Sudden cardiac death and chronic kidney disease: From pathophysiology to treatment strategies

International Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 217, Issue , 2016, Pages 16-27

  Di Lullo, L ^a   Rivera, R ^b   Barbera, V ^a   Bellasi, A ^c   Cozzolino, M ^d   Russo, D ^e   De Pascalis, A ^f   Banerjee, D ^g   Floccari, F ^h   Ronco, C ⁱ  

^a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit   (Italy)

^b SAN GERARDO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c SANT ANNA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^f VITO FAZZI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^g ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^h S Paolo Hospital ASL RMF   (Italy)

ⁱ SAN BORTOLO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cardiac arrhythmias; Cardiovascular mortality; CKD; Sudden cardiac death

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 1; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CREATINE KINASE MB; CYSTATIN C; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FOSINOPRIL; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERLEUKIN 6; ISCHEMIA MODIFIED ALBUMIN; N(G),N(G) DIMETHYLARGININE; PLACEBO; SPIRONOLACTONE; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; INCIDENCE; IRON OVERLOAD; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT INTERVAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; ULTRAFILTRATION; UREMIA; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COMPLICATION; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION;

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; RENAL DIALYSIS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS; SECONDARY PREVENTION; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

EID: 84971014970     PISSN: 01675273     EISSN: 18741754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.170     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. C. Ronco, P. McCullough, S.D. Anker, I. Anand, N. Aspromonte, and S.M. Bagshaw Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative Eur. Heart J. 31 6 Mar 2010 703 711
2. R.N. Foley, A.M. Murray, S. Li, C.A. Herzog, A.M. McBean, and P.W. Eggers Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement, and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 2 Feb 2005 489 495
3. P. Muntner, J. He, L. Hamm, C. Loria, and P.K. Whelton Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 3 Mar 1, 2002 745 753
4. P.S. Parfrey, and R.N. Foley The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 7 Jul 1, 1999 1606 1615
5. M.A. Roberts, K.R. Polkinghorne, S.P. McDonald, and F.L. Ierino Secular trends in cardiovascular mortality rates of patients receiving dialysis compared with the general population Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 58 1 Jul 2011 64 72
6. R. Deo, C.L.W. Fyr, L.F. Fried, A.B. Newman, T.B. Harris, and S. Angleman Kidney dysfunction and fatal cardiovascular disease - an association independent of atherosclerotic events: results from the health, aging, and body composition (health ABC) study Am. Heart J. 155 1 Jan 2008 62 68
7. D.P. Zipes, A.J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A.E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, and M. Fromer ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for practice guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Circulation 114 10 Sep 5, 2006 e385 e484
8. D. Mozzafarian, E.J. Benjamin, and A.S. Go Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association Circulation 133 2016 e38 e360
9. G. Nichol, E. Thomas, C.W. Callaway, J. Hedges, J.L. Powell, and T.P. Aufderheide Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome J. Am. Med. Assoc. 300 12 Sep 24, 2008 1423 1431
10. W.B. Kannel, L.A. Cupples, and R.B. D'Agostino Sudden death risk in overt coronary heart disease: the Framingham study Am. Heart J. 113 3 Mar 1987 799 804
11. R.J. Myerburg Sudden cardiac death: exploring the limits of our knowledge J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 12 3 Mar 2001 369 381
12. H.V. Huikuri, A. Castellanos, and R.J. Myerburg Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias N. Engl. J. Med. 345 20 Nov 15, 2001 1473 1482
