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Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1980, Pages 89-120

Access to society: A neglected dimension of power

(1)  Haskel, Barbara G a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84972000076     PISSN: 00208183     EISSN: 15315088     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020818300003982     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (35)

References (65)
  • 1
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    • “Exit, Voice, and the State,” World Politics, 31, 1 (October 1978): 90-107. Hirschman notes that those whose interest was in curbing the growing power of the state saw these effects as healthy (98-99).
    • Albert O. Hirschman, “Exit, Voice, and the State,” World Politics, 31, 1 (October 1978): 90-107. Hirschman notes that those whose interest was in curbing the growing power of the state saw these effects as healthy (98-99).
    • Hirschman, A.O.1
  • 2
    • 84972207823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles S.Maier, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Samuel H. Beer, British Politics in the Collectivist Age (New York: Vintage, 1969); Stein Rokkan, “Numerical Democracy and Corporate Pluralism,” Political Oppositions in Western Democracies, Robert A. Dahl, ed. (New Haven, Conn, and London: Yale University Press, 1966): 70-115; Gerhard V. Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia (New York: Wiley, 1971); Andrew Shonfield, Modern Capitalism, The Changing Balance of Public and Private Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965).
    • Charles S.Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade After World War I (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Samuel H. Beer, British Politics in the Collectivist Age (New York: Vintage, 1969); Stein Rokkan, “Numerical Democracy and Corporate Pluralism,” Political Oppositions in Western Democracies, Robert A. Dahl, ed. (New Haven, Conn, and London: Yale University Press, 1966): 70-115; Gerhard V. Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia (New York: Wiley, 1971); Andrew Shonfield, Modern Capitalism, The Changing Balance of Public and Private Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965).
    • Recasting Bourgeois Europe, Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade After World War I
  • 3
    • 84972407008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Economic Interdependence and National Security in Historical Perspective,” Economic Issues and National Security, K. Knorr and F. N. Trager, eds. (Kansas City: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977): 19-66; David Baldwin, “International Political Economy and the International Monetary System,” International Organization 32,2 (Spring 1978): 497-512.
    • Robert Gilpin, “Economic Interdependence and National Security in Historical Perspective,” Economic Issues and National Security, K. Knorr and F. N. Trager, eds. (Kansas City: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977): 19-66; David Baldwin, “International Political Economy and the International Monetary System,” International Organization 32,2 (Spring 1978): 497-512.
    • Gilpin, R.1
  • 4
    • 84971195167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “International Relations and Domestic Structures: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrialized States,” International Organization 30,1 (Winter 1 976): 15; “Domestic and International Forces and Foreign Economic Strategies,” International Organization 31,4 (Autumn 1977): 603. Katzenstein's forthcoming work on small European states continues this line of analysis.
    • Peter J. Katzenstein, “International Relations and Domestic Structures: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrialized States,” International Organization 30,1 (Winter 1 976): 15; “Domestic and International Forces and Foreign Economic Strategies,” International Organization 31,4 (Autumn 1977): 603. Katzenstein's forthcoming work on small European states continues this line of analysis.
    • Katzenstein, P.J.1
  • 5
    • 84972381865 scopus 로고
    • Albert O. Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, (First printed 1945; written 1941-42).
    • Albert O. Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969). (First printed 1945; written 1941-42).
    • (1969)
  • 6
    • 84974313483 scopus 로고
    • Economic Interdependence and Foreign Policy in the Seventies
    • (January
    • Richard Cooper, “Economic Interdependence and Foreign Policy in the Seventies,” World Politics 24 (January 1972): 159-181.
    • (1972) World Politics , vol.24 , pp. 159-181
    • Cooper, R.1
  • 7
    • 84972407014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, “World Politics and the International Economic System,” in C. Fred Bergsten, ed. (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Press, 1973), pp. 115-180. For the concept of asymmetries as generating power, see also Arthur L. Stinchcombe, “Organized Dependency Relations and Social Stratification,” in Handbook of Organizations, James March, ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965).
    • Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, “World Politics and the International Economic System,” in The Future of the International Economic Order: An Agenda for Research, C. Fred Bergsten, ed. (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Press, 1973), pp. 115-180. For the concept of asymmetries as generating power, see also Arthur L. Stinchcombe, “Organized Dependency Relations and Social Stratification,” in Handbook of Organizations, James March, ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965).
    • The Future of the International Economic Order: An Agenda for Research
  • 8
    • 84972319984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Three models of the future,” International Organization 29, 1 (Winter 1975): 37-62; Jeanne Kirk Laux, “Global Interdependence and State Intervention,” in Canada's Foreign Policy: Analysis and Trends, Brian W. Tomlin, ed. (Toronto: Methuen, 1978), pp. 110-137; John Zysman, “The State as Trader,” International Affairs 54, 2 (April 1978): 264-281. Richard Cooper's original article also dealt with “coping responses.”
