CITES and Science: Using the RIU Model to Analyze Institutionalized Scientific Policy Advice in Germany for the Case of Ivory Trade

Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 159-175

  Heim, Janina ^a   Böcher, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CITES; MODELING; POLICY ANALYSIS; TRADE POLICY;

GERMANY;

EID: 84969835098     PISSN: 13880292     EISSN: 15481476     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2016.1167475     Document Type: Article

References (61)

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17. Böcher & Krott, Professionelle Integration als zentraler Baustein zur Qualitätssicherung von Politikberatung, supra note 8.
18. Michael Pregernig & Michael Böcher, Normative and Analytical Perspectives on the Role of Science and Expertise in Environmental Governance, in Environmental Governance:The Challenge of Legitimacy and Effectiveness 199, 199-219 (Karl Hogl, Eva Kvarda, Ralf Nordbeck, & Michael Pregernig eds., 2012).
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20. Michael Böcher & Max Krott, Science Makes the World go Round:Successful Scientific Knowledge Transfer for the Environment (in preparation,2016).
21. BÖCHER & KROTT, supra note 6.
22. BÖCHER & KROTT, Professionelle Integration als zentraler Baustein zur Qualitätssicherung von Politikberatung, supra note 8.
23. Reiner Grundmann, The Role of Expertise in Governance Processes, 11 Forest Pol'y and Econ. 398, 398-403 (2009).
24. Mike Hulme, Why We Disagree about Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity (2009).
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26. BÖCHER & KROTT, supra note 13.
27. Wissenschaftsrat, Evaluation (2014), http://www.wissenschaftsrat.de/en/fields-of-activity/evaluation.html (explaining how Wissenschaftsrat carries out evaluations).
28. Ute Grimm & Karin Hornig, Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), Forschung für den internationalen Artenschutzvollzug (PowerPoint presentation) (18 May 2015, Bonn).
29. Populations of Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe (Appendix II, 18 September 1997) and South Africa (Appendix II, 19 July 2000)
30. CITES, Amendments to Appendices I and II of the Convention adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its 10th meeting in Harare, Zimbabwe, from 9 to 20 June 1997, https://cites.org/sites/default/files/ eng/cop/10/E10-amendments.pdf
31. CITES, Proposals for amendment of Appendices I and II, Results of the Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties 3 to 15 November 2002, Santiago (Chile), https://www.cites.org/sites/ default/files/eng/news/world/cop12_prop_results.pdf
32. CITES, Notification to the Parties No. 2007/022 (26 July 2007) Concerning Amendments to Appendices I and II of the Convention adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its 14th meeting, TheHague(Netherlands),3-15June 2007, https://cites.org/eng/notif/2007/E022.pdf
33. CITES press release (16 July 2008) Ivory sales get the go-ahead, available at https://www.cites.org/eng/news/pr/2008/080716_ivory.shtml
34. Katherine Lawson & Alex Vines, Global Impacts of the Illegal Wildlife Trade: The Costs of Crime, Insecurity, and Institutional Erosion 4 (2014).
35. CITES, Implementation of the African Elephant Action Plan, SC61 Inf. 4, 61st Meeting of the Standing Committee, Geneva, 15-19 August 2011, https://www.cites.org/sites/default/files/common/com/sc/61/E61i-04.pdf
36. Elizabeth Culotta, Ivory identity crisis still unsolved, 267 Science 1264 (1995)
37. Encyclopedia of Life, Loxodonta africana, http://eol.org/pages/289808/details (last visited 7 February 2016).
38. Bernd Helbach, Bedroht, geschützt, jagdbar? Alle zwölf Stunden stirbt in Afrika ein Elefant - illegal. Auf dem Afrikanische-Elefanten-Gipfel in Gaborone, Botswana, und der 61. Generalversammlung des CIC in Mailand wurde über Gegenmaßnahmen beraten, 117 Wild und Hund 58, 58-63 (2014)
