Which is the best physical treatment for osteoarthritis?

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 54-68

  Castrogiovanni, Paola ^a   Musumeci, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aerobic training; Anaerobic training; Aquatic training; Flexibility training; Osteoarthritis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84973307572     PISSN: None     EISSN: 24115142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/jfmk1010054     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Pereira, D.; Ramos, E.; Branco, J. Osteoarthritis. Acta Med. Port. 2015, 28, 99-106. [PubMed]
2. Pereira, D.; Severo, M.; Barros, H.; Branco, J.; Santos, R.A.; Ramos, E. The effect of depressive symptoms on the association between radiographic osteoarthritis and knee pain: A cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2013, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Altman, R.D. Early management of osteoarthritis. Am. J. Manag. Care 2010, 16, S41-S47. [PubMed]
4. Arden, N.; Nevitt, M.C. Osteoarthritis: Epidemiology. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2006, 20, 3-25. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Schroeppel, J.P.; Crist, J.D.; Anderson, H.C.; Wang, J. Molecular regulation of articular chondrocyte function and its significance inosteoarthritis. Histol. Histopathol. 2011, 26, 377-394. [PubMed]
6. Sinusas, K. Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and treatment. Am. Fam. Physician 2012, 85, 49-56. [PubMed]
7. Musumeci, G.; Loreto, C.; Clementi, G.; Fiore, C.E.; Martinez, G. An in vivo experimental study on osteopenia in diabetic rats. Acta Histochem. 2011, 113, 619-625. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Musumeci, G.; Leonardi, R.; Carnazza, M.L.; Cardile, V.; Pichler, K.; Weinberg, A.M.; Loreto, C. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) expression in experimentally induced osteoarthritic knee menisci: An in vivo and in vitro study. Tissue Cell. 2013, 45, 145-152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Pichler, K.; Loreto, C.; Leonardi, R.; Reuber, T.; Weinberg, A.M.; Musumeci, G. RANKL is downregulated in bone cells by physical activity (treadmill and vibration stimulation training) in rat with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Histol. Histopathol. 2013, 28, 1185-1196. [PubMed]
10. Musumeci, G.; Castrogiovanni, P.; Trovato, F.M.; di Giunta, A.; Loreto, C.; Castorina, S. Microscopic and macroscopic anatomical features in healthy and osteoarthritic knee cartilage. OA Anatomy. 2013, 1, 30. [CrossRef]
11. Musumeci, G.; Loreto, C.; Castorina, S.; Imbesi, R.; Leonardi, R.; Castrogiovanni, P. Current concepts in the treatment of cartilage damage. A review. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 2013, 118, 189-203. [PubMed]
12. Musumeci, G.; Loreto, C.; Castorina, S.; Imbesi, R.; Leonardi, R.; Castrogiovanni, P. New perspectives in the treatment of cartilage damage. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) scaffold. A review. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 2013, 118, 204-210. [PubMed]
13. Loreto, C.; Lo Castro, E.; Musumeci, G.; Loreto, F.; Rapisarda, G.; Rezzani, R.; Castorina, S.; Leonardi, R.; Rusu, M.C. Aquaporin 1 expression in human temporomandibular disc. Acta Histochem. 2012, 114, 744-748. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Egloff, C.; Hügle, T.; Valderrabano, V. Biomechanics and pathomechanisms of osteoarthritis. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2012, 142. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Lorenz, H.; Richter, W. Osteoarthritis: Cellular and molecular changes in degenerating cartilage. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 2006, 40, 135-163. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Lahm, A.; Kasch, R.; Mrosek, E.; Spank, H.; Erggelet, C.; Esser, J.; Merk, H. Semiquantitative analysis of ECM molecules in the different cartilage layers in early and advanced osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Histol. Histopathol. 2012, 27, 609-615. [PubMed]
17. Kouri, J.B.; Lavalle, C. Do chondrocytes undergo “activation” and “transdifferentiation” during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis? A review of the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evidence. Histol. Histopathol. 2006, 21, 793-802. [PubMed]
18. Pritzker, K.P.; Aigner, T. Terminology of osteoarthritis cartilage and bone histopathology-A proposal for a consensus. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2010, 18, S7-S9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Veje, K.; Hyllested-Winge, J.L.; Ostergaard, K. Topographic and zonal distribution of tenascin in human articular cartilage from femoral heads: Normal versus mild and severe osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2003, 11, 217-127. [CrossRef]