    • Robert Gilpin, “Three models of the future,” International Organization 29, 1 (Winter 1975): 37-62; Jeanne Kirk Laux, “Global Interdependence and State Intervention,” in Canada's Foreign Policy: Analysis and Trends, Brian W. Tomlin, ed. (Toronto: Methuen, 1978), pp. 110-137; John Zysman, “The State as Trader,” International Affairs 54, 2 (April 1978): 264-281. Richard Cooper's original article also dealt with “coping responses.”
    • Gilpin, R.1
  • 9
    • 84973959798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis,” The American Political Science Review 72, 4 (December 1978): 1243-1261. Cameron shows that in small, highly organized economies (both on the business and labor sides), the impact of the international economy has been to give an incentive to shift certain costs of production (labor costs in the form of benefits) away from the firm (where they would count in costs vis-a-vis competitors abroad) and to the public budget as a social expenditure.
    • David R. Cameron, “The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis,” The American Political Science Review 72, 4 (December 1978): 1243-1261. Cameron shows that in small, highly organized economies (both on the business and labor sides), the impact of the international economy has been to give an incentive to shift certain costs of production (labor costs in the form of benefits) away from the firm (where they would count in costs vis-a-vis competitors abroad) and to the public budget as a social expenditure.
    • Cameron, D.R.1
  • 11
    • 84974051282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Transnational Organizations in World Politics,” World Politics 25, 3 (April 1973): 330-368, especially, 342, 344, 355.
    • Samuel P. Huntington, “Transnational Organizations in World Politics,” World Politics 25, 3 (April 1973): 330-368, especially, 342, 344, 355.
    • Huntington, S.P.1
  • 12
    • 84972148227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “The Dynamics of International Technology Flows,” Technology Review (May 1978): 32-39. (I am indebted to Deborah Stone of MIT for pointing out this article to me.) In 1978, 22 percent of Harvard Business School's graduating class went to work for management consulting firms. John Thackray, “Winning the Game with a Hot Theory. Companies Seek Advice of Boston Consulting Group,” The New York Times, (hereafter NYT), 15 April 1979.
    • Denis Goulet, “The Dynamics of International Technology Flows,” Technology Review (May 1978): 32-39. (I am indebted to Deborah Stone of MIT for pointing out this article to me.) In 1978, 22 percent of Harvard Business School's graduating class went to work for management consulting firms. John Thackray, “Winning the Game with a Hot Theory. Companies Seek Advice of Boston Consulting Group,” The New York Times, (hereafter NYT), 15 April 1979.
    • Goulet, D.1
  • 13
    • 84972148220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Apolitical American Consultants, Third World Uses Firms' Expertise,” NYT, 28 September 1979. Where not otherwise credited, the examples in the next four paragraphs are from Crittenden's article.
    • Ann Crittenden, “Apolitical American Consultants, Third World Uses Firms' Expertise,” NYT, 28 September 1979. Where not otherwise credited, the examples in the next four paragraphs are from Crittenden's article.
    • Crittenden, A.1
  • 14
    • 84972381842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25 June 1976. See James Bedore and Louis Turner, “The Industrialization of the Middle Eastern Oil Producers,” World Today (September 1977): 326-334. They note that while no region dominates the economic relationship with the oil producers Europe leads in trade. Several Third-World countries such as Korea, India, and Pakistan are large suppliers, and these plus Yemen, Lebanon, and Egypt send large numbers of laborers.
    • NYT, 25 June 1976. See James Bedore and Louis Turner, “The Industrialization of the Middle Eastern Oil Producers,” World Today (September 1977): 326-334. They note that while no region dominates the economic relationship with the oil producers Europe leads in trade. Several Third-World countries such as Korea, India, and Pakistan are large suppliers, and these plus Yemen, Lebanon, and Egypt send large numbers of laborers.
    • NYT
  • 15
    • 84972407010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 June 1976, and Eric Pace, “Factories to Rise in Saudi Village,” and Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Bechtel Orchestrates Construction of New Industrial City for Saudis,” both in NYT, 13 February 1978. Likewise Algeria called for bids from large international accounting companies to improve cost-accounting procedures and remedy inefficiencies in its state-owned factories. Henry Giniger, NYT, 8 August 1976.
    • NYT, 23 June 1976, and Eric Pace, “Factories to Rise in Saudi Village,” and Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Bechtel Orchestrates Construction of New Industrial City for Saudis,” both in NYT, 13 February 1978. Likewise Algeria called for bids from large international accounting companies to improve cost-accounting procedures and remedy inefficiencies in its state-owned factories. Henry Giniger, NYT, 8 August 1976.
