The sound of emotions-Towards a unifying neural network perspective of affective sound processing

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 68, Issue , 2016, Pages 96-110

  Frühholz, Sascha ^a   Trost, Wiebke ^b   Kotz, Sonja A ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN SCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Affect; Auditory cortex; Basal ganglia; Cerebellum; Limbic system; Music; Sound; Voice

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALA; AUDITORY CORTEX; BASAL GANGLION; CEREBELLUM; CONDITIONING; DOPAMINE RELEASE; EMOTIONALITY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; LIMBIC SYSTEM; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROSCIENCE; ORBITAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SECONDARY AUDITORY CORTEX; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOUND; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM; VOCALIZATION; ANIMAL; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BRAIN; EMOTION; HEARING; MUSIC;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ANIMALS; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; BRAIN; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; MUSIC; NERVE NET;

EID: 84970024792     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Adamaszek M., D'Agata F., Kirkby K.C., Trenner M.U., Sehm B., Steele C.J., Berneiser J., Strecker K. Impairment of emotional facial expression and prosody discrimination due to ischemic cerebellar lesions. Cerebellum 2014, 13:338-345.
2. Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2002, 12:169-177.
3. Alba-Ferrara L., Hausmann M., Mitchell R.L., Weis S. The neural correlates of emotional prosody comprehension: disentangling simple from complex emotion. PLoS One 2011, 6:e28701.
4. Amodio D.M., Frith C.D. Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:268-277.
5. Armony J.L., LeDoux J.E. How the brain processes emotional information. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1997, 821:259-270.
6. Awano H., Nishide S., Arie H., Tani J., Takahashi T., Okuno H., Ogata T. Use of a sparse structure to improve learning performance of recurrent neural networks. Neural Information Processing 2011, 323-331. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. B.-L. Lu, L. Zhang, J. Kwok (Eds.).
7. Bach D.R., Grandjean D., Sander D., Herdener M., Strik W.K., Seifritz E. The effect of appraisal level on processing of emotional prosody in meaningless speech. Neuroimage 2008, 42:919-927.
8. Bach D.R., Schachinger H., Neuhoff J.G., Esposito F., Di Salle F., Lehmann C., Herdener M., Scheffler K., Seifritz E. Rising sound intensity: an intrinsic warning cue activating the amygdala. Cereb. Cortex 2008, 18:145-150.
9. Bachorowski J.A., Owren M.J. Not all laughs are alike: voiced but not unvoiced laughter readily elicits positive affect. Psychol. Sci. 2001, 12:252-257.
10. Ball T., Rahm B., Eickhoff S.B., Schulze-Bonhage A., Speck O., Mutschler I. Response properties of human amygdala subregions: evidence based on functional MRI combined with probabilistic anatomical maps. PLoS One 2007, 2:e307.
11. Bamiou D.E., Musiek F.E., Luxon L.M. The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory processing: literature review. Brain Res. Rev. 2003, 42:143-154.
12. Banse R., Scherer K.R. Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1996, 70:614-636.
13. Baumgartner T., Lutz K., Schmidt C.F., Jancke L. The emotional power of music: how music enhances the feeling of affective pictures. Brain Res. 2006, 1075:151-164.
14. Beaucousin V., Lacheret A., Turbelin M.-R., Morel M., Mazoyer B., Tzourio-Mazoyer N. FMRI study of emotional speech comprehension. Cereb. Cortex 2007, 17:339-352.
15. Beaucousin V., Zago L., Herve P.Y., Strelnikov K., Crivello F., Mazoyer B., Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Sex-dependent modulation of activity in the neural networks engaged during emotional speech comprehension. Brain Res. 2011, 1390:108-117.
16. Bestelmeyer P.E.G., Maurage P., Rouger J., Latinus M., Belin P. Adaptation to vocal expressions reveals multistep perception of auditory emotion. J. Neurosci. 2014, 34:8098-8105.
17. Blackford J.U., Buckholtz J.W., Avery S.N., Zald D.H. A unique role for the human amygdala in novelty detection. Neuroimage 2010, 50:1188-1193.
