Gender inequality prevents abused women from seeking care despite protection given in gender-based violence legislation: A qualitative study from Rwanda

PLoS ONE

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2016, Pages

  Umubyeyi, Aline ^a   Persson, Margareta ^b   Mogren, Ingrid ^b   Krantz, Gunilla ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA   (Rwanda)

^b UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTENT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EXPOSURE; FAMILY; FEMALE; GENDER BASED VIOLENCE; HUMAN; LAW; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH CENTER; MULTICENTER STUDY; OCCUPATION; PARTNER VIOLENCE; POVERTY; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RWANDA; RWANDAN; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WORK EXPERIENCE; ADULT; BATTERED WOMAN; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ADULT; BATTERED WOMEN; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RWANDA; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84968645244     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154540     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Krug E, Mercy J, Dahlberg L, Zwi A (2002) The world report on violence and health. The Lancet 360: 1083-1088.
2. Dunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Gray GE, McIntryre JA, et al. (2004) Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa. Lancet 363: 1415-1421. PMID: 15121402
3. Assembly UNG (1993) Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. A/RES/48/104. Available: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm.
4. Choi SY, Ting KF (2008) Wife beating in South Africa: an imbalance theory of resources and power. J Interpers Violence 23: 834-852. doi: 10.1177/0886260507313951 PMID: 18292404
5. Umubyeyi A, Mogren I, Ntaganira J, Krantz G (2014) Intimate partner violence and its contribution to mental disorders in men and women in the post genocide Rwanda: findings from a population based study. BMC Psychiatry 14: 315. doi: 10.1186/s12888-014-0315-7 PMID: 25406929
6. Nybergh L, Taft C, Enander V, Krantz G (2013) Self-reported exposure to intimate partner violence among women and men in Sweden: results from a population-based survey. BMC Public Health 13: 845. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-845 PMID: 24034631
7. Devries KM, Mak JY, Bacchus LJ, Child JC, Falder G, et al. (2013) Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Med 10: e1001439. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001439 PMID: 23671407
8. Ali TS, Mogren I, Krantz G (2013) Intimate partner violence and mental health effects: a population-based study among married women in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Behav Med 20: 131-139. doi: 10.1007/s12529-011-9201-6 PMID: 22037921
9. Seedat M, Van Niekerk A, Jewkes R, Suffla S, Ratele K (2009) Violence and injuries in South Africa: prioritising an agenda for prevention. Lancet 374: 1011-1022. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60948-X PMID: 19709732
10. World Health Organization (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence.
11. Rani M, Bonu S, Diop-Sidibe N (2004) An empirical investigation of attitudes towards wife-beating among men and women in seven sub-Saharan African countries. Afr J Reprod Health 8: 116-136. PMID: 17348330
12. Odero M, Hatcher AM, Bryant C, Onono M, Romito P, et al. (2014) Responses to and resources for intimate partner violence: qualitative findings from women, men, and service providers in rural Kenya. J Interpers Violence 29: 783-805. doi: 10.1177/0886260513505706 PMID: 24255067
13. Kouyoumdjian FG, Calzavara LM, Bondy SJ, O'Campo P, Serwadda D, et al. (2013) Risk factors for intimate partner violence in women in the Rakai Community Cohort Study, Uganda, from 2000 to 2009. BMC Public Health 13: 566. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-566 PMID: 23759123
14. Ali TS, Krantz G, Mogren I (2012) Violence permeating daily life: a qualitative study investigating perspectives on violence among women in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Womens Health 4: 577-585. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S33325 PMID: 23152709
15. Linos N, Slopen N, Subramanian SV, Berkman L, Kawachi I (2013) Influence of community social norms on spousal violence: a population-based multilevel study of Nigerian women. Am J Public Health 103: 148-155. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300829 PMID: 23153124
16. Mannell J, Jackson S, Umutoni A (2015) Women's responses to intimate partner violence in Rwanda: Rethinking agency in constrained social contexts. Glob Public Health: 1-17.
17. Puri M, Tamang J, Shah I (2011) Suffering in silence: consequences of sexual violence within marriage among young women in Nepal. BMC Public Health 11: 29. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-29 PMID: 21223603
18. Rwanda Ro (2009) Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda number 14 of 06 April 2009 page 81.
19. Promotion GoRMoGaF Gender Cluster Strategic Plan 2010-2012.
20. Rwanda Ro (2012) ORGANIC LAW INSTITUTING THE PENAL CODE (page 230-231).
21. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada IRB (2013) Rwanda: Domestic violence, including legislation, state protection, services and legal recourse available to victims (2011-September 2013) [RWA104588.E].
22. Unicef R (2010) The Isange one stop centre: transforming the lives of survivors of violence in Rwanda
23. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda Rwanda DHS 2010 (English) [FR259].pdf.
24. Jonzon R, Vung ND, Ringsberg KC, Krantz G (2007) Violence against women in intimate relationships: explanations and suggestions for interventions as perceived by healthcare workers, local leaders, and trusted community members in a northern district of Vietnam. Scand J Public Health 35: 640-647. PMID: 17852995
25. Research IfPA (2012) Legal and Policy Framework for Children's Rights in Rwanda.
26. Stalmeijer RE, McNaughton N, Van Mook WN (2014) Using focus groups in medical education research: AMEE Guide No. 91. Med Teach 36: 923-939. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2014.917165 PMID: 25072306
27. Hsieh FH, Shannon S E (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research. pp. 1277/1288. PMID: 16204405
28. Graneheim UH, Lundman B (2004) Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today 24: 105-112. PMID: 14769454
29. Kubai A, Ahlberg BM (2013) Making and unmaking ethnicities in the Rwandan context: implication for gender-based violence, health, and wellbeing of women. Ethnicity & health 18: 469-482.
30. United Nations (UN) (2010) Country assessment of the violence against women.
31. Verduin F, Engelhard EAN, Rutayisire T, Stronks K, Scholte WF (2013) Intimate partner violence in Rwanda: the mental health of victims and perpetrators. Journal of interpersonal violence 28: 1839-1858. doi: 10.1177/0886260512469106 PMID: 23266996
32. Umubyeyi A, Mogren I, Ntaganira J, Krantz G (2014) Women are considerably more exposed to intimate partner violence than men in Rwanda: results from a population-based, cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 14: 99. doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-99 PMID: 25155576
33. Goodman LA, Smyth KF, Borges AM, Singer R (2009) When crises collide: how intimate partner violence and poverty intersect to shape women's mental health and coping? Trauma Violence Abuse 10: 306-329. doi: 10.1177/1524838009339754 PMID: 19776085
34. Heise LL, Kotsadam A (2015) Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: an analysis of data from population-based surveys. Lancet Glob Health 3: e332-340. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00013-3 PMID: 26001577
35. Michau L, Horn J, Bank A, Dutt M, Zimmerman C (2015) Prevention of violence against women and girls: lessons from practice. Lancet 385: 1672-1684. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61797-9 PMID: 25467577