    • NYT
  • 16
    • 84972207811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13 February 1978.
    • Ibrahim, NYT, 13 February 1978.
    • NYT
    • Ibrahim1
  • 17
    • 84972168631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NYT, 24 April 1978.
    • Ibrahim, NYT, 24 April 1978.
    • Ibrahim1
  • 19
    • 84972413399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “decisional technologies”: 37-38. Consultants also function as expert critics in helping countries evaluate plans. Goulet points out, however, that (as elsewhere) their “advice” is often wanted more for prestigious endorsement.
    • Goulet, on “decisional technologies”: 37-38. Consultants also function as expert critics in helping countries evaluate plans. Goulet points out, however, that (as elsewhere) their “advice” is often wanted more for prestigious endorsement.
    • Goulet1
  • 20
    • 84965495027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are 110 refining and metallurgy projects underway in the Middle East and North Africa. Louis Turner and James Bedore, “The Trade Policies of Middle Eastern Industrialization,” (Winter 1978/79): 306-322.
    • There are 110 refining and metallurgy projects underway in the Middle East and North Africa. Louis Turner and James Bedore, “The Trade Policies of Middle Eastern Industrialization,” Foreign Affairs (Winter 1978/79): 306-322.
    • Foreign Affairs
  • 21
    • 84972168611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13 February 1978.
    • NYT, 13 February 1978.
    • NYT
  • 22
    • 84972392534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sam Wallace's bid to build a Saudi 'missile city,'
    • Business Week, 4 September 1978. Since the early 1970s the U.S. contracts in Saudi Arabia declined from about one-third to one-eighth.
    • “Sam Wallace's bid to build a Saudi 'missile city,' ” Business Week, 4 September 1978. Since the early 1970s the U.S. contracts in Saudi Arabia declined from about one-third to one-eighth.
  • 23
    • 84972195151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Canadians Reaching for Third World Riches,” The Gazette, 25 September 1978. The James Bay Energy Corporation, a subsidiary of Hydro Quebec, has an annual budget one-sixth the size of the province's government expenditures or 4 percent of Quebec's GDP of $50 billion. The Gazette, 14 October 1978. “Quebec Eyes China Hydro Contract,” The Gazette, 28 February 1979.
    • Peter Cook, “Canadians Reaching for Third World Riches,” The Gazette, 25 September 1978. The James Bay Energy Corporation, a subsidiary of Hydro Quebec, has an annual budget one-sixth the size of the province's government expenditures or 4 percent of Quebec's GDP of $50 billion. The Gazette, 14 October 1978. “Quebec Eyes China Hydro Contract,” The Gazette, 28 February 1979.
    • Cook, P.1
  • 24
    • 84972271960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quebec Eyes China Hydro Contract
    • The Gazette, 23 February 1979.
    • “Quebec Eyes China Hydro Contract,” The Gazette, 23 February 1979.
  • 25
    • 84972212048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “One Contractor's Gamble. Experience with Dams at James Bay Means Chances for Huge International Contracts Later,” The Gazette, 14 October 1978.
    • Ian Anderson, “One Contractor's Gamble. Experience with Dams at James Bay Means Chances for Huge International Contracts Later,” The Gazette, 14 October 1978.
    • Anderson, I.1
  • 26
    • 84972392553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Multinational: The End of U.S. Dominance?” Harvard Business Review (November-December 1978): 93-101. Citations, 94, 100.
    • Lawrence G. Franko, “Multinational: The End of U.S. Dominance?” Harvard Business Review (November-December 1978): 93-101. Citations, 94, 100.
    • Franko, L.G.1
  • 27
    • 84972200774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15 November 1975.
    • NYT. 15 November 1975.
    • NYT.
  • 28
    • 84897295939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21 October 1978.
    • The Gazette, 21 October 1978.
    • The Gazette
  • 29
    • 84972222002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “The Halls of Ivy,” NYT, 3 April 1978. The government of Communist China has learned from this and recently gone directly to individual U.S. universities, although elsewhere they have gone to governments (like the Canadian government) to negotiate places for their students. University Affairs (December 1978): 9. “The Canadian Council of Education Ministers” is currently arranging for 500 Chinese students to study in Canada. The Gazette, 2 March 1979.
    • David Sloan, “The Halls of Ivy,” NYT, 3 April 1978. The government of Communist China has learned from this and recently gone directly to individual U.S. universities, although elsewhere they have gone to governments (like the Canadian government) to negotiate places for their students. University Affairs (December 1978): 9. “The Canadian Council of Education Ministers” is currently arranging for 500 Chinese students to study in Canada. The Gazette, 2 March 1979.