13. E. Braunwald Shattuck lecture - cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities N. Engl. J. Med. 337 19 Nov 6, 1997 1360 1369
14. R.J. Myerburg, K.M. Kessler, and A. Castellanos Sudden cardiac death. Structure, function, and time-dependence of risk Circulation 85 1 Suppl Jan 1992 I2 10
15. W.C. Members, A.E. Epstein, J.P. DiMarco, K.A. Ellenbogen, N.A.M. Estes, and R.A. Freedman ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia devices): developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Circulation 117 21 May 27, 2008 e350 e408
16. A.M. Russo, R.F. Stainback, S.R. Bailey, A.E. Epstein, P.A. Heidenreich, and M. Jessup ACCF/HRS/AHA/ASE/HFSA/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2013 appropriate use criteria for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation appropriate use criteria task force, Heart Rhythm Society, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Failure Society of America, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Heart Rhythm Off. J. Heart Rhythm Soc. 10 4 Apr 2013 e11 e58
17. J.J. Goldberger, M.E. Cain, S.H. Hohnloser, A.H. Kadish, B.P. Knight, and M.S. Lauer American Heart Association/american College of Cardiology Foundation/heart rhythm society scientific statement on noninvasive risk stratification techniques for identifying patients at risk for sudden cardiac death: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on clinical cardiology committee on electrocardiography and arrhythmias and council on epidemiology and prevention Heart Rhythm Off. J. Heart Rhythm Soc. 5 10 Oct 2008 e1 21
18. A.P.M. Gorgels, C. Gijsbers, J. de Vreede-Swagemakers, A. Lousberg, and H.J.J. Wellens Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - the relevance of heart failure. The Maastricht circulatory arrest registry Eur. Heart J. 24 13 Jul 2003 1204 1209
19. A.J. Collins, B. Kasiske, C. Herzog, S.-C. Chen, S. Everson, and E. Constantini Excerpts from the United States renal data system 2003 annual data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 42 6 Suppl. 5 Dec 2003 A5 A7 (S1-230)
20. P. Meier, P. Vogt, and E. Blanc Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in end-stage renal disease patients on chronic hemodialysis Nephron 87 3 Mar 2001 199 214
21. A.J. Moss, W. Zareba, W.J. Hall, H. Klein, D.J. Wilber, and D.S. Cannom Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction N. Engl. J. Med. 346 12 Mar 21, 2002 877 883
22. I. Goldenberg, A.J. Moss, S. McNitt, W. Zareba, M.L. Andrews, and W.J. Hall Relations among renal function, risk of sudden cardiac death, and benefit of the implanted cardiac defibrillator in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction Am. J. Cardiol. 98 4 Aug 15, 2006 485 490
23. M.R. Bristow, L.A. Saxon, J. Boehmer, S. Krueger, D.A. Kass, and T. De Marco Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure N. Engl. J. Med. 350 21 May 20, 2004 2140 2150
24. L.A. Saxon, M.R. Bristow, J. Boehmer, S. Krueger, D.A. Kass, and T. De Marco Predictors of sudden cardiac death and appropriate shock in the comparison of medical therapy, pacing, and defibrillation in heart failure (COMPANION) trial Circulation 114 25 Dec 19, 2006 2766 2772
25. R. Deo, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, Z.H. Tseng, S.B. Hulley, and M.G. Shlipak Kidney dysfunction and sudden cardiac death among women with coronary heart disease Hypertension 51 6 Jun 2008 1578 1582
26. P.H. Pun, T.R. Smarz, E.F. Honeycutt, L.K. Shaw, S.M. Al-Khatib, and J.P. Middleton Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death among patients with coronary artery disease Kidney Int. 76 6 Sep 2009 652 658
27. R. Deo, N. Sotoodehnia, R. Katz, M.J. Sarnak, L.F. Fried, and M. Chonchol Cystatin C and sudden cardiac death risk in the elderly Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 3 2 Mar 2010 159 164
28. M.G. Shlipak, R. Katz, M.J. Sarnak, L.F. Fried, A.B. Newman, and C. Stehman-Breen Cystatin C and prognosis for cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in elderly persons without chronic kidney disease Ann. Intern. Med. 145 4 Aug 15, 2006 237 246
29. T.R. Davis, B.A. Young, M.S. Eisenberg, T.D. Rea, M.K. Copass, and L.A. Cobb Outcome of cardiac arrests attended by emergency medical services staff at community outpatient dialysis centers Kidney Int. 73 8 Apr 2008 933 939