39. Lazaro S. Nyalandu, The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry for Natural Resources and Tourism, speech by the Minister for Natural Resources and Tourism for the Announcement of the Tanzania 2014 Elephant Census Results, Arusha, Tanzania (1 June 2015) (announcing elephant census data for 2014), available at http://www.lazaronyalandu.org/the-announcement-of-the-tanzania-2014-elephant-census-results-arusha-tanzania.
40. Ashok Kumar & Vivek Menon, Ivory Tower Sustainability.An Examination of the Ivory Trade, in Gaining Ground:In Pursuit of Ecological Sustainability 129-137 (David M. Lavigne & Sheryl Fink eds., 2006).
41. Julie Ayling, What Sustains Wildlife Crime? Rhino Horn Trading and the Resilience of Criminal Networks, 16 J. of Int'l Wildlife Law &Pol'y 57-58 (2013)
42. Jeremy Haken, Transnational Crime in the Developing World, at V (2011) (analyzing "the scale, flow, profit distribution, and impact of 12 different types of illicit trade: drugs, humans, wildlife, counterfeit goods and currency, human organs, small arms, diamonds and colored gemstones, oil, timber, fish, art and cultural property, and gold").
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44. See CITES, Resolution Conf. 10.10 (Rev. CoP16), Trade in Elephant Specimens (1997), https://www.cites.org/eng/res/10/10-10R16.php.
45. See CITES, Summary record of the 15th session of Committee I, CoP 14 Com. I Rep. 15 (Rev. 1), 14th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, The Hague, 3-15 June 2007, https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/14/rep/E14-Com-I-Rep-15.pdf
46. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1320/2014, amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein n. 7 (1 December 2014)
47. Ständiger Ausschuss CITES billigt einmaligen Elfenbeinexport nach China und Japan: neunjähriges Moratorium kann in Kraft treten, 10 UMWELT 544-545 (2008).
48. Ständiger Ausschuss CITES billigt einmaligen Elfenbeinexport nach China und Japan: neunjähriges Moratorium kann in Kraft treten, supra note 30.
49. As a most recent example, Germany and Gabonare co-chairsofthe UN GroupofFriends on Poaching andIllicitWildlife Trafficking, which was established in 2013 and played a key role in developing the draft resolution tackling illicit trafficking in wildlife, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. G.A. Res. A/69/L.80, Tackling Illicit Trafficking in Wildlife (30 July 2015), http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/69/314.
50. Samuel K. Wasser et al., Elephants, Ivory, and Trade, 327 Science 1331-1332 (2010)
51. Samuel K. Wasser et al., Combating the Illegal Trade in African Elephant Ivory with DNA Forensics, 22 CONSERVATION Biology 1065, 1068-1071 (2008).
52. Matthias J. Brunnermeier et al., Dating of Ivory from 20th Century by Determination of 14C by the Direct Absorption Method, 70 Applied Radiation & Isotopes 1595 (2012)
53. Matthias J. Brunnermeier et al., Distribution of 14C, 90Sr, and 228Th in an ElephantTusk, 292 J. of Radioanalytical &Nuclear Chemistry 1285 (2012)
54. Stefanie A.K. Schmied et al., Dating Ivory by Determination of14C, 90Sr and 228/232Th, 221 Forensic Science Int'l 5 (2012)
55. Stefan Ziegler et al., Identifying the Origin of Elephant Ivory With Isotopes, 24 TRAFFIC Bulletin 56 (2012)
56. Stefanie A.K. Schmied et al., Age Assessment of Ivory by Analysis of 14C and 90Sr to Determine Whether There Is an Antique on Hand, 207 Forensic Science Int'l e1 (2011)
57. Stefan Ziegler & Dorrit Jacob, Development of a Spatial Reference Database for Ivory, 23 Traffic Bulletln 4 (2010).
58. CITES, Implementation of the African Elephant Action Plan: Research Project on the Determination of Age and Geographical Origin of African Elephant Ivory (2013), available at https://www.cites.org/eng/cop/16/inf/E-CoP16i-19.pdf.
59. CITES, Decision 16.78 to 16.83, Monitoring of Illegal Trade in Ivory and Other Elephant Specimens (Elephantidae spp.), https://cites.org/eng/dec/valid16/216.
60. U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Guidelines on Methods and Procedures for Ivory Sampling and Laboratory Analysis (2014), https://www.unodc.org/documents/Wildlife/Guidelines_Ivory.pdf.
61. Böcher & Krott, supra note 5.