    • Sloan, D.1
  • 30
    • 84972369710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Iranians' Plight Puts a Spotlight on U.S. Colleges,” NYT, February 1979.
    • Fred M. Hechinger, “Iranians' Plight Puts a Spotlight on U.S. Colleges,” NYT, February 1979.
    • Hechinger, F.M.1
  • 31
    • 84972356869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The information in this paragraph is based on a talk by Minister of Education Dr. Abdul Salam Majali, 1 June 1978. Amman, Jordan. Pakistan is also training people for the oil producers' market. Bedore and Turner
    • The information in this paragraph is based on a talk by Minister of Education Dr. Abdul Salam Majali, 1 June 1978. Amman, Jordan. Pakistan is also training people for the oil producers' market. Bedore and Turner, p. 333.
  • 32
    • 84972212974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “The Saudi Connection, Fred Dutton,” NYT, 2 April 1978. Dutton had advised many Democratic campaigns. Algeria hired Clark Clifford. Currently fifty countries have media advisers in the U.S. (David M. Sloan, “More Nations Seek a PR Polish on their U.S. Image,” NYT, 6 August 1978. On exemptions in the anti-boycott legislation: Two significant exemptions to the requirements of the Export Administration Act (EAA) of 1977 permit 1) “unilateral selection” of suppliers. 2) “compliance with local law” in purchases “for their own use” by firms based abroad, even if American controlled. The department of commerce regards turn-key projects as falling within the concept of “for their own use.” However, if a pattern of supplier selection is discerned which indicates that a blacklist is being followed, that is then subject to penalty under EAA. Moreover, the Tax Reform Act of 1976 subjects to penalties some things permitted by EAA. In addition, actions are also brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The department of justice brought a suit against Bechtel, before the EAA was passed, alleging a blacklist compliance pattern amounting to “conspiracy in restraint of trade”; even after the EAA, a federal court in January 1979 upheld the consent agreement between Bechtel and Justice.
    • Steven V. Roberts, “The Saudi Connection, Fred Dutton,” NYT, 2 April 1978. Dutton had advised many Democratic campaigns. Algeria hired Clark Clifford. Currently fifty countries have media advisers in the U.S. (David M. Sloan, “More Nations Seek a PR Polish on their U.S. Image,” NYT, 6 August 1978. On exemptions in the anti-boycott legislation: Two significant exemptions to the requirements of the Export Administration Act (EAA) of 1977 permit 1) “unilateral selection” of suppliers. 2) “compliance with local law” in purchases “for their own use” by firms based abroad, even if American controlled. The department of commerce regards turn-key projects as falling within the concept of “for their own use.” However, if a pattern of supplier selection is discerned which indicates that a blacklist is being followed, that is then subject to penalty under EAA. Moreover, the Tax Reform Act of 1976 subjects to penalties some things permitted by EAA. In addition, actions are also brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The department of justice brought a suit against Bechtel, before the EAA was passed, alleging a blacklist compliance pattern amounting to “conspiracy in restraint of trade”; even after the EAA, a federal court in January 1979 upheld the consent agreement between Bechtel and Justice.
    • Roberts, S.V.1
  • 33
    • 84972265756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthony Sutton argues that the Soviet Union has always had it. His assessment (not generally shared) is that the main factor in Soviet economic development has been technology transfer from the West. Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 1917-1965, 3 vols. (Stanford, Ca.: Hoover Institute, 1968-1973). Philip Hanson uses current day machinery deliveries as a proxy for international commercial technology transfers on the grounds that given the hard currency scarcity of the Soviet Union, imports must be used to maximize productivity. Philip Hanson, “Western Technology in the Soviet Economy,” Problems of Communism (November-December 1978): 20-30, here
    • Anthony Sutton argues that the Soviet Union has always had it. His assessment (not generally shared) is that the main factor in Soviet economic development has been technology transfer from the West. Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 1917-1965, 3 vols. (Stanford, Ca.: Hoover Institute, 1968-1973). Philip Hanson uses current day machinery deliveries as a proxy for international commercial technology transfers on the grounds that given the hard currency scarcity of the Soviet Union, imports must be used to maximize productivity. Philip Hanson, “Western Technology in the Soviet Economy,” Problems of Communism (November-December 1978): 20-30, here p. 25.
  • 34
    • 84972156753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (a Soviet economics professor, at the time on leave to UNCTAD), nyt, 20 December 1973.
    • B. Fonim (a Soviet economics professor, at the time on leave to UNCTAD), nyt, 20 December 1973.
