메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

Combating poor-quality anti-malarial medicines: A call to action

Author keywords

Anti malarials; Counterfeit drugs; Falsified; Malaria; Quality control; Substandard

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; COUNTERFEIT DRUG;

EID: 84971554603     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752875     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1357-8     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (45)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 84968896486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO World Health Organization Geneva
    • WHO. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
    • (2015) World Malaria Report
  • 2
    • 84965098434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO World Health Organization Geneva
    • WHO. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
    • (2014) World Malaria Report
  • 4
    • 84885345626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substandard and counterfeit medicines: A systematic review of the literature
    • 23955188 3752049
    • Almuzaini T, Choonara I, Sammons H. Substandard and counterfeit medicines: a systematic review of the literature. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002923.
    • (2013) BMJ Open , vol.3 , pp. e002923
    • Almuzaini, T.1    Choonara, I.2    Sammons, H.3
  • 5
    • 83255188871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poor quality vital anti-malarials in Africa - An urgent neglected public health priority
    • 22152094 3262771
    • Newton PN, Green MD, Mildenhall DC, Plançon A, Nettey H, Nyadong L, et al. Poor quality vital anti-malarials in Africa - an urgent neglected public health priority. Malar J. 2011;10:352.
    • (2011) Malar J , vol.10 , pp. 352
    • Newton, P.N.1    Green, M.D.2    Mildenhall, D.C.3    Plançon, A.4    Nettey, H.5    Nyadong, L.6
  • 7
    • 84988442688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute of Medicine (IOM) The National Academies Press Washington, DC
    • Institute of Medicine (IOM). Countering the problem of falsified and substandard drugs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2013.
    • (2013) Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs
  • 8
    • 84899494126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mind the gaps - The epidemiology of poor-quality anti-malarials in the malarious world - Analysis of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network database
    • 24712972 4021408
    • Tabernero P, Fernández FM, Green M, Guerin PJ, Newton PN. Mind the gaps - the epidemiology of poor-quality anti-malarials in the malarious world - analysis of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network database. Malar J. 2014;13:139.
    • (2014) Malar J , vol.13 , pp. 139
    • Tabernero, P.1    Fernández, F.M.2    Green, M.3    Guerin, P.J.4    Newton, P.N.5
  • 9
    • 77649186880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of poor-quality medicines in the 'developing' world
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjtVWmu7g%3D 20117849 2845817
    • Newton PN, Green MD, Fernández FM. Impact of poor-quality medicines in the 'developing' world. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010;31:99-101.
    • (2010) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.31 , pp. 99-101
    • Newton, P.N.1    Green, M.D.2    Fernández, F.M.3
  • 10
    • 84964696580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counterfeit drug penetration into global legitimate medicine supply chains: A global assessment. The global pandemic of falsified medicines: Laboratory and field innovations policies and perspectives
    • 25897059 4455087
    • Mackey TK, Liang BA, York P, Kubic T. Counterfeit drug penetration into global legitimate medicine supply chains: a global assessment. The global pandemic of falsified medicines: laboratory and field innovations policies and perspectives. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):59-67.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 59-67
    • Mackey, T.K.1    Liang, B.A.2    York, P.3    Kubic, T.4
  • 11
    • 84964697518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimated under-five deaths associated with poor-quality antimalarials in sub-Saharan Africa
    • 25897068 4455082
    • Renschler JP, Walters KM, Newton PN, Laxminarayan R. Estimated under-five deaths associated with poor-quality antimalarials in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):119-26.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg. , vol.92 , pp. 119-126
    • Renschler, J.P.1    Walters, K.M.2    Newton, P.N.3    Laxminarayan, R.4
  • 13
    • 84954078185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvVOqtr3F 26603922
    • Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, et al. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2016;387:176-87.
    • (2016) Lancet , vol.387 , pp. 176-187
    • Holmes, A.H.1    Moore, L.S.2    Sundsfjord, A.3    Steinbakk, M.4    Regmi, S.5    Karkey, A.6
  • 15
    • 84861398138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poor-quality antimalarial drugs in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
    • 22632187
    • Nayyar GM, Breman JG, Newton PN, Herrington J. Poor-quality antimalarial drugs in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:488-96.
