishita, G. Cardazone, D. L. Uehara, and T. Tom, "Empowered diabetes management: life coaching and pharmacist counseling for employed adults with diabetes, " Health Education and Behavior, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 581-591, 2013.
93. A. T. Brennan, J. T. Dollear, M. Hu, et al., "An integrated pharmacy-based program improved medication prescription and adherence rates in diabetes patients, " Health Affairs, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 120-129, 2012.
94. I. M. Stratton, A. I. Adler, H. A. W. Neil, et al., "Associationof glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study, " British Medical Journal, vol. 321, no. 7258, pp. 405-412, 2000.
95. J. J. Ashman, A. Talwalkar, and S. A. Taylor, "Age differences in visits to office-based physicians by patients with diabetes: United States, 2010, " in US Department of Health and Human Services, pp. 1-7, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, USA, 2014.
96. S. G. H. A. Swinnen and J. H. Devries, "Contact frequency determines outcome of basal insulin initiation trials in type 2 diabetes, " Diabetologia, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 2324-2327, 2009.
97. D. S. Mshelia, O. M. Akinosun, and F. M. Abbiyesuku, "Effect of increased patient-physician contact time and health education in achieving diabetes mellitus management objectives in a resource-poor environment, " SingaporeMedical Journal, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 74-79, 2007.
98. E. C. K. Tan, K. Stewart, R. A. Elliott, and J. George, "Pharmacist consultations in general practice clinics: the Pharmacists in Practice Study (PIPS), " Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 623-632, 2014.
99. The impact of electronic health records on pharmacy practice. Drug topics.com, 2012, http://www.pharmacyhit.org/pdfs/Article.pdf.
100. F. Isasi and E. Krofah, The Expanding Role of Pharmacists in a Transformed Health Care System, National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Washington, DC, USA, 2015.
101. D. Andalo and E. Sukkar, "Risks and benefits of pharmacists accessing summary care records, " The Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 295, no. 7870, pp. 13-15, 2015.
102. K. E. Herbert, J. M. Urmie, B. A. Newland, and K. B. Farris, "Prediction of pharmacist intention to provideMedicaremedication therapy management services using the theory of planned behavior, " Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 299-314, 2006.
103. L. R. Moczygemba, J. C. Barner, E. R. Gabrillo, and P. J. Godley, "Development and implementation of a telephone medication therapy management program for Medicare beneficiaries, " American Journal ofHealth-System Pharmacy, vol. 65, no. 17, pp. 1655-1660, 2008.
104. J. C. Schommer, L. G. Planas, K. A. Johnson, and W. R. Doucette, "Pharmacist-provided medication therapy management (part 2): payer perspectives in 2007, " Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 478-486, 2008.