18. Blood A.J., Zatorre R.J. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001, 98:11818-11823.
19. Blood A.J., Zatorre R.J., Bermudez P., Evans A.C. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nat. Neurosci. 1999, 2:382-387.
20. Boemio A., Fromm S., Braun A., Poeppel D. Hierarchical and asymmetric temporal sensitivity in human auditory cortices. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:389-395.
21. Brattico E., Alluri V., Bogert B., Jacobsen T., Vartiainen N., Nieminen S., Tervaniemi M. A functional MRI study of happy and sad emotions in music with and without lyrics. Front. Psychol. 2011, 2:308.
22. Brown S., Martinez M.J., Parsons L.M. Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport 2004, 15:2033-2037.
23. Buchanan T.W., Lutz K., Mirzazade S., Specht K., Shah N.J., Zilles K., Jancke L. Recognition of emotional prosody and verbal components of spoken language: an fMRI study. Cogn. Brain Res. 2000, 9:227-238.
24. Buchel C., Dolan R.J., Armony J.L., Friston K.J. Amygdala-hippocampal involvement in human aversive trace conditioning revealed through event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:10869-10876.
25. Calder A.J., Keane J., Manes F., Antoun N., Young A.W. Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3:1077-1078.
26. Calder A.J. Impaired recognition of anger following damage to the ventral striatum. Brain 2004, 127:1958-1969.
27. Cappe C., Morel A., Barone P., Rouiller E.M. The thalamocortical projection systems in primate: an anatomical support for multisensory and sensorimotor interplay. Cereb. Cortex 2009, 19:2025-2037.
28. Caria A., Venuti P., de Falco S. Functional and dysfunctional brain circuits underlying emotional processing of music in autism spectrum disorders. Cereb. Cortex 2011, 21:2838-2849.
29. Chanda M.L., Levitin D.J. The neurochemistry of music. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2013, 17:179-193.
30. Chapin H., Jantzen K., Kelso J.A., Steinberg F., Large E. Dynamic emotional and neural responses to music depend on performance expression and listener experience. PLoS One 2010, 5:e13812.
31. Dalgleish T. The emotional brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:583-589.
32. Dietrich S., Hertrich I., Alter K., Ischebeck A., Ackermann H. Semiotic aspects of human nonverbal vocalizations: a functional imaging study. Neuroreport 2007, 18:1891-1894.
33. Dietrich S., Hertrich I., Alter K., Ischebeck A., Ackermann H. Understanding the emotional expression of verbal interjections: a functional MRI study. Neuroreport 2008, 19:1751-1755.
34. Duchaine B., Yovel G. A revised neural framework for face processing. Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. 2015, 1:393-416.
35. Eldar E., Ganor O., Admon R., Bleich A., Hendler T. Feeling the real world: limbic response to music depends on related content. Cereb. Cortex 2007, 17:2828-2840.
36. Escoffier N., Zhong J., Schirmer A., Qiu A. Emotional expressions in voice and music: same code, same effect?. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2012, 34:1796-1810.
37. Ethofer T., Anders S., Erb M., Herbert C., Wiethoff S., Kissler J., Grodd W., Wildgruber D. Cerebral pathways in processing of affective prosody: a dynamic causal modeling study. Neuroimage 2006, 30:580-587.
38. Ethofer T., Anders S., Wiethoff S., Erb M., Herbert C., Saur R., Grodd W., Wildgruber D. Effects of prosodic emotional intensity on activation of associative auditory cortex. Neuroreport 2006, 17:249-253.
39. Ethofer T., Wiethoff S., Anders S., Kreifelts B., Grodd W., Wildgruber D. The voices of seduction: cross-gender effects in processing of erotic prosody. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2007, 2:334-337.
40. Ethofer T., Kreifelts B., Wiethoff S., Wolf J., Grodd W., Vuilleumier P., Wildgruber D. Differential influences of emotion, task, and novelty on brain regions underlying the processing of speech melody. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2009, 21:1255-1268.