    • (2012) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 488-496
    • Nayyar, G.M.1    Breman, J.G.2    Newton, P.N.3    Herrington, J.4
  • 18
    • 84869856015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to achieve international action on falsified and substandard medicines
    • 23149211
    • Attaran A, Barry D, Basheer S, Bate R, Benton D, Chauvin J, et al. How to achieve international action on falsified and substandard medicines. BMJ. 2012;345:e7381.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.345 , pp. e7381
    • Attaran, A.1    Barry, D.2    Basheer, S.3    Bate, R.4    Benton, D.5    Chauvin, J.6
  • 19
    • 84971549277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • World Health Organization. Definitions of SSFFC products website. http://www.who.int/medicines/regulation/ssffc/definitions/en/. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • Definitions of SSFFC Products Website
  • 20
    • 84971573625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network Accessed 12 May 2016
    • WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network. Drug quality and the fight against infectious diseases. 2014. http://www.wwarn.org/sites/default/files/attachments/documents/WWARNAntimalarialQualityBrochure.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2014) Drug Quality and the Fight Against Infectious Diseases
  • 22
    • 84971549267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WorldWide Antimalaria Resistance Network Accessed 12 May 2016
    • WorldWide Antimalaria Resistance Network. The WWARN antimalarial quality surveyor. http://www.wwarn.org/about-us/drug-quality/wwarn-antimalarial-quality-surveyor. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • The WWARN Antimalarial Quality Surveyor
  • 23
    • 84937243957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of artemisinin-based combination formulations for malaria treatment: Prevalence and risk factors for poor quality medicines in public facilities and private sector drug outlets in Enugu, Nigeria
    • 26018221 4446036
    • Kaur H, Allan EL, Mamadu I, Hall Z, Ibe O, El Sherbiny M, et al. Quality of artemisinin-based combination formulations for malaria treatment: prevalence and risk factors for poor quality medicines in public facilities and private sector drug outlets in Enugu, Nigeria. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0125577.
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10 , pp. e0125577
    • Kaur, H.1    Allan, E.L.2    Mamadu, I.3    Hall, Z.4    Ibe, O.5    El Sherbiny, M.6
  • 24
    • 84964697144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of artemisinin-containing antimalarials in Tanzania's private sector - Results from a nationally representative outlet survey
    • ACT Consortium Drug Quality Project Team The IMPACT2 Study Team
    • ACT Consortium Drug Quality Project Team, The IMPACT2 Study Team. Quality of artemisinin-containing antimalarials in Tanzania's private sector - results from a nationally representative outlet survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):75-86.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg. , vol.92 , pp. 75-86
  • 26
    • 84964696676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collaborative health and enforcement operations on the quality of antimalarials and antibiotics in southeast Asia
    • 25897069 4455084
    • Yong YL, Plançon A, Lau YH, Hostetler DM, Fernández FM, Green MD, et al. Collaborative health and enforcement operations on the quality of antimalarials and antibiotics in southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):105-12.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 105-112
    • Yong, Y.L.1    Plançon, A.2    Lau, Y.H.3    Hostetler, D.M.4    Fernández, F.M.5    Green, M.D.6
  • 27
    • 84868012581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substandard artemisinin-based antimalarial medicines in licensed retail pharmaceutical outlets in Ghana
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFGju7k%3D 23135006
    • El-Duah M, Ofori-Kwakye K. Substandard artemisinin-based antimalarial medicines in licensed retail pharmaceutical outlets in Ghana. J Vector Borne Dis. 2012;49:131-9.
    • (2012) J Vector Borne Dis , vol.49 , pp. 131-139
    • El-Duah, M.1    Ofori-Kwakye, K.2
  • 28
    • 84926508561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the quality of artemisinin-based antimalarial medicines distributed in Ghana and Togo
    • 25400975 4225840
    • Osei-Safo D, Agbonon A, Konadu DY, Harrison JJ, Edoh M, Gordon A, Gbeassor M, et al. Evaluation of the quality of artemisinin-based antimalarial medicines distributed in Ghana and Togo. Malar Res Treat. 2014;2014:806416.