    • Fonim, B.1
  • 35
    • 84972267011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See questioning by Senators Church and Case, in hearings cited in footnote 55.
    • See questioning by Senators Church and Case, pp. 18-34 in hearings cited in footnote 55.
  • 36
    • 84972213001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 December 1973.
    • Fonim, NYT, 20 December 1973.
    • NYT
    • Fonim1
  • 37
    • 84972166304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • August 1976.
    • NYT, 2 August 1976.
    • NYT, 2
  • 38
    • 84972427735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 27 February 1978, on Chase Manhattan representative in Moscow. The $600 million credit compares with the 1973 attempt at a $6 billion Yakutsk liquified natural gas project which, it was hoped, would be over two-thirds government subsidized through the Export-Import Bank and government guarantees.
    • nyt, 27 February 1978, on Chase Manhattan representative in Moscow. The $600 million credit compares with the 1973 attempt at a $6 billion Yakutsk liquified natural gas project which, it was hoped, would be over two-thirds government subsidized through the Export-Import Bank and government guarantees.
    • nyt
  • 39
    • 84972222035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12 July 1978.
    • NYT, 12 July 1978.
    • NYT
  • 40
    • 84972212801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sperry-Rand's chairman said “This is the first time the president has stepped in on a fairly routine application. That raises the question of future applications. Are they going to require presidential approval?” He did not question the decision but said “we do question the information that led to it” (i.e. how different this was from other computer sales, what kind of capacities the computer would give TASS). “Computer-Sale Bar Irks Sperry,” 27 July 1978.
    • Sperry-Rand's chairman said “This is the first time the president has stepped in on a fairly routine application. That raises the question of future applications. Are they going to require presidential approval?” He did not question the decision but said “we do question the information that led to it” (i.e. how different this was from other computer sales, what kind of capacities the computer would give TASS). “Computer-Sale Bar Irks Sperry,” NYT, 27 July 1978.
    • NYT
  • 41
    • 84972212996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21 July 1978. The argument would have been that a license was being revoked on grounds unrelated to controls in existence when the license was granted. This might have led to Supreme Court review of the whole Export Administration Act.
    • NYT, 21 July 1978. The argument would have been that a license was being revoked on grounds unrelated to controls in existence when the license was granted. This might have led to Supreme Court review of the whole Export Administration Act.
    • NYT
  • 42
    • 84972166345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Economic Diplomacy to Roll Back Soviets,” The Manchester Guardian, 10 September 1978. See Huntington's “Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy,” Foreign Policy (Fall 1978). It is unclear whether these recommendations were ever endorsed by the administration. The only clear indication that procedures involving the NSC in the export control process were implemented is in the testimony of the Secretary of Commerce, Juanita Kreps. She stated that the study of technology transfer (directed by Huntington in the NSC) with conclusions in Presidential Memorandum #31 “institutionalized NSC's role in the procedure, by making the NSC an advisory member of the Operating Committee and the Advisory Committee on Export Policy” (presumably within the department of commerce). United States Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Hearings (“U.S. Export Control Policy and Extension of the Export Administration Act”) 96th Congress, 1st Session, 5-6 March 1979, p. 56.
    • Jim Hoagland, “Economic Diplomacy to Roll Back Soviets,” The Manchester Guardian, 10 September 1978. See Huntington's “Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy,” Foreign Policy (Fall 1978). It is unclear whether these recommendations were ever endorsed by the administration. The only clear indication that procedures involving the NSC in the export control process were implemented is in the testimony of the Secretary of Commerce, Juanita Kreps. She stated that the study of technology transfer (directed by Huntington in the NSC) with conclusions in Presidential Memorandum #31 “institutionalized NSC's role in the procedure, by making the NSC an advisory member of the Operating Committee and the Advisory Committee on Export Policy” (presumably within the department of commerce). United States Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Hearings (“U.S. Export Control Policy and Extension of the Export Administration Act”) 96th Congress, 1st Session, 5-6 March 1979, p. 56.
    • Hoagland, J.1
  • 43
    • 84972209900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7 December 1978; The Economist, 6-12 January 1979; in October 1978 there were Congressional hearings on export controls; eventually four different bills were introduced to make the export license system more selective, more efficient, and to put the burden of proof on the administration for any denials. United States Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Hearings (“Use of Export Controls and Export Credits for Foreign Policy Purposes”) 95th Congress, 2nd Session, 10-11 October, 1978; “U.S. Export Policy,” A Report submitted by the sub-committee on International Finance, February 1979. Senator Adlai Stevenson, chairman of the committee, is the author of one of the bills. The author of another is Congressman Jonathan Bingham. See Jonathan B. Bingham and Victor C. Johnson, “A Rational Approach to Export Controls,” Foreign Affairs 57, 4: 894-920.