41. Ethofer T., Bretscher J., Gschwind M., Kreifelts B., Wildgruber D., Vuilleumier P. Emotional voice areas: anatomic location, functional properties, and structural connections revealed by combined fMRI/DTI. Cereb. Cortex 2012, 22:191-200.
42. Etkin A., Egner T., Kalisch R. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2011, 15:85-93.
43. Euston D.R., Gruber A.J., McNaughton B.L. The role of medial prefrontal cortex in memory and decision making. Neuron 2012, 76:1057-1070.
44. Fecteau S., Armony J.L., Joanette Y., Belin P. Sensitivity to voice in human prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 2005, 94:2251-2254.
45. Fecteau S., Belin P., Joanette Y., Armony J.L. Amygdala responses to nonlinguistic emotional vocalizations. Neuroimage 2007, 36:480-487.
46. Ferrucci R., Giannicola G., Rosa M., Fumagalli M., Boggio P.S., Hallett M., Zago S., Priori A. Cerebellum and processing of negative facial emotions: cerebellar transcranial DC stimulation specifically enhances the emotional recognition of facial anger and sadness. Cogn. Emot. 2012, 26:786-799.
47. Frühholz S., Grandjean D. Towards a fronto-temporal neural network for the decoding of angry vocal expressions. Neuroimage 2012, 62:1658-1666.
48. Frühholz S., Grandjean D. Amygdala subregions differentially respond and rapidly adapt to threatening voices. Cortex 2013, 49:1394-1403.
49. Frühholz S., Grandjean D. Multiple subregions in superior temporal cortex are differentially sensitive to vocal expressions: a quantitative meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2013, 37:24-35.
50. Frühholz S., Grandjean D. Processing of emotional vocalizations in bilateral inferior frontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2013, 37:2847-2855.
51. Frühholz S., Prinz M., Herrmann M. Affect-related personality traits and contextual interference processing during perception of facial affect. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 469:260-264.
52. Frühholz S., Trost W., Grandjean D. The role of the medial temporal limbic system in processing emotions in voice and music. Prog. Neurobiol. 2014, 123:1-17.
53. Frühholz S., Gschwind M., Grandjean D. Bilateral dorsal and ventral fiber pathways for the processing of affective prosody identified by probabilistic fiber tracking. Neuroimage 2015, 109:27-34.
54. Frühholz S., Hofstetter C., Cristinzio C., Saj A., Seeck M., Vuilleumier P., Grandjean D. Asymmetrical effects of unilateral right or left amygdala damage on auditory cortical processing of vocal emotions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112:1583-1588.
55. Frühholz S., Sander D., Grandjean D. Functional neuroimaging of human vocalizations and affective speech. Behav. Brain Sci. 2016, 37:554-555.
56. Friederici A.D. The cortical language circuit: from auditory perception to sentence comprehension. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2012, 16:262-268.
57. Fruhholz S., Ceravolo L., Grandjean D. Specific brain networks during explicit and implicit decoding of emotional prosody. Cereb. Cortex 2012, 22:1107-1117.
58. Fusar-Poli P., Placentino A., Carletti F., Landi P., Allen P., Surguladze S., Benedetti F., Abbamonte M., Gasparotti R., Barale F., Perez J., McGuire P., Politi P. Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2009, 34:418-432.
59. Garcia R., Vouimba R.M., Baudry M., Thompson R.F. The amygdala modulates prefrontal cortex activity relative to conditioned fear. Nature 1999, 402:294-296.
60. George M.S., Parekh P.I., Rosinsky N., Ketter T.A., Kimbrell T.A., Heilman K.M., Herscovitch P., Post R.M. Understanding emotional prosody activates right hemisphere regions. Arch. Neurol. 1996, 53:665-670.
61. Gifford G.W., MacLean K.A., Hauser M.D., Cohen Y.E. The neurophysiology of functionally meaningful categories: macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in spontaneous categorization of species-specific vocalizations. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2005, 17:1471-1482.
62. Glasser M.F., Rilling J.K. DTI tractography of the human brain's language pathways. Cereb. Cortex 2008, 18:2471-2482.
63. Grahn J.A., Brett M. Rhythm and beat perception in motor areas of the brain. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2007, 19:893-906.