30. US Renal Data System USRDS 2006 Annual Data Report 2006 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD
31. A.K. Cheung, M.J. Sarnak, G. Yan, M. Berkoben, R. Heyka, and A. Kaufman Cardiac diseases in maintenance hemodialysis patients: results of the HEMO study Kidney Int. 65 6 Jun 2004 2380 2389
32. Krane V, Schmidt KR, Gutjahr-Lengsfeld LJ, Mann JF, März W, Swoboda F, Wanner, C; 4D study investigators (the German diabetes and dialysis study investigators) long-term effects following 4 years of randomized treatment with atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on hemodialysis. Kidney Int. Feb 17, 2016. (pii: S0085-2538(16)00221-0)
33. R.S. Parekh, L.C. Plantinga, W.H.L. Kao, L.A. Meoni, B.G. Jaar, and N.E. Fink The association of sudden cardiac death with inflammation and other traditional risk factors Kidney Int. 74 10 Nov 2008 1335 1342
34. M. Jadoul, J. Thumma, D.S. Fuller, F. Tentori, Y. Li, and H. Morgenstern Modifiable practices associated with sudden death among hemodialysis patients in the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 7 5 May 2012 765 774
35. US Renal Data System USRDS 2011 Annual Data Report 2011 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD
36. A.J. Bleyer, G.B. Russell, and S.G. Satko Sudden and cardiac death rates in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int. 55 4 Apr 1999 1553 1559
37. A.J. Bleyer, J. Hartman, P.C. Brannon, A. Reeves-Daniel, S.G. Satko, and G. Russell Characteristics of sudden death in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int. 69 12 Jun 2006 2268 2273
38. A.Y.-M. Wang, C.W.-K. Lam, I.H.-S. Chan, M. Wang, S.-F. Lui, and J.E. Sanderson Sudden cardiac death in end-stage renal disease patients: a 5-year prospective analysis Hypertension 56 2 Aug 2010 210 216
39. R.S. Parekh, C.E. Carroll, R.A. Wolfe, and F.K. Port Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease J. Pediatr. 141 2 Aug 2002 191 197
40. L.L. Tin, D.G. Beevers, and G.Y.H. Lip Hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and sudden death Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 4 6 Nov 2002 449 457
41. R.N. Foley, P.S. Parfrey, and M.J. Sarnak Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 32 5 Suppl 3 Nov 1998 S112 S119
42. R.N. Foley, P.S. Parfrey, G.M. Kent, J.D. Harnett, D.C. Murray, and P.E. Barre Long-term evolution of cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients Kidney Int. 54 5 Nov 1998 1720 1725
43. P.S. Parfrey, R.N. Foley, B.H. Wittreich, D.J. Sullivan, M.J. Zagari, and D. Frei Double-blind comparison of full and partial anemia correction in incident hemodialysis patients without symptomatic heart disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 7 Jul 2005 2180 2189
44. R.N. Foley, P.S. Parfrey, J.D. Harnett, G.M. Kent, D.C. Murray, and P.E. Barré The prognostic importance of left ventricular geometry in uremic cardiomyopathy J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5 12 Jun 1995 2024 2031
45. R.N. Foley, B.M. Curtis, E.W. Randell, and P.S. Parfrey Left ventricular hypertrophy in new hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5 5 May 2010 805 813
46. Y. Kitano, H. Kasuga, M. Watanabe, H. Takahashi, K. Ibuki, and Y. Kawade Severe coronary stenosis is an important factor for induction and lengthy persistence of ventricular arrhythmias during and after hemodialysis Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 44 2 Aug 2004 328 336
47. G.M. London, B. Pannier, A.P. Guerin, J. Blacher, S.J. Marchais, and B. Darne Alterations of left ventricular hypertrophy in and survival of patients receiving hemodialysis: follow-up of an interventional study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12 12 Dec 2001 2759 2767
48. A.W. Haider, M.G. Larson, E.J. Benjamin, and D. Levy Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32 5 Nov 1998 1454 1459
49. K. Amann, G. Kronenberg, F. Gehlen, S. Wessels, S. Orth, and K. Münter Cardiac remodelling in experimental renal failure - an immunohistochemical study Nephrol. Dial Transplant Off. Publ. Eur. Dial Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 13 8 Aug 1998 1958 1966