    • NYT, 7 December 1978; The Economist, 6-12 January 1979; in October 1978 there were Congressional hearings on export controls; eventually four different bills were introduced to make the export license system more selective, more efficient, and to put the burden of proof on the administration for any denials. United States Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Hearings (“Use of Export Controls and Export Credits for Foreign Policy Purposes”) 95th Congress, 2nd Session, 10-11 October, 1978; “U.S. Export Policy,” A Report submitted by the sub-committee on International Finance, February 1979. Senator Adlai Stevenson, chairman of the committee, is the author of one of the bills. The author of another is Congressman Jonathan Bingham. See Jonathan B. Bingham and Victor C. Johnson, “A Rational Approach to Export Controls,” Foreign Affairs 57, 4: 894-920.
    • NYT
  • 44
    • 34347359691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15-21 July 1978, pp. 31-32 for the automatic assumption that grain sales would not be touched.
    • The Economist, 15-21 July 1978, pp. 31-32 for the automatic assumption that grain sales would not be touched.
    • The Economist
  • 45
    • 84972356934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senator Percy in subcommittee hearings (footnote 37): P. 200; Donald Kendall in answer to a question on the sale of police equipment:
    • Senator Percy in subcommittee hearings (footnote 37): P. 200; Donald Kendall in answer to a question on the sale of police equipment: Pp. 205-206.
  • 46
    • 84972166348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “OPEC's Future,” NYT, 5 January 1979.
    • Walter J. Levy, “OPEC's Future,” NYT, 5 January 1979.
    • Levy, W.J.1
  • 47
    • 84972356922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “The mystery man behind the Iranian revolution,” The Montreal Gazette, 17 February 1979, discusses the spread of the ideas of an Iranian religious dissident whose ideas were prohibited within Iran, among Iranian students in the United States.
    • Dave Boldt, “The mystery man behind the Iranian revolution,” The Montreal Gazette, 17 February 1979, discusses the spread of the ideas of an Iranian religious dissident whose ideas were prohibited within Iran, among Iranian students in the United States.
    • Boldt, D.1
  • 48
    • 84972478835 scopus 로고
    • There is just a bit of Schadenfreude in discovering that the large construction company, Star-rett, having decided several years ago (in the wake of New York's financial difficulties, no doubt) that New York was too risky a place to do business, diversified-into Iran! NYT, 5 January 1979. More seriously, social scientists are diversifying into a new occupation: “risk-assessment,” increasingly demanded by international businesses. See Leonard Silk, “Business Wary of 'Next Iran, NYT, 14 February
    • There is just a bit of Schadenfreude in discovering that the large construction company, Star-rett, having decided several years ago (in the wake of New York's financial difficulties, no doubt) that New York was too risky a place to do business, diversified-into Iran! NYT, 5 January 1979. More seriously, social scientists are diversifying into a new occupation: “risk-assessment,” increasingly demanded by international businesses. See Leonard Silk, “Business Wary of 'Next Iran, NYT, 14 February 1979.
    • (1979)
  • 49
    • 0003889802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1976); David Granick, “Managerial Incentives in the USSR and in Western Firms: Implications for Behaviour,” Journal of Comparative Administration 5, 2 (August 1973): 169-199.
    • Joseph Berliner, The Innovation Decision in Soviet Industry (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1976); David Granick, “Managerial Incentives in the USSR and in Western Firms: Implications for Behaviour,” Journal of Comparative Administration 5, 2 (August 1973): 169-199.
    • The Innovation Decision in Soviet Industry
    • Berliner, J.1
  • 50
    • 84972302603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Technological Dependence in the Andean Group,” International Organization 32, 1 (Winter 1978): 101-139. Mytelka argues that Japan has used licensing to expand its horizons while the Andean states have used it as a “surrogate for outward orientation”; since she also notes that state as well as non-state firms have tended to license even relatively simple technology, it would appear that the behavioral difference between these countries and Japan reflects some other factor not examined.
    • Lynn K. Mytelka, “Technological Dependence in the Andean Group,” International Organization 32, 1 (Winter 1978): 101-139. Mytelka argues that Japan has used licensing to expand its horizons while the Andean states have used it as a “surrogate for outward orientation”; since she also notes that state as well as non-state firms have tended to license even relatively simple technology, it would appear that the behavioral difference between these countries and Japan reflects some other factor not examined.
    • Mytelka, L.K.1
  • 51
    • 84972267074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theodore H. Moran, Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence, Copper in Chile (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974)
    • Theodore H. Moran, Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence, Copper in Chile (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974) p. 254.
