List of MAK and BAT Values 2012: Maximum Concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace

List of MAK and BAT Values 2012: Maximum Concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-261

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EID: 84967534859     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527666034     Document Type: Book

References (163)

1. obtainable from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim, or online under http://www.mak-collection. com
2. Adler ID, Andrae U, Kreis P, Neumann HG, Thier R, Wild D (1999) Vorschläge zur Einstufung von Keimzellmutagenen. Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Umweltmed 34: 400-403.
3. Drexler H (1998) Assignment of skin notation for MAK values and its legal consequences in Germany. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 71: 503-505.
4. Hofmann A (1995) Fundamentals and possibilities of classification of occupational substances as developmental toxicants. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 67: 139-145.
5. Neumann HG, Thielmann HW, Filser JG, Gelbke HP, Greim H, Kappus H, Norpoth KH, Reuter U, Vamvakas S, Wardenbach P, Wichmann HE (1998) Changes in the classification of carcinogenic chemicals in the work area. (Section III of the German List of MAK and BAT Values). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 124: 661-669.
6. Neumann HG, Vamvakas S, ThielmannHW, Gelbke HP, Filser JG, Reuter U, Greim H, Kappus H, Norpoth KH, Wardenbach P, Wichmann HE (1998) Changes in the classification of carcinogenic chemicals in the work area. Section III of the German List of MAK and BAT Values. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 71: 566-574.
7. Please contact the Geschäftsstelle der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Kennedyallee 40, D-53175 Bonn; or the Sekretariat der Kommission: Karlsruher Institut för Technologie (KIT) -Lebensmittelchemie, 76131 Karlsruhe.
8. European Commission (Ed.) (1999) Methodology for the derivation of occupational exposure limits: Key documentation Cat. No. CE-NA-19253-EN-C, ISBN 92-828-8106-7, EUR 7, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, L-2985 Luxembourg.
9. DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) (Ed.) (1997) Verhaltenstoxikologie und MAK-Grenzwertfestlegungen. Wissenschaftliche Arbeitspapiere. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
10. Henschler D (1992) Evaluation of adverse effects in the standard-setting process. Toxicology Letters 64/65: 53-57
11. obtainable from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim, or online under http://www.mak-collection.com
12. see yellow pages
13. An immunological genesis of the asthma often seen in persons working with materials containing abietic acid has not been proved.
14. A momentary value of 100 ml/m3 (180 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
15. prerequisite for Group C, see documentation
16. classification in Pregnancy Risk Group C was re-evaluated in 2011 and confirmed
17. causes pseudoallergic reactions, see Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten (21st issue 1995)
18. releases formaldehyde
19. when boric acid and tetraborates are present together, the MAK value is 0.75 mg boron/m3
20. use forbidden as component of metal-working fluids and corrosion inhibitors: see "GefStoffV 2010, Anhang II (zu § 16 Absatz 2), Nr.4"
21. A momentary value of 5 ml/m3 (15 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
22. can also be found as vapour
23. For n-butyltin compounds whose organic ligands were already designated with "Sa" or "Sh", these designations also apply.
24. applies only to the pure substance; for samples contaminated with chlorofluoromethane [593-70-4] see Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten, 12th issue, 1986 and in English translation in Occupational Toxicants, Vol. 3, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim
25. does not apply for chromium(III) oxide and similar poorly soluble chromium(III) compounds
26. the chromates of barium, lead, strontium and zinc are not designated with "H"
27. barium chromate and lead chromate are not designated with "Sh"
28. For cobalt alloys containing bio-available cobalt see Cobalt and cobalt compounds.
29. classification in Pregnancy Risk Group C was re-evaluated in 2011 and confirmed
30. applies only to raw cotton
31. see Section XII, List of BAT Values, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
32. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-Nitrosodicyclohexylamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
33. Because of the new diesel engine technology the emissions have changed significantly in quality and quantity. Since it must be assumed that these new diesel engines were introduced at the end of the 1990s, all the available epidemiological studies which were evaluated in 2007 are based on exposures to emissions from older diesel engines. The emissions from the new diesel engines can not be evaluated until appropriate studies become available.
34. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethanolamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
35. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethylamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
36. A momentary value of 10 ml/m3 (30 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
37. MAK value applies for the sum of the concentrations of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and its acetate in the air.
38. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
39. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosomethylethylamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
40. no longer produced in Germany
41. sum of vapour and aerosol
42. with the exception of ultrafine particles
43. for dusts with a density of 1 g/cm3
44. MAK value applies for the sum of the concentrations of 1-ethoxy-2-propanol and 1-ethoxy-2-propyl acetate in the air.
45. A momentary value of 10 ml/m3 (19 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
46. Avoid exposure to mixtures with iron compounds (formation of FeEDTA).
47. MAK value applies for the sum of the concentrations of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and its acetate in the air.
48. MAK value applies for the sum of the concentrations of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and its acetate in the air.
49. MAK value applies for the sum of the concentrations of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and its acetate in the air.
50. changed after review period
51. During exposure to mixtures it should be ensured that irritant effects do not occur.
52. A momentary value of 1 ml/m3 (1.2 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
53. A momentary value of 0.2 ml/m3 (0.83 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
54. only soluble gold compounds
55. (Conc. a-HCH divided by 5) + Conc. b-HCH = 0.1
56. A momentary value of 0.01 ml/m3 (0.070 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
57. with the exception of iron oxides which are not biologically available
58. A momentary value of 0.01 ml/m3 (0.092 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
59. A momentary value of 10 ml/m3 (25 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
60. quartz content must be considered separately