64. Grandjean D., Sander D., Pourtois G., Schwartz S., Seghier M.L., Scherer K.R., Vuilleumier P. The voices of wrath: brain responses to angry prosody in meaningless speech. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:145-146.
65. Green A.C., Baerentsen K.B., Stodkilde-Jorgensen H., Wallentin M., Roepstorff A., Vuust P. Music in minor activates limbic structures: a relationship with dissonance?. Neuroreport 2008, 19:711-715.
66. Gripon V., Berrou C. Sparse neural networks with large learning diversity. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 2011, 22:1087-1096.
67. Hass J., Herrmann J.M. The neural representation of time: an information-Theoretic perspective. Neural Comput. 2012, 24:1519-1552.
68. Haxby J.V., Hoffman E.A., Gobbini M.I. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2000, 4:223-233.
69. Hoekert M., Bais L., Kahn R.S., Aleman A. Time course of the involvement of the right anterior superior temporal gyrus and the right fronto-parietal operculum in emotional prosody perception. PLoS One 2008, 3:e2244.
70. Hoekert M., Vingerhoets G., Aleman A. Results of a pilot study on the involvement of bilateral inferior frontal gyri in emotional prosody perception: an rTMS study. BMC Neurosci. 2010, 11:93.
71. Jacobson L., Sapolsky R. The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocr. Rev. 1991, 12:118-134.
72. Janata P., Tomic S.T., Haberman J.M. Sensorimotor coupling in music and the psychology of the groove. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2012, 141:54-75.
73. Janata P. The neural architecture of music-evoked autobiographical memories. Cereb. Cortex 2009, 19:2579-2594.
74. Johnstone T., van Reekum C.M., Oakes T.R., Davidson R.J. The voice of emotion: an FMRI study of neural responses to angry and happy vocal expressions. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2006, 1:242-249.
75. Juslin P.N., Laukka P. Communication of emotions in vocal expressions and music performance: different channels, same code?. Psychol. Bull. 2003, 129:770-814.
76. Khalfa S., Schon D., Anton J.L., Liegeois-Chauvel C. Brain regions involved in the recognition of happiness and sadness in music. Neuroreport 2005, 16:1981-1984.
77. Knight D.C., Nguyen H.T., Bandettini P.A. The role of the human amygdala in the production of conditioned fear responses. Neuroimage 2005, 26:1193-1200.
78. Koelsch S., Fritz T., Cramon V., Muller K., Friederici A.D. Investigating emotion with music: an fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2006, 27:239-250.
79. Koelsch S., Fritz T., Schlaug G. Amygdala activity can be modulated by unexpected chord functions during music listening. Neuroreport 2008, 19:1815-1819.
80. Koelsch S., Skouras S., Fritz T., Herrera P., Bonhage C., Kussner M.B., Jacobs A.M. The roles of superficial amygdala and auditory cortex in music-evoked fear and joy. Neuroimage 2013, 81:49-60.
81. Koelsch S. Towards a neural basis of music-evoked emotions. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2010, 14:131-137.
82. Koelsch S. Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2014, 15:170-180.
83. Kotz S.A., Schwartze M. Cortical speech processing unplugged: a timely subcortico-cortical framework. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2010, 14:392-399.
84. Kotz S.A., Meyer M., Alter K., Besson M., von Cramon D.Y., Friederici A.D. On the lateralization of emotional prosody: an event-related functional MR investigation. Brain Lang. 2003, 86:366-376.
85. Kotz S.A., Schwartze M., Schmidt-Kassow M. Non-motor basal ganglia functions: a review and proposal for a model of sensory predictability in auditory language perception. Cortex 2009, 45:982-990.
86. Kotz S.A., Kalberlah C., Bahlmann J., Friederici A.D., Haynes J.D. Predicting vocal emotion expressions from the human brain. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2013, 34:1971-1981.
87. Kreifelts B., Ethofer T., Huberle E., Grodd W., Wildgruber D. Association of trait emotional intelligence and individual fMRI-activation patterns during the perception of social signals from voice and face. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2010, 31:979-991.