    • (2014) Malar Res Treat , vol.2014 , pp. 806416
    • Osei-Safo, D.1    Agbonon, A.2    Konadu, D.Y.3    Harrison, J.J.4    Edoh, M.5    Gordon, A.6    Gbeassor, M.7
  • 29
    • 84903982991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs use pattern for uncomplicated malaria in medicine retail outlets in Enugu urban, southeast Nigeria: Implications for malaria treatment policy
    • 24961280 4079827
    • Ezenduka CC, Ogbonna BO, Ekwunife OI, Okonta MJ, Esimone CO. Drugs use pattern for uncomplicated malaria in medicine retail outlets in Enugu urban, southeast Nigeria: implications for malaria treatment policy. Malar J. 2014;13:243.
    • (2014) Malar J , vol.13 , pp. 243
    • Ezenduka, C.C.1    Ogbonna, B.O.2    Ekwunife, O.I.3    Okonta, M.J.4    Esimone, C.O.5
  • 30
    • 84964696642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of antimalarials at the epicenter of antimalarial drug resistance: Results from an overt and mystery client survey in Cambodia
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtlOks77K 25897063 4455075
    • Yeung S, Lawford HL, Tabernero P, Nguon C, van Wyk A, Malik N, et al. Quality of antimalarials at the epicenter of antimalarial drug resistance: results from an overt and mystery client survey in Cambodia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):39-50.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 39-50
    • Yeung, S.1    Lawford, H.L.2    Tabernero, P.3    Nguon, C.4    Van Wyk, A.5    Malik, N.6
  • 31
    • 84948690653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A repeat random survey of the prevalence of falsified and substandard antimalarials in the Lao PDR: A change for the better
    • 25897062 4455074
    • Tabernero P, Mayxay M, Culzoni MJ, Dwivedi P, Swamidoss I, Allan EL, et al. A repeat random survey of the prevalence of falsified and substandard antimalarials in the Lao PDR: a change for the better. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):95-104.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 95-104
    • Tabernero, P.1    Mayxay, M.2    Culzoni, M.J.3    Dwivedi, P.4    Swamidoss, I.5    Allan, E.L.6
  • 32
    • 33846993484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO Geneva: World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • WHO. Briefing on malaria treatment guidelines and artemisinin monotherapies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/meeting-briefing19april/en/. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2006) Briefing on Malaria Treatment Guidelines and Artemisinin Monotherapies
  • 34
    • 84866039829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO an overview of findings from 26 assessment reports (WHO/EMP/QSM/2010.4). Geneva: World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • WHO. Assessment of medicines regulatory systems in sub-Saharan African countries: an overview of findings from 26 assessment reports (WHO/EMP/QSM/2010.4). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17577en/s17577en.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2010) Assessment of Medicines Regulatory Systems in Sub-Saharan African Countries
  • 35
    • 84964697428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stopping murder by medicine: Introducing the model law on medicine crime
    • 25897071 4455079
    • Attaran A. Stopping murder by medicine: introducing the model law on medicine crime. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):127-32.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 127-132
    • Attaran, A.1
  • 37
    • 84971510281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • World Health Organization. Falsified meningitis vaccines circulating in West Africa. UPDATE. 2015. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/drugalerts/VF-MenomuneAlertENversion.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2015) Falsified Meningitis Vaccines Circulating in West Africa. UPDATE
  • 38
    • 84964696919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of novel low-cost colorimetric, laser photometric, and visual fluorescent techniques for rapid identification of falsified medicines in resource-poor areas: Application to artemether-lumefantrine
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtlOksrrF 25897066 4455085
    • Green MD, Hostetler DM, Nettey H, Swamidoss I, Ranieri N, Newton PN. Integration of novel low-cost colorimetric, laser photometric, and visual fluorescent techniques for rapid identification of falsified medicines in resource-poor areas: application to artemether-lumefantrine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):8-16.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 8-16
    • Green, M.D.1    Hostetler, D.M.2    Nettey, H.3    Swamidoss, I.4    Ranieri, N.5    Newton, P.N.6
  • 39
    • 84900336799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technologies for detecting falsified and substandard drugs in low and middle-income countries
    • 24671033 3966738
    • Kovacs S, Hawes SE, Maley SN, Mosites E, Wong L, Stergachis A. Technologies for detecting falsified and substandard drugs in low and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2014;9:e90601.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. e90601
    • Kovacs, S.1    Hawes, S.E.2    Maley, S.N.3    Mosites, E.4    Wong, L.5    Stergachis, A.6
  • 41
    • 84933519826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population awareness of risks related to medicinal product use in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR: A cross-sectional study for public health improvement in low and middle income countries
    • 26116373 4483223
    • Caillet C, Sichanh C, Syhakhang L, Delpierre C, Manithip C, Mayxay M, et al. Population awareness of risks related to medicinal product use in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR: a cross-sectional study for public health improvement in low and middle income countries. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:590.