20. Miosge, N.; Hartmann, M.; Maelicke, C.; Herken, R. Expression of collagen type I and type II in consecutive stages of human osteoarthritis. Histochem. Cell. Biol. 2004, 122, 229-236. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Ruan, M.Z.; Patel, R.M.; Dawson, B.C.; Jiang, M.M.; Lee, B.H. Pain, motor and gait assessment of murine osteoarthritis in a cruciate ligament transection model. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2013, 21, 1355-1364. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Buck, R.J.; Wirth, W.; Dreher, D.; Nevitt, M.; Eckstein, F. Frequency and spatial distribution of cartilage thickness change in knee osteoarthritis and its relation to clinical and radiographic covariates-Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2013, 21, 102-109. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Mankin, H.J.; Dorfman, H.; Lippiello, L.; Zarins, A. Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from osteo-arthritic human hips. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1971, 53, 523-537. [PubMed]
24. Kraus, V.B.; Huebner, J.L.; Stabler, T.; Flahiff, C.M.; Setton, L.A.; Fink, C.; Vilim, V.; Clark, A.G. Ascorbic acid increase the severity of spontaneous knee osteoarthritis in a guinea pig model. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50, 1822-1831. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Pritzker, K.P.; Gay, S.; Jimenez, S.A.; Ostergaard, K.; Pelletier, J.P.; Revell, P.A.; Salter, D.; van der Berg, W.B. Osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology: Grading and staging. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2006, 14, 13-29. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Pauli, C.; Grogan, S.P.; Patil, S.; Otsuki, S.; Hasegawa, A.; Koziol, J.; Lotz, M.K.; D'Lima, D.D. Macroscopic and histopathologic analysis of human knee menisci in aging and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2011, 19, 1132-1141. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Zhang, W.; Moskowitz, R.W.; Nuki, G.; Abramson, S.; Altman, R.D.; Arden, N.; Bierma-Zeinstra, S.; Brandt, K.D.; Croft, P.; Doherty, M.; et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part I: Critical appraisal of existing treatment guidelines and systematic review of current research evidence. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2007, 15, 981-1000. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Bamman, M.M.; Wick, T.M.; Carmona-Moran, C.A.; Bridges, S.L. Exercise medicine for osteoarthritis: Research strategies to maximize effectiveness. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Uthman, O.A.; van der Windt, D.A.; Jordan, J.L.; Dziedzic, K.S.; Healey, E.L.; Peat, G.M.; Foster, N.E. Exercise for lower limb osteoarthritis: Systematic review incorporating trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2013, 347. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Musumeci, G.; Loreto, C.; Imbesi, R.; Trovato, F.M.; di Giunta, A.; Lombardo, C.; Castorina, S.; Castrogiovanni, P. Advantages of exercise in rehabilitation, treatment and prevention of altered morphological features in knee osteoarthritis. A narrative review. Histol. Histopathol. 2014, 29, 707-719. [PubMed]
31. Fransen, M.; McConnell, S. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2008, 4, CD004376. [PubMed]
32. Lin, C.W.; Taylor, D.; Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M.; Maher, C.G. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Phys. Ther. 2010, 90, 839-842. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Pisters, M.F.; Veenhof, C.; van Meeteren, N.L.; Ostelo, R.W.; de Bakker, D.H.; Schellevis, F.G.; Dekker, J. Long-term effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: A systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 57, 1245-1253. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Mazieres, B.; Thevenon, A.; Coudeyre, E.; Chevalier, X.; Revel, M.; Rannou, F. Adherence to, and results of, physical therapy programs in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Development of French clinical practice guidelines. Joint Bone Spine 2008, 75, 589-596. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Bennell, K.L.; Hinman, R.S. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2011, 14, 4-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Baker, K.; McAlindon, T. Exercise for knee osteoarthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2000, 12, 456-463. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Hughes, V.A.; Frontera, W.R.; Wood, M.; Evans, W.J.; Dallal, G.E.; Roubenoff, R.; Fiatarone Singh, M.A. Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: Influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001, 56, B209-B217. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Fiatarone Singh, M.A. Exercise comes of age: Rationale and recommendations for a geriatric exercise prescription. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2002, 57, M262-M282. [CrossRef]
39. Fransen, M.; McConnell, S.; Bell, M. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003, 3, CD004286. [CrossRef]
40. Latham, N.; Bennet, D.A.; Stretton, C.M.; Anderson, C.S. A systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2004, 59, 48-61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Lange, A.K.; Vanwanseele, B.; Fiatarone Singh, M.A. Strength training for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 59, 1488-1494. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Latham, N.; Liu, C.J. Strength training in older adults: The benefits for osteoarthritis. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 2010, 26, 445-459. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Jiménez, S.C.E.; Fernández, G.R.; Zurita, O.F.; Linares, G.D.; Farías, M.A. Effects of education and strength training on functional tests among older people with osteoarthritis. Rev. Med. Chil. 2014, 142, 436-442.