  • 52
    • 84972329769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Arms Transfers and the 'Back-end' Problems in Developing Countries,” in Arms Transfers in the Modern World, Stephanie Neuman and Robert Harkavy, eds. (New York, N.Y.: Praeger, 1979).
    • Geoffrey Kemp, “Arms Transfers and the 'Back-end' Problems in Developing Countries,” in Arms Transfers in the Modern World, Stephanie Neuman and Robert Harkavy, eds. (New York, N.Y.: Praeger, 1979).
    • Kemp, G.1
  • 53
    • 84972267049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Debts, development and default,” in A World Divided, The less developed countries in the international economy, G. K. Helleiner, ed. (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 207-224.
    • Goran Ohlin, “Debts, development and default,” in A World Divided, The less developed countries in the international economy, G. K. Helleiner, ed. (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 207-224.
    • Ohlin, G.1
  • 54
    • 84972266183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette and its increasing involvement in Egyptian governance see Robert L. Tignot, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), Chapter One.
    • On the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette and its increasing involvement in Egyptian governance see Robert L. Tignot, Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1949 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), Chapter One.
    • Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1949
  • 55
    • 84873816613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 April 1973. To underline this point: Polling is another capability-for-hire. Poll-takers are purchasable. This came up in connection with one of then candidate Jimmy Carter's poll-takers, public opinion analyst and tactical adviser Patrick Caddell. Caddell had among his nearly thirty other commercial clients foreign banks, large corporations, and the Saudi Arabian government. The issue is in no way exclusively international. Rather, the problems of conflict of interest are most likely primarily domestic as when Caddell surveyed on nuclear issues both for Westinghouse (a member of the Atomic Industry Forum) and for Scientists' Institute for Public Information- until the latter found out. Caddell did political polling under Cambridge Survey Research, and commercial polling under Cambridge Reports. The latter, however, sells “a massive 'in-depth' survey of U.S. national attitudes on economic, political, and even social questions.” The line between information, analysis, and advice, is often a thin one as The New York 77mes'Charles Mohr makes clear (NYT, 2 August 1976). The point is simply that anybody-with money-has access to this kind of politically relevant information.
    • The Montreal Star, 1 April 1973. To underline this point: Polling is another capability-for-hire. Poll-takers are purchasable. This came up in connection with one of then candidate Jimmy Carter's poll-takers, public opinion analyst and tactical adviser Patrick Caddell. Caddell had among his nearly thirty other commercial clients foreign banks, large corporations, and the Saudi Arabian government. The issue is in no way exclusively international. Rather, the problems of conflict of interest are most likely primarily domestic as when Caddell surveyed on nuclear issues both for Westinghouse (a member of the Atomic Industry Forum) and for Scientists' Institute for Public Information- until the latter found out. Caddell did political polling under Cambridge Survey Research, and commercial polling under Cambridge Reports. The latter, however, sells “a massive 'in-depth' survey of U.S. national attitudes on economic, political, and even social questions.” The line between information, analysis, and advice, is often a thin one as The New York 77mes'Charles Mohr makes clear (NYT, 2 August 1976). The point is simply that anybody-with money-has access to this kind of politically relevant information.
    • The Montreal Star
  • 56
    • 84925902183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Boulder, Col.: Colorado, Westview Press, 1976), p. 148. There are conflicting theories of the origin of the Eurocurrency market. See footnote 23, p. 62 in Joan E. Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977).
    • J. Wilczynski, The Multinationals and East-West Relations: Towards Transideological Collaboration (Boulder, Col.: Colorado, Westview Press, 1976), p. 148. There are conflicting theories of the origin of the Eurocurrency market. See footnote 23, p. 62 in Joan E. Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977).
    • The Multinationals and East-West Relations: Towards Transideological Collaboration
    • Wilczynski, J.1
  • 57
    • 84972267044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 May 1972, 5 May 1977. That the U.S. government itself has not pursued a single minded policy is evidenced by the May 1978 release of commodity credits to Chilean farmers and ranchers. While the State Department argued that there was some evidence of improved behavior by Chile, it also is clear that the program helps U.S. farmers. It is a good prototype of the program which is legally controllable by the government, but in which the government is subjected to predictable and sustained pressure not to control it.
    • NYT, 3 May 1972, 5 May 1977. That the U.S. government itself has not pursued a single minded policy is evidenced by the May 1978 release of commodity credits to Chilean farmers and ranchers. While the State Department argued that there was some evidence of improved behavior by Chile, it also is clear that the program helps U.S. farmers. It is a good prototype of the program which is legally controllable by the government, but in which the government is subjected to predictable and sustained pressure not to control it.