88. Kriegeskorte N., Goebel R., Bandettini P. Information-based functional brain mapping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:3863-3868.
89. Kringelbach M. The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Prog. Neurobiol. 2004, 72:341-372.
90. Kringelbach M.L. The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6:691-702.
91. Kumar S., von Kriegstein K., Friston K., Griffiths T.D. Features versus feelings: dissociable representations of the acoustic features and valence of aversive sounds. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:14184-14192.
92. Laird A.R., Lancaster J.L., Fox P.T. BrainMap: the social evolution of a human brain mapping database. Neuroinformatics 2005, 3:65-78.
93. Laricchiuta D., Petrosini L., Picerni E., Cutuli D., Iorio M., Chiapponi C., Caltagirone C., Piras F., Spalletta G. The embodied emotion in cerebellum: a neuroimaging study of alexithymia. Brain Struct. Funct. 2014, 220:2275-2287.
94. LeDoux J.E., Cicchetti P., Xagoraris A., Romanski L.M. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 1990, 10:1062-1069.
95. LeDoux J. Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 2012, 73:653-676.
96. Lee Y.S., Janata P., Frost C., Hanke M., Granger R. Investigation of melodic contour processing in the brain using multivariate pattern-based fMRI. Neuroimage 2011, 57:293-300.
97. Lehne M., Rohrmeier M., Koelsch S. Tension-related activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala: an fMRI study with music. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2014, 9:1515-1523.
98. Leitman D.I., Wolf D.H., Ragland J.D., Laukka P., Loughead J., Valdez J.N., Javitt D.C., Turetsky B.I., Gur R.C. It's not what you say, but how you say it: a reciprocal temporo-frontal network for affective prosody. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2010, 4:1-13.
99. Mas-Herrero E., Zatorre R.J., Rodriguez-Fornells A., Marco-Pallares J. Dissociation between musical and monetary reward responses in specific musical anhedonia. Curr. Biol. 2014, 24:699-704.
100. Menon V., Levitin D.J. The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage 2005, 28:175-184.
101. Menon V., Uddin L.Q. Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Struct. Funct. 2010, 214:655-667.
102. Meyer M., Zysset S., von Cramon D.Y., Alter K. Distinct fMRI responses to laughter, speech, and sounds along the human peri-sylvian cortex. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 2005, 24:291-306.
103. Milesi V., Cekic S., Peron J., Frühholz S., Cristinzio C., Seeck M., Grandjean D. Multimodal emotion perception after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2014, 8:275.
104. Mirz F., Gjedde A., Sodkilde-Jrgensen H., Pedersen C.B. Functional brain imaging of tinnitus-like perception induced by aversive auditory stimuli. Neuroreport 2000, 11:633-637.
105. Mitchell R.L., Elliott R., Barry M., Cruttenden A., Woodruff P.W. The neural response to emotional prosody, as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:1410-1421.
106. Mitchell R.L. How does the brain mediate interpretation of incongruent auditory emotions? The neural response to prosody in the presence of conflicting lexico-semantic cues. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 24:3611-3618.
107. Mitchell R.L. fMRI delineation of working memory for emotional prosody in the brain: commonalities with the lexico-semantic emotion network. Neuroimage 2007, 36:1015-1025.
108. Mitterschiffthaler M.T., Fu C.H., Dalton J.A., Andrew C.M., Williams S.C. A functional MRI study of happy and sad affective states induced by classical music. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2007, 28:1150-1162.
109. Mizuno T., Sugishita M. Neural correlates underlying perception of tonality-related emotional contents. Neuroreport 2007, 18:1651-1655.
110. Morris J.S., Scott S.K., Dolan R.J. Saying it with feeling: neural responses to emotional vocalizations. Neuropsychologia 1999, 37:1155-1163.
111. Morris J.S., Buchel C., Dolan R.J. Parallel neural responses in amygdala subregions and sensory cortex during implicit fear conditioning. Neuroimage 2001, 13:1044-1052.
112. Mothes-Lasch M., Mentzel H.J., Miltner W.H., Straube T. Visual attention modulates brain activation to angry voices. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:9594-9598.