44. Ageberg, E.; Nilsdotter, A.; Kosek, E.; Roos, E.M. Effects of neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) on patient-reported outcomes and physical function in severe primary hip or knee osteoarthritis: A controlled before-and-after study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2013, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Anwer, S.; Equebal, A.; Nezamuddin, M.; Kumar, R.; Lenka, P.K. Effect of gender on strength gains after isometric exercise coupled with electromyographic biofeedback in knee osteoarthritis: A preliminary study. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2013, 56, 434-442. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. McKnight, P.E.; Kasle, S.; Going, S.; Villanueva, I.; Cornett, M.; Farr, J.; Wright, J.; Streeter, C.; Zautra, A. A comparison of strength training, self-management, and the combination for early osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 2010, 62, 45-53. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Knoop, J.; Dekker, J.; van der Leeden, M.; van der Esch, M.; Thorstensson, C.A.; Gerritsen, M.; Voorneman, R.E.; Peter, W.F.; de Rooij, M.; Romviel, S.; et al. Knee joint stabilization therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized, controlled trial. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2013, 21, 1025-1034. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Burrows, N.J.; Booth, J.; Sturnieks, D.L.; Barry, B.K. Acute resistance exercise and pressure pain sensitivity in knee osteoarthritis: A randomised crossover trial. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2014, 22, 407-414. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Messier, S.P.; Mihalko, S.L.; Beavers, D.P.; Nicklas, B.J.; deVita, P.; Carr, J.J.; Hunter, D.J.; Williamson, J.D.; Bennell, K.L.; Guermazi, A.; et al. Strength Training for Arthritis Trial (START): Design and rationale. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2013, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Vincent, K.R.; Vincent, H.K. Resistance exercise for knee osteoarthritis. PMR 2012, 4, S45-S52. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Foroughi, N.; Smith, R.M.; Lange, A.K.; Baker, M.K.; Fiatarone Singh, M.A.; Vanwanseele, B. Lower limb muscle strengthening does not change frontal plane moments in women with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon) 2011, 26, 167-174. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Jan, M.H.; Lin, J.J.; Liau, J.J.; Lin, Y.F.; Lin, D.H. Investigation of clinical effects of high- and low-resistance training for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Phys. Ther. 2008, 88, 427-436. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Penninx, B.W.; Rejeski, W.J.; Pandya, J.; Miller, M.E.; di Bari, M.; Applegate, W.B.; Pahor, M. Exercise and depressive symptoms: A comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2002, 57, 124-132. [CrossRef]
54. Messier, S.P.; Loeser, R.F.; Miller, G.D.; Morgan, T.M.; Rejeski, W.J.; Sevick, M.A.; Ettinger, W.H., Jr.; Pahor, M.; Williamson, J.D. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: The arthritis, diet, and activity promotion trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50, 1501-1510. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Cochrane, T.; Davey, R.C.; Matthes Edwards, S.M. Randomised controlled trial of the cost-effectiveness of water-based therapy for lower limb osteoarthritis. Health Technol. Assess. 2005, 9, 1-114. [CrossRef]
56. Fransen, M.; Nairn, L.; Winstanley, J.; Lam, P.; Edmonds, J. Physical activity for osteoarthritis management: A randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating hydrotherapy or Tai Chi classes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 57, 407-414. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Semanik, P.A.; Chang, R.W.; Dunlop, D.D. Aerobic activity in prevention and symptom control of osteoarthritis. PMR 2012, 4, S37-S44. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Messier, S.P.; Royer, T.D.; Craven, T.E.; O'Toole, M.L.; Burns, R.; Ettinger, W.H., Jr. Long-term exercise and its effect on balance in older, osteoarthritic adults: Results from the Fitness, Arthritis, and Seniors Trial (FAST). J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2000, 48, 131-138. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Mangani, I.; Cesari, M.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Maraldi, C.; Carter, C.S.; Atkinson, H.H.; Penninx, B.W.; Marchionni, N.; Pahor, M. Physical exercise and comorbidity. Results from the Fitness and Arthritis in Seniors Trial (FAST). Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 18, 374-380. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Brosseau, L.; Wells, G.A.; Kenny, G.P.; Reid, R.; Maetzel, A.; Tugwell, P.; Huijbregts, M.; McCullough, C.; de Angelis, G.; Chen, L. The implementation of a community-based aerobic walking program for mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: A knowledge translation randomized controlled trial: Part II: Clinical outcomes. BMC Public Health 2012, 12. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Roddy, E.; Zhang, W.; Doherty, M. Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2005, 64, 544-548. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Minor, M.A. Impact of exercise on osteoarthritis outcomes. J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 2004, 70, 81-86. [PubMed]