50. K. Reinier, C. Dervan, T. Singh, A. Uy-Evanado, S. Lai, and K. Gunson Increased left ventricular mass and decreased left ventricular systolic function have independent pathways to ventricular arrhythmogenesis in coronary artery disease Heart Rhythm Off. J. Heart Rhythm Soc. 8 8 Aug 2011 1177 1182
51. Multicentre, cross-sectional study of ventricular arrhythmias in chronically haemodialysed patients. Gruppo Emodialisi e Patologie Cardiovasculari Lancet Lond. Engl. 2 8606 Aug 6, 1988 305 309
52. S. Sforzini, R. Latini, G. Mingardi, A. Vincenti, and B. Redaelli Ventricular arrhythmias and four-year mortality in haemodialysis patients. Gruppo Emodialisi e Patologie Cardiovascolari Lancet Lond. Engl. 339 8787 Jan 25, 1992 212 213
53. K. Thygesen, J.S. Alpert, A.S. Jaffe, M.L. Simoons, B.R. Chaitman, and H.D. White Third universal definition of myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 60 16 Oct 16, 2012 1581 1598
54. S.R. Stacy, C. Suarez-Cuervo, Z. Berger, L.M. Wilson, H.-C. Yeh, and E.B. Bass Role of troponin in patients with chronic kidney disease and suspected acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review Ann. Intern. Med. 161 7 Oct 7, 2014 502 512
55. J. Dierkes, U. Domröse, S. Westphal, A. Ambrosch, H.P. Bosselmann, and K.H. Neumann Cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease Circulation 102 16 Oct 17, 2000 1964 1969
56. R. Hojs, S. Bevc, and R. Ekart Biomarkers in hemodialysis patients Adv. Clin. Chem. 57 2012 29 56
57. Y. Ikeda, T. Suehiro, T. Itahara, Y. Inui, H. Chikazawa, and M. Inoue Human serum paraoxonase concentration predicts cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients Clin. Nephrol. 67 6 Jun 2007 358 365
58. M. Dirican, R. Akca, E. Sarandol, and K. Dilek Serum paraoxonase activity in uremic predialysis and hemodialysis patients J. Nephrol. 17 6 Dec 2004 813 818
59. R. Sharma, D.C. Gaze, D. Pellerin, R.L. Mehta, H. Gregson, and C.P. Streather Ischemia-modified albumin predicts mortality in ESRD Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 47 3 Mar 2006 493 502
60. T.F. Dantoine, J. Debord, J.P. Charmes, L. Merle, P. Marquet, and G. Lachatre Decrease of serum paraoxonase activity in chronic renal failure J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9 11 Nov 1998 2082 2088
61. A. Gugliucci, K. Mehlhaff, E. Kinugasa, H. Ogata, R. Hermo, and J. Schulze Paraoxonase-1 concentrations in end-stage renal disease patients increase after hemodialysis: correlation with low molecular AGE adduct clearance Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem. 377 1-2 Feb 2007 213 220
62. N.V. Bhagavan, E.M. Lai, P.A. Rios, J. Yang, A.M. Ortega-Lopez, and H. Shinoda Evaluation of human serum albumin cobalt binding assay for the assessment of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction Clin. Chem. 49 4 Apr 2003 581 585
63. I. Pantazopoulos, L. Papadimitriou, I. Dontas, T. Demestiha, N. Iakovidou, and T. Xanthos Ischaemia modified albumin in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes Resuscitation 80 3 Mar 2009 306 310
64. S. Turedi, O. Cinar, I. Yavuz, A. Mentese, A. Gunduz, and S.C. Karahan Differences in ischemia-modified albumin levels between end stage renal disease patients and the normal population J. Nephrol. 23 3 Jun 2010 335 340
65. P. Ravani, G. Tripepi, F. Malberti, S. Testa, F. Mallamaci, and C. Zoccali Asymmetrical dimethylarginine predicts progression to dialysis and death in patients with chronic kidney disease: a competing risks modeling approach J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 8 Aug 2005 2449 2455
66. B.F. Hoffman, S.D. Guo, and S.J. Feinmark Arrhythmias caused by platelet activating factor J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 7 2 Feb 1996 120 133
67. B.F. Hoffman, S.J. Feinmark, and S.D. Guo Electrophysiologic effects of interactions between activated canine neutrophils and cardiac myocytes J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 8 6 Jun 1997 679 687
68. F. Mallamaci, C. Zoccali, G. Tripepi, I. Fermo, F.A. Benedetto, and A. Cataliotti Hyperhomocysteinemia predicts cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int. 61 2 Feb 2002 609 614
69. G.A. Stewart, R.T. Gansevoort, P.B. Mark, E. Rooney, T.A. McDonagh, and H.J. Dargie Electrocardiographic abnormalities and uremic cardiomyopathy Kidney Int. 67 1 Jan 2005 217 226