113. Mueller K., Mildner T., Fritz T., Lepsien J., Schwarzbauer C., Schroeter M.L., Moller H.E. Investigating brain response to music: a comparison of different fMRI acquisition schemes. Neuroimage 2011, 54:337-343.
114. Muller V.I., Habel U., Derntl B., Schneider F., Zilles K., Turetsky B.I., Eickhoff S.B. Incongruence effects in crossmodal emotional integration. Neuroimage 2011, 54:2257-2266.
115. Murray I.R., Arnott J.L. Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: a review of the literature on human vocal emotion. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1993, 93:1097-1108.
116. Panksepp J., Bernatzky G. Emotional sounds and the brain: the neuro-affective foundations of musical appreciation. Behav. Processes 2002, 60:133-155.
117. Panksepp J. The emotional sources of chills induced by music. Music Percept. 1995, 13:171-207.
118. Pannese A., Grandjean D., Frühholz S. Subcortical processing in auditory communication. Hear. Res. 2015, 328:67-77.
119. Paradiso S., Ostedgaard K., Vaidya J., Ponto L.B., Robinson R. Emotional blunting following left basal ganglia stroke: the role of depression and fronto-limbic functional alterations. Psychiatry Res. 2013, 211:148-159.
120. Patel S., Scherer K.R., Bjorkner E., Sundberg J. Mapping emotions into acoustic space: the role of voice production. Biol. Psychol. 2011, 87:93-98.
121. Paulmann S., Pell M.D., Kotz S.A. Emotional prosody recognition in BG-patients: disgust recognition revisited. Brain Lang. 2005, 95:143-144.
122. Paulmann S., Pell M.D., Kotz S.A. Functional contributions of the basal ganglia to emotional prosody: evidence from ERPs. Brain Res. 2008, 1217:171-178.
123. Pell M.D., Kotz S.A. On the time course of vocal emotion recognition. PLoS One 2011, 6:e27256.
124. Pell M.D., Leonard C.L. Processing emotional tone from speech in Parkinson's disease: a role for the basal ganglia. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2003, 3:275-288.
125. Pell M.D. Cerebral mechanisms for understanding emotional prosody in speech. Brain Lang. 2006, 96:221-234.
126. Peron J., El Tamer S., Grandjean D., Leray E., Travers D., Drapier D., Verin M., Millet B. Major depressive disorder skews the recognition of emotional prosody. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:987-996.
127. Pessoa L., Adolphs R. Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a 'low road' to 'many roads' of evaluating biological significance. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11:773-783.
128. Pessoa L., Adolphs R. Emotion and the brain: multiple roads are better than one. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2011, 12:425.
129. Phillips M.L., Young A.W., Scott S.K., Calder A.J., Andrew C., Giampietro V., Williams S.C., Bullmore E.T., Brammer M., Gray J.A. Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust. Proc. Biol. Sci. 1998, 265:1809-1817.
130. Pichon S., Kell C.A. Affective and sensorimotor components of emotional prosody generation. J. Neurosci. 2013, 33:1640-1650.
131. Popescu A.T., Popa D., Pare D. Coherent gamma oscillations couple the amygdala and striatum during learning. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:801-807.
132. Quadflieg S., Mohr A., Mentzel H.J., Miltner W.H., Straube T. Modulation of the neural network involved in the processing of anger prosody: the role of task-relevance and social phobia. Biol. Psychol. 2008, 78:129-137.
133. Rauschecker J.P., Scott S.K. Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:718-724.
134. Romanski L.M., Averbeck B.B., Diltz M. Neural representation of vocalizations in the primate ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 2005, 93:734-747.
135. Ross E.D., Monnot M. Neurology of affective prosody and its functional-anatomic organization in right hemisphere. Brain Lang. 2008, 104:51-74.
136. Rota G., Veit R., Nardo D., Weiskopf N., Birbaumer N., Dogil G. Processing of inconsistent emotional information: an fMRI study. Exp. Brain Res. 2008, 186:401-407.