63. Paterson, D.H.; Warburton, D.E. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: A systematic review related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 38. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Musumeci, G.; Castrogiovanni, P.; Leonardi, R.; Trovato, F.M.; Szychlinska, M.A.; di Giunta, A.; Loreto, C.; Castorina, S. Knee osteoarthritis. New perspectives for articular cartilage repair treatment through tissue engineering. A contemporary review. World J. Orthop. 2014, 5, 80-88. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Musumeci, G. The effects of exercise on physical limitations and fatigue in rheumatic diseases. World J. Orthop. 2015, 6, 762-769. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Garber, C.E.; Blissmer, B.; Deschenes, M.R.; Franklin, B.A.; Lamonte, M.J.; Lee, I.M.; Nieman, D.C.; Swain, D.P. American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 1334-1359. [PubMed]
67. Houston, M.N.; Hodson, V.E.; Adams, K.K.E.; Hoch, J.M. The effectiveness of whole-body-vibration training in improving hamstring flexibility in physically active adults. J. Sport Rehabil. 2015, 24, 77-82. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Wang, C.; Schmid, C.H.; Hibberd, P.L.; Kalish, R.; Roubenoff, R.; Rones, R.; McAlindon, T. Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61, 1545-1553. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Wang, C.; Collet, J.P.; Lau, J. The effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions: A systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164, 493-501. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Lee, M.S.; Pittler, M.H.; Ernst, E. Tai Chi for osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Clin. Rheumatol. 2008, 27, 211-218. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Wang, C.; Schmid, C.H.; Hibberd, P.L.; Kalish, R.; Roubenoff, R.; Rones, R.; Okparavero, A.; McAlindon, T. Tai Chi for treating knee osteoarthritis: Designing a long-term follow up randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2008, 9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Lee, H.J.; Park, H.J.; Chae, Y.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, S.N.; Kim, S.T.; Kim, J.H.; Yin, C.S.; Lee, H. Tai Chi Qigong for the quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis: A pilot, randomized, waiting list controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 2009, 23, 504-511. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73. Tsai, P.F.; Chang, J.Y.; Beck, C.; Kuo, Y.F.; Keefe, F.J. A pilot cluster-randomized trial of a 20-week Tai Chi program in elders with cognitive impairment and osteoarthritic knee: Effects on pain and other health outcomes. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2013, 45, 660-669. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Shen, C.L.; James, C.R.; Chyu, M.C.; Bixby, W.R.; Brismée, J.M.; Zumwalt, M.A.; Poklikuha, G. Effects of Tai Chi on gait kinematics, physical function, and pain in elderly with knee osteoarthritis-A pilot study. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2008, 36, 219-232. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Song, R.; Roberts, B.L.; Lee, E.O.; Lam, P.; Bae, S.C. A randomized study of the effects of Tai Chi on muscle strength, bone mineral density, and fear of falling in women with osteoarthritis. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2010, 16, 227-233. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Brismee, J.M.; Paige, R.L.; Chyu, M.C.; Boatright, J.D.; Hagar, J.M.; McCaleb, J.A.; Quintela, M.M.; Feng, D.; Xu, K.T.; Shen, C.L. Group and home-based Tai Chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 2007, 21, 99-111. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Bressel, E.; Wing, J.E.; Miller, A.I.; Dolny, D.G. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: Effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 2088-2096. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Yázigi, F.; Espanha, M.; Vieira, F.; Messier, S.P.; Monteiro, C.; Veloso, A.P. The PICO project: Aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2013, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. King, M.R.; Haussler, K.K.; Kawcak, C.E.; McIlwraith, C.W.; Reiser Ii, R.F. Effect of underwater treadmill exercise on postural sway in horses with experimentally induced carpal joint osteoarthritis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2013, 74, 971-982. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Waller, B.; Munukka, M.; Multanen, J.; Rantalainen, T.; Pöyhönen, T.; Nieminen, M.T.; Kiviranta, I.; Kautiainen, H.; Selänne, H.; Dekker, J.; et al. Effects of a progressive aquatic resistance exercise program on the biochemical composition and morphology of cartilage in women with mild knee osteoarthritis: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2013, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Valtonen, A.; Pöyhönen, T.; Sipilä, S.; Heinonen, A. Effects of aquatic resistance training on mobility limitation and lower-limb impairments after knee replacement. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2010, 91, 833-839. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Valtonen, A.; Pöyhönen, T.; Sipilä, S.; Heinonen, A. Maintenance of aquatic training-induced benefits on mobility and lower-extremity muscles among persons with unilateral knee replacement. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2011, 92, 1944-1950. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Rahmann, A.E.; Brauer, S.G.; Nitz, J.C. A specific inpatient aquatic physiotherapy program improves strength after total hip or knee replacement surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2009, 90, 745-755. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Hinman, R.S.; Heywood, S.E.; Day, A.R. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: Results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys. Ther. 2007, 87, 32-43. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Wang, T.J.; Belza, B.; Elaine Thompson, F.; Whitney, J.D.; Bennett, K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J. Adv. Nurs. 2007, 57, 141-152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. Lund, H.; Weile, U.; Christensen, R.; Rostock, B.; Downey, A.; Bartels, E.M.; Danneskiold-Samsøe, B.; Bliddal, H. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land-based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J. Rehabil. Med. 2008, 40, 137-144. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
87. Wang, T.J.; Lee, S.C.; Liang, S.Y.; Tung, H.H.; Wu, S.F.; Lin, Y.P. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. J. Clin. Nurs. 2011, 20, 2609-2622. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Liebs, T.R.; Herzberg, W.; Rüther, W.; Haasters, J.; Russlies, M.; Hassenpflug, J. Multicenter arthroplasty aftercare project. Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing early versus late aquatic therapy after total hip or knee arthroplasty. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2012, 93, 192-199. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Suomi, R.; Collier, D. Effects of arthritis exercise programs on functional fitness and perceived activities of daily living measures in older adults with arthritis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2003, 84, 1589-1594. [CrossRef]
90. Arnold, C.M.; Faulkner, R.A. The effect of aquatic exercise and education on lowering fall risk in older adults with hip osteoarthritis. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2010, 18, 245-260. [PubMed]
91. Lim, J.Y.; Tchai, E.; Jang, S.N. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. PMR 2010, 2, 723-731. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Patrick, D.L.; Ramsey, S.D.; Spencer, A.C.; Kinne, S.; Belza, B.; Topolski, T.D. Economic evaluation of aquatic exercise for persons with osteoarthritis. Med. Care 2001, 39, 413-424. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
93. Belza, B.; Topolski, T.; Kinne, S.; Patrick, D.L.; Ramsey, S.D. Does adherence make a difference? Results from a community-based aquatic exercise program. Nurs. Res. 2002, 51, 285-291. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Bartels, E.M.; Lund, H.; Hagen, K.B.; Dagfinrud, H.; Christensen, R.; Danneskiold-Samse, B. Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007, 4, CD005523. [PubMed]
95. Zhang, W.; Nuki, G.; Moskowitz, R.W.; Abramson, S.; Altman, R.D.; Arden, N.K.; Bierma-Zeinstra, S.; Brandt, K.D.; Croft, P.; Doherty, M.; et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Part III. Changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2010, 18, 476-499. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
96. Roddy, E.; Zhang, W.; Doherty, M.; Arden, N.K.; Barlow, J.; Birrell, F.; Carr, A.; Chakravarty, K.; Dickson, J.; Hay, E.; et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the role of exercise in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee-the MOVE consensus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005, 44, 67-73. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Zheng, H.; Chen, C. Body mass index and risk of knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Open 2015, 5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]