70. M.P. Pye, and S.M. Cobbe Mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in cardiac failure and hypertrophy Cardiovasc. Res. 26 8 Aug 1992 740 750
71. R. Suzuki, K. Tsumura, T. Inoue, H. Kishimoto, and H. Morii QT interval prolongation in the patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis Clin. Nephrol. 49 4 Apr 1998 240 244
72. A. Covic, M. Diaconita, P. Gusbeth-Tatomir, M. Covic, A. Botezan, and G. Ungureanu Haemodialysis increases QTc interval but not QTc dispersion in ESRD patients without manifest cardiac disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17 12 Dec 1, 2002 2170 2177
73. A. Cupisti, F. Galetta, E. Morelli, G. Tintori, G. Sibilia, and M. Meola Effect of hemodialysis on the dispersion of the QTc interval Nephron 78 4 1998 429 432
74. S. Genovesi, R. Rivera, P. Fabbrini, C. Dossi, G. Bonforte, and L. Mircoli Dynamic QT interval analysis in uraemic patients receiving chronic haemodialysis J. Hypertens. 21 10 Oct 2003 1921 1926
75. B. Redaelli, F. Locatelli, D. Limido, S. Andrulli, M.G. Signorini, and S. Sforzini Effect of a new model of hemodialysis potassium removal on the control of ventricular arrhythmias Kidney Int. 50 2 Aug 1996 609 617
76. M. Buemi, E. Aloisi, G. Coppolino, S. Loddo, E. Crascì, and C. Aloisi The effect of two different protocols of potassium haemodiafiltration on QT dispersion Nephrol. Dial Transplant Off. Publ. Eur. Dial. Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 20 6 Jun 2005 1148 1154
77. A. Santoro, E. Mancini, G. London, L. Mercadal, H. Fessy, and B. Perrone Patients with complex arrhythmias during and after haemodialysis suffer from different regimens of potassium removal Nephrol. Dial Transplant Off. Publ. Eur. Dial. Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 23 4 Apr 2008 1415 1421
78. J.A. Karnik, B.S. Young, N.L. Lew, M. Herget, C. Dubinsky, and J.M. Lazarus Cardiac arrest and sudden death in dialysis units Kidney Int. 60 1 Jul 2001 350 357
79. S.E. Näppi, V.K. Virtanen, H.H. Saha, J.T. Mustonen, and A.I. Pasternack QTc dispersion increases during hemodialysis with low-calcium dialysate Kidney Int. 57 5 May 2000 2117 2122
80. S. Genovesi, C. Dossi, M.R. Viganò, E. Galbiati, F. Prolo, and A. Stella Electrolyte concentration during haemodialysis and QT interval prolongation in uraemic patients Eur. Eur. Pacing Arrhythm Card Electrophysiol. J. Work Groups Card Pacing Arrhythm Card Cell Electrophysiol. Eur. Soc. Cardiol. 10 6 Jun 2008 771 777
81. E.R. Beaubien, G.B. Pylypchuk, J. Akhtar, and H.J. Biem Value of corrected QT interval dispersion in identifying patients initiating dialysis at increased risk of total and cardiovascular mortality Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 39 4 Apr 2002 834 842
82. M. Howse, S. Sastry, and G.M. Bell Changes in the corrected QT interval and corrected QT dispersion during haemodialysis Postgrad. Med. J. 78 919 May 2002 273 275
83. G.A. Block, T.E. Hulbert-Shearon, N.W. Levin, and F.K. Port Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 31 4 Apr 1998 607 617
84. K. Amann, and E. Ritz Microvascular disease - the Cinderella of uraemic heart disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant Off. Publ. Eur. Dial Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 15 10 Oct 2000 1493 1503
85. S.K. Ganesh, A.G. Stack, N.W. Levin, T. Hulbert-Shearon, and F.K. Port Association of elevated serum PO(4), Ca x PO(4) product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12 10 Oct 2001 2131 2138
86. J.E. Flythe, S.E. Kimmel, and S.M. Brunelli Rapid fluid removal during dialysis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality Kidney Int. 79 2 Jan 2011 250 257
87. R. Saran, J.L. Bragg-Gresham, N.W. Levin, Z.J. Twardowski, V. Wizemann, and A. Saito Longer treatment time and slower ultrafiltration in hemodialysis: associations with reduced mortality in the DOPPS Kidney Int. 69 7 Apr 2006 1222 1228
88. E. Movilli, P. Gaggia, R. Zubani, C. Camerini, V. Vizzardi, and G. Parrinello Association between high ultrafiltration rates and mortality in uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis. A 5-year prospective observational multicentre study Nephrol. Dial Transplant Off. Publ. Eur. Dial Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 22 12 Dec 2007 3547 3552