    • NYT
  • 58
    • 84972222056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 26 January 1977 for report of Levesque's speech, NYT, 29 January 1977 and The Montreal Star, 28 January 1977 for Levesque's references to an “Anglo-Canadian fifth column” “strategically deployed at most tables.”
    • See NYT, 26 January 1977 for report of Levesque's speech, NYT, 29 January 1977 and The Montreal Star, 28 January 1977 for Levesque's references to an “Anglo-Canadian fifth column” “strategically deployed at most tables.”
    • NYT
  • 59
    • 84972134360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the PQ argument see for example, The Montreal Star, 10 April 1978, 24 April 1978, and NYT, 15 May 1978. My version is a composite of these and other statements. What the PQ has not publically considered until recently is Western Canada. The West, which was disadvantaged by the tariff, would find little interest in reinstituting it under conditions in which they would not even obtain political unity in exchange. To pursue the logic of the argument, this leaves Ontario in the situation of choosing between Quebec and the West which includes booming oil-rich Alberta. In March 1979 Levesque argued to a regional meeting of the Parti Québécois that Alberta needed Quebec as a market for its beef, and that therefore they (and Ontario) will have “no choice” but to say yes to “sovereignty-association”! The Gazette, 3 March 1979. “Rump Canada” is Antal Deutsch's term in “The Political Economy of Québec Libre,” in Issues in Canadian Economics, Officer and Smith, eds. (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, Ryerson, 1974)
    • For the PQ argument see for example, The Montreal Star, 10 April 1978, 24 April 1978, and NYT, 15 May 1978. My version is a composite of these and other statements. What the PQ has not publically considered until recently is Western Canada. The West, which was disadvantaged by the tariff, would find little interest in reinstituting it under conditions in which they would not even obtain political unity in exchange. To pursue the logic of the argument, this leaves Ontario in the situation of choosing between Quebec and the West which includes booming oil-rich Alberta. In March 1979 Levesque argued to a regional meeting of the Parti Québécois that Alberta needed Quebec as a market for its beef, and that therefore they (and Ontario) will have “no choice” but to say yes to “sovereignty-association”! The Gazette, 3 March 1979. “Rump Canada” is Antal Deutsch's term in “The Political Economy of Québec Libre,” in Issues in Canadian Economics, Officer and Smith, eds. (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, Ryerson, 1974), pp. 407-418.
  • 60
    • 84974379420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Minority Nationalist Movements and Theories of Political Integration,” World Politics 30, 3 (April 1978): 334-335.
    • Anthony H. Birch, “Minority Nationalist Movements and Theories of Political Integration,” World Politics 30, 3 (April 1978): 334-335.
    • Birch, A.H.1
  • 61
    • 84972329771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Recent Swedish-American Relations: Some Analytical Observations,” (Published as “Det moraliserande sverige” [“Moralising Sweden”]. Internationella studier 1 (Stockholm, 1976): 30-32.
    • Barbara G. Haskel, “Recent Swedish-American Relations: Some Analytical Observations,” (Published as “Det moraliserande sverige” [“Moralising Sweden”]. Internationella studier 1 (Stockholm, 1976): 30-32.
    • Haskel, B.G.1
  • 62
    • 84972213048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theodore H. Lowi, “Toward a Politics of Economics: The State of Permanent Receivership,” in Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism, Public Policy and the Theory of the State, Leon N. Lindberg, et al., eds. (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975)
    • Theodore H. Lowi, “Toward a Politics of Economics: The State of Permanent Receivership,” in Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism, Public Policy and the Theory of the State, Leon N. Lindberg, et al., eds. (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975), pp. 115-124.
  • 63
    • 84972478848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 June 1978, Canadian Middle-East Digest (published by the Canada-Israel Committee) 4 February, 23 June 1978.
    • NYT, 28 June 1978, Canadian Middle-East Digest (published by the Canada-Israel Committee) 4 February, 23 June 1978.
    • NYT
  • 64
    • 84972278468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the review by Erich Segal of by M. I. Finley and H. W. Plekt. The New Republic, 3, 10 July 1976. Canceling the Olympics or withdrawing major teams or events would have led to canceling lucrative TV royalties from which the IOC gained revenue.
    • See the review by Erich Segal of The Olympic Games. The First Thousand Years by M. I. Finley and H. W. Plekt. The New Republic, 3, 10 July 1976. Canceling the Olympics or withdrawing major teams or events would have led to canceling lucrative TV royalties from which the IOC gained revenue.
    • The Olympic Games. The First Thousand Years
  • 65
    • 84972477622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17,21 July 1976.
    • NYT, 17,21 July 1976.
    • NYT


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