    • (2015) BMC Public Health , vol.15 , pp. 590
    • Caillet, C.1    Sichanh, C.2    Syhakhang, L.3    Delpierre, C.4    Manithip, C.5    Mayxay, M.6
  • 42
    • 84943249769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO Geneva: World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • WHO. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564991/en/. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2015) Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030
  • 43
    • 84971513389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO Geneva: World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • WHO. Recommendations on the content of a survey protocol for surveys of the quality of medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2014. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality-safety/quality-assurance/WHO-SamplingProcedures-GeneralDocument-QAS14-590-10062014.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2014) Recommendations on the Content of A Survey Protocol for Surveys of the Quality of Medicines
  • 44
    • 84971519605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • World Health Organization. Guidelines on the conduct of surveys of the quality of medicines. 2015. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality-safety/quality-assurance/Guidelines-on-medicines-quality-surveys-QAS15-630-30062015.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2015) Guidelines on the Conduct of Surveys of the Quality of Medicines
  • 45
    • 84971573648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • World Health Organization. Medicinal product alert. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/drugalerts/en/. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • Medicinal Product Alert
  • 46
    • 84971519589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Access to Medicine Foundation Accessed 12 May 2016
    • Access to Medicine Foundation. The 2016 access to medicine index: methodology. 2015. http://www.accesstomedicineindex.org/sites/2015.atmindex.org/files/2015methodology-2016accesstomedicineindex-accesstomedicinefoundation.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2015) The 2016 Access to Medicine Index: Methodology
  • 49
    • 84951062152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid and specific drug quality testing assay for artemisinin and its derivatives using a luminescent reaction and novel microfluidic technology
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtlOksrrI 25897061 4455072
    • Ho NT, Desai D, Zaman MH. Rapid and specific drug quality testing assay for artemisinin and its derivatives using a luminescent reaction and novel microfluidic technology. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):24-30.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 24-30
    • Ho, N.T.1    Desai, D.2    Zaman, M.H.3
  • 50
    • 84910642849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a new handheld instrument for the detection of counterfeit artesunate by visual fluorescence comparison
    • 25266348 4228888
    • Ranieri N, Tabernero P, Green MD, Verbois L, Herrington J, Sampson E, et al. Evaluation of a new handheld instrument for the detection of counterfeit artesunate by visual fluorescence comparison. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(5):920-4.
    • (2014) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.91 , Issue.5 , pp. 920-924
    • Ranieri, N.1    Tabernero, P.2    Green, M.D.3    Verbois, L.4    Herrington, J.5    Sampson, E.6
  • 52
    • 84964697166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paper test cards for presumptive testing of very low quality antimalarial medications
    • 25897064 4455083
    • Weaver AA, Lieberman M. Paper test cards for presumptive testing of very low quality antimalarial medications. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):17-23.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 17-23
    • Weaver, A.A.1    Lieberman, M.2
  • 53
    • 84971573641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 12 May 2016
    • CertiRx Corportation. http://www.certirx.com/. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • CertiRx Corportation
  • 54
    • 77953317194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-malarial drug quality in Lagos and Accra - A comparison of various quality assessments
    • 20537190 2895609
    • Bate R, Hess K. Anti-malarial drug quality in Lagos and Accra - a comparison of various quality assessments. Malar J. 2010;9:157.
    • (2010) Malar J , vol.9 , pp. 157
    • Bate, R.1    Hess, K.2
  • 56
    • 84899089057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quiet revolution in global public health: The World Health Organization's Prequalification of Medicines Programme
    • t'Hoen EF, Hogerzeil HV, Quick JD, Sillo HB. A quiet revolution in global public health: the World Health Organization's Prequalification Of Medicines Programme. J Public Health Policy. 2014;35:137-61.