89. J.O. Burton, H.J. Jefferies, N.M. Selby, and C.W. McIntyre Hemodialysis-induced repetitive myocardial injury results in global and segmental reduction in systolic cardiac function Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4 12 Dec 2009 1925 1931
90. J.O. Burton, H.J. Jefferies, N.M. Selby, and C.W. McIntyre Hemodialysis-induced cardiac injury: determinants and associated outcomes Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4 5 May 2009 914 920
91. D.K. Hothi, L. Rees, J. Marek, J. Burton, and C.W. McIntyre Pediatric myocardial stunning underscores the cardiac toxicity of conventional hemodialysis treatments Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4 4 Apr 2009 790 797
92. L. Liu Using multivariate quantile regression analysis to explore cardiovascular risk differences in subjects with chronic kidney disease by race and ethnicity: findings from the US chronic renal insufficiency cohort study Int. Cardiovasc. Forum J. 2 2015 20 26
93. A. Besarab Iron and cardiac disease in the end-stage renal disease setting Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 34 4 Suppl. 2 Oct 1999 S18 S24
94. V.-C. Wu, J.-W. Huang, M.-S. Wu, C.-Y. Chin, F.-T. Chiang, and Y.-B. Liu The effect of iron stores on corrected QT dispersion in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 44 4 Oct 2004 720 728
95. R.L. Converse, T.N. Jacobsen, R.D. Toto, C.M. Jost, F. Cosentino, and F. Fouad-Tarazi Sympathetic overactivity in patients with chronic renal failure N. Engl. J. Med. 327 27 Dec 31, 1992 1912 1918
96. L.C. Rump, K. Amann, S. Orth, and E. Ritz Sympathetic overactivity in renal disease: a window to understand progression and cardiovascular complications of uraemia? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant Off. Publ. Eur. Dial Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 15 11 Nov 2000 1735 1738
97. K. Amann, L.C. Rump, A. Simonaviciene, V. Oberhauser, S. Wessels, and S.R. Orth Effects of low dose sympathetic inhibition on glomerulosclerosis and albuminuria in subtotally nephrectomized rats J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 8 Aug 2000 1469 1478
98. M. Johansson, S.A. Gao, P. Friberg, M. Annerstedt, G. Bergström, and J. Carlström Reduced baroreflex effectiveness index in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure Am. J. Hypertens. 18 7 Jul 2005 995 1000 (discussion 1016)
99. M. Johansson, S.A. Gao, P. Friberg, M. Annerstedt, J. Carlström, and T. Ivarsson Baroreflex effectiveness index and baroreflex sensitivity predict all-cause mortality and sudden death in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure J. Hypertens. 25 1 Jan 2007 163 168
100. J.M. Brophy, L. Joseph, and J.L. Rouleau Beta-blockers in congestive heart failure. A Bayesian meta-analysis Ann. Intern. Med. 134 7 Apr 3, 2001 550 560
101. Y. Matsue, M. Suzuki, W. Nagahori, M. Ohno, A. Matsumura, and Y. Hashimoto β-blocker prevents sudden cardiac death in patients with hemodialysis Int. J. Cardiol. 165 3 May 25, 2013 519 522
102. S.V. Badve, M.A. Roberts, C.M. Hawley, A. Cass, A.X. Garg, and H. Krum Effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58 11 Sep 6, 2011 1152 1161
103. R.J. Myerburg, K.M. Kessler, S.M. Mallon, M.M. Cox, E. de Marchena, and A. Interian Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with silent myocardial ischemia due to coronary-artery spasm N. Engl. J. Med. 326 22 May 28, 1992 1451 1455
104. F.C. Luft, and C.I. Johnston Are calcium antagonists of value in ameliorating the course of chronic renal disease? Kidney Int. Suppl. 36 May 1992 S114 S118
105. M. Tepel, M.V. Giet der, A. Park, and W. Zidek Association of calcium channel blockers and mortality in haemodialysis patients Clin. Sci. Lond. Engl. 103 5 Nov 2002 511 515 (1979)
106. P.H. Pun, R.W. Lehrich, S.R. Smith, and J.P. Middleton Predictors of survival after cardiac arrest in outpatient hemodialysis clinics Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2 3 May 2007 491 500
107. M. Packer, M. Gheorghiade, J.B. Young, P.J. Costantini, K.F. Adams, and R.J. Cody Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. RADIANCE study N. Engl. J. Med. 329 1 Jul 1, 1993 1 7