137. Salimpoor V.N., Benovoy M., Larcher K., Dagher A., Zatorre R.J. Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:257-262.
138. Salimpoor V.N., van den Bosch I., Kovacevic N., McIntosh A.R., Dagher A., Zatorre R.J. Interactions between the nucleus accumbens and auditory cortices predict music reward value. Science 2013, 340:216-219.
139. Sander K., Scheich H. Left auditory cortex and amygdala, but right insula dominance for human laughing and crying. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2005, 17:1519-1531.
140. Sander K., Brechmann A., Scheich H. Audition of laughing and crying leads to right amygdala activation in a low-noise fMRI setting. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 2003, 11:81-91.
141. Sander D., Grandjean D., Pourtois G., Schwartz S., Seghier M.L., Scherer K.R., Vuilleumier P. Emotion and attention interactions in social cognition: brain regions involved in processing anger prosody. Neuroimage 2005, 28:848-858.
142. Sander K., Frome Y., Scheich H. FMRI activations of amygdala, cingulate cortex, and auditory cortex by infant laughing and crying. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2007, 28:1007-1022.
143. Saur D., Kreher B.W., Schnell S., Kummerer D., Kellmeyer P., Vry M.S., Umarova R., Musso M., Glauche V., Abel S., Huber W., Rijntjes M., Hennig J., Weiller C. Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:18035-18040.
144. Schirmer A., Kotz S.A. Beyond the right hemisphere: brain mechanisms mediating vocal emotional processing. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2006, 10:24-30.
145. Schirmer A., Zysset S., Kotz S.A., Yves von Cramon D. Gender differences in the activation of inferior frontal cortex during emotional speech perception. Neuroimage 2004, 21:1114-1123.
146. Schirmer A., Escoffier N., Zysset S., Koester D., Striano T., Friederici A.D. When vocal processing gets emotional: on the role of social orientation in relevance detection by the human amygdala. Neuroimage 2008, 40:1402-1410.
147. Schmahmann J.D., Sherman J.C. The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 1998, 121(Pt 4):561-579.
148. Schonwiesner M., Rubsamen R., von Cramon D.Y. Hemispheric asymmetry for spectral and temporal processing in the human antero-lateral auditory belt cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 22:1521-1528.
149. Schubotz R.I., von Cramon D.Y., Lohmann G. Auditory what, where, and when: a sensory somatotopy in lateral premotor cortex. Neuroimage 2003, 20:173-185.
150. Schutter D.J., Enter D., Hoppenbrouwers S.S. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the cerebellum and implicit processing of happy facial expressions. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2009, 34:60-65.
151. Schwartze M., Kotz S.A. A dual-pathway neural architecture for specific temporal prediction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2013, 37:2587-2596.
152. Sebeok T. Contributions to The Doctrine of Signs 1985, University Press of America, Lanham, Md.
153. Sergerie K., Chochol C., Armony J.L. The role of the amygdala in emotional processing: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2008, 32:811-830.
154. Sescousse G., Redoute J., Dreher J.C. The architecture of reward value coding in the human orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:13095-13104.
155. Sescousse G., Caldu X., Segura B., Dreher J.C. Processing of primary and secondary rewards: a quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2013, 37:681-696.
156. Shabel S.J., Janak P.H. Substantial similarity in amygdala neuronal activity during conditioned appetitive and aversive emotional arousal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106:15031-15036.
157. Strata P., Scelfo B., Sacchetti B. Involvement of cerebellum in emotional behavior. Physiol. Res. 2011, 60(Suppl. 1):S39-48.
158. Sundberg J., Patel S., Bjorkner E., Scherer K.R. Interdependencies among voice source parameters in emotional speech. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 2011, 2:162-174.
159. Suzuki M., Okamura N., Kawachi Y., Tashiro M., Arao H., Hoshishiba T., Gyoba J., Yanai K. Discrete cortical regions associated with the musical beauty of major and minor chords. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2008, 8:126-131.
160. Syka J., Popelar J., Kvasnak E., Suta J., Jilek M. Processing of species-specific vocalizations in the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body of the guinea pig. Acoust. Signal Process. Central Audit. Syst. 1997, 431-441.