    • (2014) J Public Health Policy , vol.35 , pp. 137-161
    • T'Hoen, E.F.1    Hogerzeil, H.V.2    Quick, J.D.3    Sillo, H.B.4
  • 57
    • 84926681184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Accessed 12 May 2016
    • World Health Organization. Prequalification of medicines by WHO. 2013. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs278/en/. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • (2013) Prequalification of Medicines by WHO
  • 60
    • 78650468843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of a reference standard and proficiency testing programme by the World Wide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN)
    • 21184684 3020159
    • Lourens C, Watkins WM, Barnes KI, Sibley CH, Guerin PJ, White NJ, et al. Implementation of a reference standard and proficiency testing programme by the World Wide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN). Malar J. 2010;9:375.
    • (2010) Malar J , vol.9 , pp. 375
    • Lourens, C.1    Watkins, W.M.2    Barnes, K.I.3    Sibley, C.H.4    Guerin, P.J.5    White, N.J.6
  • 61
    • 84903184313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits of a pharmacology antimalarial reference standard and proficiency testing program provided by the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN)
    • 24777099 4068537
    • Lourens C, Lindegardh N, Barnes KI, Guerin PJ, Sibley CH, White NJ. Benefits of a pharmacology antimalarial reference standard and proficiency testing program provided by the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:3889-94.
    • (2014) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.58 , pp. 3889-3894
    • Lourens, C.1    Lindegardh, N.2    Barnes, K.I.3    Guerin, P.J.4    Sibley, C.H.5    White, N.J.6
  • 62
    • 84971532310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 12 May 2016
    • ACT consortium. Our research themes. http://www.actconsortium.org/pages/research-themes.html. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • ACT Consortium. Our Research Themes
  • 63
    • 84971532306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promoting the Quality of Medicines Accessed 12 May 2016
    • Promoting the Quality of Medicines. Promoting the Quality of Medicines in Developing Countries (PQM). http://www.usp.org/global-health-programs/promoting-quality-medicines-pqmusaid. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • Promoting the Quality of Medicines in Developing Countries (PQM)
  • 64
    • 84971567564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 12 May 2016
    • US Pharmacopeial Convention. Glossary of PQM Activities. http://www.usp.org/global-health-programs/promoting-quality-medicines-pqmusaid/pqm-news-resource-center/glossary-pqm-activities. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • US Pharmacopeial Convention. Glossary of PQM Activities
  • 67
    • 84923788479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of regulatory requirements on medicine registration in African countries - Perceptions and experiences of pharmaceutical companies in South Africa
    • 23093897 3471191
    • Narsai K, Williams A, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK. Impact of regulatory requirements on medicine registration in African countries - perceptions and experiences of pharmaceutical companies in South Africa. Southern Med Review. 2012;5:31-7.
    • (2012) Southern Med Review. , vol.5 , pp. 31-37
    • Narsai, K.1    Williams, A.2    Mantel-Teeuwisse, A.K.3
  • 70
    • 84971508890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 12 May 2016
    • APEC Harmonization Center. Brochure. http://www.nifds.go.kr/apec/assets/front/imgs/download/AHC-Brochure.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2016.
    • APEC Harmonization Center. Brochure
  • 72
    • 84964696766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Joint Interagency Task Force and the Global Steering Committee for the quality assurance of health products: Two new proactive approaches promoting access to safe and effective medicines
    • 26041869 4455089
    • Cinnamond M, Woods T. The Joint Interagency Task Force and the Global Steering Committee for the quality assurance of health products: two new proactive approaches promoting access to safe and effective medicines. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(Suppl 6):133-6.
    • (2015) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.92 , pp. 133-136
    • Cinnamond, M.1    Woods, T.2
  • 76
    • 0037423830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The de novo selection of drug-resistant malaria parasites
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktVWhs7Y%3D 12641911 1691263
    • White NJ, Pongtavornpinyo W. The de novo selection of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Proc Biol Sci. 2003;270:545-54.
    • (2003) Proc Biol Sci , vol.270 , pp. 545-554
    • White, N.J.1    Pongtavornpinyo, W.2
  • 77
    • 44849103878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinically immune hosts as a refuge for drug-sensitive malaria parasites
    • 18439283 2409364
    • Klein EY, Smith DL, Boni MF, Laxminarayan R. Clinically immune hosts as a refuge for drug-sensitive malaria parasites. Malar J. 2008;7:67.
    • (2008) Malar J , vol.7 , pp. 67
    • Klein, E.Y.1    Smith, D.L.2    Boni, M.F.3    Laxminarayan, R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.