108. Digitalis Investigation Group The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure N. Engl. J. Med. 336 8 Feb 20, 1997 525 533
109. K.E. Chan, J.M. Lazarus, and R.M. Hakim Digoxin associates with mortality in ESRD J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21 9 Sep 2010 1550 1559
110. J.P. Piccini, J.S. Berger, and C.M. O'Connor Amiodarone for the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Eur. Heart J. 30 10 May 2009 1245 1253
111. M.J. Domanski, D.V. Exner, C.B. Borkowf, N.L. Geller, Y. Rosenberg, and M.A. Pfeffer Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on sudden cardiac death in patients following acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33 3 Mar 1999 598 604
112. J.F. Mann, H.C. Gerstein, J. Pogue, J. Bosch, and S. Yusuf Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial Ann. Intern. Med. 134 8 Apr 17, 2001 629 636
113. F. Zannad, M. Kessler, P. Lehert, J.P. Grünfeld, C. Thuilliez, and A. Leizorovicz Prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease: results of a randomized trial of fosinopril and implications for future studies Kidney Int. 70 7 Oct 2006 1318 1324
114. A. Takahashi, H. Takase, T. Toriyama, T. Sugiura, Y. Kurita, and R. Ueda Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis - a randomized study Nephrol. Dial Transplant Off. Publ. Eur. Dial Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 21 9 Sep 2006 2507 2512
115. B. Pitt, F. Zannad, W.J. Remme, R. Cody, A. Castaigne, and A. Perez The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone evaluation study investigators N. Engl. J. Med. 341 10 Sep 2, 1999 709 717
116. D. Chua, A. Lo, and C. Lo Spironolactone use in heart failure patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: is it safe? Clin. Cardiol. 33 10 Oct 2010 604 608
117. D. Green, J.P. Ritchie, and P.A. Kalra Meta-analysis of lipid-lowering therapy in maintenance dialysis patients Nephron. Clin. Pract. 124 3-4 2013 209 217
118. L. Sun, L. Zou, M. Chen, and B. Liu Meta-analysis of statin therapy in maintenance dialysis patients Ren. Fail. 3 Jul 2015 1 8
119. S.C. Palmer, S.D. Navaneethan, J.C. Craig, D.W. Johnson, V. Perkovic, and S.U. Nigwekar HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9 2013 CD004289
120. S.J. Connolly, A.P. Hallstrom, R. Cappato, E.B. Schron, K.H. Kuck, and D.P. Zipes Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs implantable defibrillator study. Cardiac arrest study Hamburg. Canadian implantable defibrillator study Eur. Heart J. 21 24 Dec 2000 2071 2078
121. A.A. Alsheikh-Ali, T.A. Trikalinos, R. Ruthazer, N. Terrin, J.B. Wong, and M.J. Sarnak Risk of arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic death in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease Am. Heart J. 161 1 Jan 2011 204 209 (.e1)
122. C.A. Herzog, S. Li, E.D. Weinhandl, J.W. Strief, A.J. Collins, and D.T. Gilbertson Survival of dialysis patients after cardiac arrest and the impact of implantable cardioverter defibrillators Kidney Int. 68 2 Aug 2005 818 825
123. F. Khan, E. Adelstein, and S. Saba Implantable cardioverter defibrillators confer survival benefit in patients with renal insufficiency but not in dialysis-dependent patients J. Interv. Card Electrophysiol. Int. J. Arrhythm Pacing 28 2 Aug 2010 117 123
124. A. Voigt, R. Ezzeddine, W. Barrington, O. Obiaha-Ngwu, L.I. Ganz, and B. London Utilization of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in survivors of cardiac arrest in the United States from 1996 to 2001 J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44 4 Aug 18, 2004 855 858
125. M.K. de Bie, J.C. Lekkerkerker, B. van Dam, A. Gaasbeek, M. van Buren, and H. Putter Prevention of sudden cardiac death: rationale and design of the implantable cardioverter defibrillators in dialysis patients (ICD2) trial - a prospective pilot study Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 24 8 Aug 2008 2151 2157
126. J. Daemen, E. Boersma, M. Flather, J. Booth, R. Stables, and A. Rodriguez Long-term safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting and coronary artery bypass surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis with 5-year patient-level data from the ARTS, ERACI-II, MASS-II, and SoS trials Circulation 118 11 Sep 9, 2008 1146 1154