161. Szameitat D.P., Kreifelts B., Alter K., Szameitat A.J., Sterr A., Grodd W., Wildgruber D. It is not always tickling: distinct cerebral responses during perception of different laughter types. Neuroimage 2010, 53:1264-1271.
162. Taylor K.S., Seminowicz D.A., Davis K.D. Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2009, 30:2731-2745.
163. Tolgyesi B., Evers S. The impact of cerebellar disorders on musical ability. J. Neurol. Sci. 2014, 343:76-81.
164. Tomlinson S.P., Davis N.J., Bracewell R.M. Brain stimulation studies of non-motor cerebellar function: a systematic review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2013, 37:766-789.
165. Trost W., Ethofer T., Zentner M., Vuilleumier P. Mapping aesthetic musical emotions in the brain. Cereb. Cortex 2012, 22:2769-2783.
166. Trost W., Frühholz S., Schon D., Labbe C., Pichon S., Grandjean D., Vuilleumier P. Getting the beat: entrainment of brain activity by musical rhythm and pleasantness. Neuroimage 2014, 103:55-64.
167. Trost W., Fruhholz S., Cochrane T., Cojan Y., Vuilleumier P. Temporal dynamics of musical emotions examined through intersubject synchrony of brain activity. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2015, 10:1705-1721.
168. Viinikainen M., Katsyri J., Sams M. Representation of perceived sound valence in the human brain. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2012, 33:2295-2305.
169. Villanueva R. The cerebellum and neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2012, 198:527-532.
170. Vuilleumier P., Richardson M.P., Armony J.L., Driver J., Dolan R.J. Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:1271-1278.
171. Vuilleumier P. How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2005, 9:585-594.
172. Warren J.E., Sauter D.A., Eisner F., Wiland J., Dresner M.A., Wise R.J., Rosen S., Scott S.K. Positive emotions preferentially engage an auditory-motor mirror system. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:13067-13075.
173. Weninger F., Eyben F., Schuller B.W., Mortillaro M., Scherer K. On the acoustics of emotion in audio: what speech, music, and sound have in common. Front. Psychol. 2013, 4:1-12.
174. Wenstrup J.J. Frequency organization and responses to complex sounds in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat. J. Neurophysiol. 1999, 82:2528-2544.
175. Wiethoff S., Wildgruber D., Kreifelts B., Becker H., Herbert C., Grodd W., Ethofer T. Cerebral processing of emotional prosody-influence of acoustic parameters and arousal. Neuroimage 2008, 39:885-893.
176. Wildgruber D., Pihan H., Ackermann H., Erb M., Grodd W. Dynamic brain activation during processing of emotional intonation: influence of acoustic parameters, emotional valence, and sex. Neuroimage 2002, 15:856-869.
177. Wildgruber D., Hertrich I., Riecker A., Erb M., Anders S., Grodd W., Ackermann H. Distinct frontal regions subserve evaluation of linguistic and emotional aspects of speech intonation. Cereb. Cortex 2004, 14:1384-1389.
178. Wildgruber D., Riecker A., Hertrich I., Erb M., Grodd W., Ethofer T., Ackermann H. Identification of emotional intonation evaluated by fMRI. Neuroimage 2005, 24:1233-1241.
179. Wildgruber D., Ethofer T., Grandjean D., Kreifelts B. A cerebral network model of speech prosody comprehension. Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 2009, 11:277-281.
180. Wittfoth M., Schroder C., Schardt D.M., Dengler R., Heinze H.J., Kotz S.A. On emotional conflict: interference resolution of happy and angry prosody reveals valence-specific effects. Cereb. Cortex 2010, 20:383-392.
181. Zald D.H., Pardo J.V. The neural correlates of aversive auditory stimulation. Neuroimage 2002, 16:746-753.
182. Zatorre R.J., Belin P. Spectral and temporal processing in human auditory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 2001, 11:946-953.
183. Zentner M., Grandjean D., Scherer K.R. Emotions evoked by the sound of music: characterization, classification, and measurement. Emotion 2008, 8:494-521.