127. D.M. Bravata, A.L. Gienger, K.M. McDonald, V. Sundaram, M.V. Perez, and R. Varghese Systematic review: the comparative effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass graft surgery Ann. Intern. Med. 147 10 Nov 20, 2007 703 716
128. P. Castelli, A.M. Condemi, and M. Munari Immediate and long-term results of coronary revascularization in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. Off. J. Eur. Assoc. Cardiothorac. Surg. 15 1 Jan 1999 51 54
129. C.A. Herzog, J.Z. Ma, and A.J. Collins Comparative survival of dialysis patients in the United States after coronary angioplasty, coronary artery stenting, and coronary artery bypass surgery and impact of diabetes Circulation 106 17 Oct 22, 2002 2207 2211
130. C.A. Herzog, J.Z. Ma, and A.J. Collins Long-term outcome of dialysis patients in the United States with coronary revascularization procedures Kidney Int. 56 1 Jul 1999 324 332
131. C. Stettler, S. Wandel, S. Allemann, A. Kastrati, M.C. Morice, and A. Schömig Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: a collaborative network meta-analysis Lancet Lond. Engl. 370 9591 Sep 15, 2007 937 948
132. T.T. Tsai, J.C. Messenger, J.M. Brennan, U.D. Patel, D. Dai, and R.N. Piana Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents in older patients with chronic kidney disease: a report from the linked CathPCI registry-CMS claims database J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58 18 Oct 25, 2011 1859 1869
133. A. Abdel-Latif, D. Mukherjee, P. Mesgarzadeh, and K.M. Ziada Drug-eluting stents in patients with end-stage renal disease: meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. Off. J. Soc. Card. Angiogr. Interv. 76 7 Dec 1, 2010 942 948
134. I.F. Nevis, A. Mathew, R.J. Novick, C.R. Parikh, P.J. Devereaux, and M.K. Natarajan Optimal method of coronary revascularization in patients receiving dialysis: systematic review Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4 2 Feb 2009 369 378
135. S. Genovesi, M.G. Valsecchi, E. Rossi, D. Pogliani, I. Acquistapace, and V. De Cristofaro Sudden death and associated factors in a historical cohort of chronic haemodialysis patients Nephrol. Dial Transpl. Off Publ. Eur. Dial. Transpl. Assoc. - Eur. Ren. Assoc. 24 8 Aug 2009 2529 2536
136. C.P. Kovesdy, D.L. Regidor, R. Mehrotra, J. Jing, C.J. McAllister, and S. Greenland Serum and dialysate potassium concentrations and survival in hemodialysis patients Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2 5 Sep 2007 999 1007
137. P.H. Pun, R.W. Lehrich, E.F. Honeycutt, C.A. Herzog, and J.P. Middleton Modifiable risk factors associated with sudden cardiac arrest within hemodialysis clinics Kidney Int. 79 2 Jan 2011 218 227
138. P.H. Pun, J.R. Horton, and J.P. Middleton Dialysate calcium concentration and the risk of sudden cardiac arrest in hemodialysis patients Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8 5 May 2013 797 803
139. M. Ferrario, U. Moissl, F. Garzotto, D.N. Cruz, A. Clementi, and A. Brendolan Effects of fluid overload on heart rate variability in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis BMC Nephrol. 15 2014 26
140. R.S. Suri, G.E. Nesrallah, R. Mainra, A.X. Garg, R.M. Lindsay, and T. Greene Daily hemodialysis: a systematic review Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1 1 Jan 2006 33 42
141. R.M. Fagugli, G. Reboldi, G. Quintaliani, P. Pasini, G. Ciao, and B. Cicconi Short daily hemodialysis: blood pressure control and left ventricular mass reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found 38 2 Aug 2001 371 376
142. J. Traeger, R. Galland, E. Delawari, W. Arkouche, and R. Hadden Six years' experience with short daily hemodialysis: do the early improvements persist in the mid and long term? Hemodial. Int. Int. Symp. Home Hemodial. 8 2 Apr 1, 2004 151 158
143. F.H.N. Trial Group, G.M. Chertow, N.W. Levin, G.J. Beck, T.A. Depner, and P.W. Eggers In-center hemodialysis six times per week versus three times per week N. Engl. J. Med. 363 24 Dec 9, 2010 2287 2300
144. E. Lacson, J. Xu, R.S. Suri, G. Nesrallah, R. Lindsay, and A.X. Garg Survival with three-times weekly in-center nocturnal versus conventional hemodialysis J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23 4 Apr 2012 687 695