61. A momentary value of 0.2 ml/m3 (0.81 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
62. Permanganates: Peak limitation category II (1)
63. A momentary value of 10 ml/m3 (13 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
64. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosomethylaniline, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
65. A momentary value of 0.1 mg/m3 should not be exceeded.
66. The classification in Category 1 applies to technical monochlorodimethyl ether which can be contaminated with up to 7% bischloromethyl ether.
67. Use in metal-working fluids is not permitted: see TRGS 611.
68. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosomorpholine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
69. Regarding compounds which have been found to be unequivocally carcinogenic in man, see Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim.
70. There is sufficient evidence of sensitizing effects on the respiratory tract only for water-soluble nickel compounds.
71. For nickel alloys containing bio-available nickel see Nickel and nickel compounds.
72. Avoid simultaneous exposure to iron compounds (formation of FeNTA)
73. In this mixture formaldehyde can be released and nitrosamines formed.
74. Technical products measurably contaminated with 2-nitropropane, see 2-Nitropropane.
75. For n-octyltin compounds whose organic ligands are already designated with ''Sa'' or ''Sh'', these designations also apply.
76. phototoxic effect
77. The "Ursol-Asthma" which used to be observed frequently, especially in persons dyeing furs with p-phenylenediamine, has not been demonstrated unequivocally to involve respiratory allergy to p-phenylenediamine; see Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten (18th issue, 1992) and in English translation in Occupational Toxicants Volume 6, VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim 1994
78. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
79. A peak concentration of 2 mg/m3 should not be exceeded.
80. "polymeric MDI" (pMDI) is a technical grade MDI, containing 30%-80% w/w 4,4'-methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI); the remainder consists of MDI oligomers and MDI homologues.
81. quartz and chromate fractions must be evaluated as such
82. Is valid only for low-chromate cement containing less than 2 ppm (2 mg/kg) of chromium(VI). Refer to the chromium(VI) compounds for cement with a higher chromium(VI) content.
83. does not apply for the constituents of insecticides (pyrethrins and cinerins) or for synthetic derivatives (pyrethroids) but only for the constituents of the plant drug and its crude extracts, including a-methylene sesquiterpene lactones (e. g. pyrethrosin)
84. Use in metal-working fluids is not permitted: see TRGS 611.
85. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosopyrrolidine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
86. An immunological genesis of the asthma often seen in persons working with materials containing rosin has not been proved.
87. cause pseudoallergic reactions, see Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten (26th issue 1998)
88. A momentary value of 1 ml/m3 (2.7 mg/m3) should not be exceeded.
89. A momentary value of 0.2 mg/m3 should not be exceeded.
90. only applies to tall oil distillates containing abietic acid, see also Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten (34th issue 2002)
91. except for ultrafine particles
92. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
93. The threshold value of the 'Strahlenschutzkommission' (Commission on Radiological Protection) of 20 mSv per year or 400 mSv per working lifetime corresponds to about 25 mg uranium/m3 for poorly soluble uranium compounds and 250 mg uranium/m3 for soluble compounds (MMAD of 5 mm). The value for soluble uranium compounds does not provide protection against nephrotoxicity.
94. MAK value for sodium warfarin 0.02 mg/m3
95. At high levels of physical activity the observance of the BAT value should be checked regularly by biological monitoring
96. Zinc chloride: Peak limitation category I (1)
97. Releases formaldehyde
98. Because of the new diesel engine technology the emissions have changed significantly in quality and quantity. Since it must be assumed that these new diesel engines were introduced at the end of the 1990s, all the available epidemiological studies which were evaluated in 2007 are based on exposures to emissions from older diesel engines. The emissions from the new diesel engines can not be evaluated until appropriate studies become available.
99. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethanolamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
100. No longer produced in Germany
101. With the exception of ultrafine particles
102. With the exception of iron oxides which are not biologically available
103. Quartz content must be considered separately
104. The classification in Category 1 applies to technical monochlorodimethyl ether which can be contaminated with up to 7% bischloromethyl ether.
105. Regarding compounds which have been found to be unequivocally carcinogenic in man, see Toxikologischarbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim.
106. Avoid simultaneous exposure to iron compounds (formation of FeNTA)
107. Except for ultrafine particles
108. "Polymeric MDI" (pMDI) is a technical grade MDI, containing 30%-80% w/w 4,4'-methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI); the remainder consists of MDI oligomers and MDI homologues.
109. Quartz and chromate fractions must be evaluated as such
110. For detailed documentation seeToxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten (26th issue 1998) and the English translation in Occupational Toxicants Volume 12, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim
111. Cigarette smokers bear an increased risk of bronchial cancer.
112. Dusts have been shown epidemiologically to be unequivocally carcinogenic. The active carcinogenic principle has not been identified to date.
113. Not to be confused with the asymmetric (Dichloromethyl) methyl ether
114. See Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten (11th issue, 1985) and Occupational Toxicants Vol. 1; available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim
115. Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten and in English Translation in Occupational Toxicants Volumes 2, 5, 9, 10, 16, 20 available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim
116. For reasons of technical analytical practicability, it would be of advantage if the length to diameter ratio defining a fibrous dust could be changed, e. g., from L:D > 3:1 to L:D > 5:1. Such decisions, however, are the responsibility of the AGS (The Committee on Hazardous Chemicals). The available experimental data would be compatible with such a change.
117. An immunological genesis of the asthma often seen in persons working with materials containing abietic acid has not been proved.
118. releases formaldehyde
119. use forbidden as component of metal-working fluids and corrosion inhibitors: see "GefStoffV 2010, Anhang II (zu § 16 Absatz 2), Nr.4"
120. does not apply for chromium(III) oxide and similar poorly soluble chromium(III) compounds
121. barium chromate and lead chromate are not designated with "Sh"
122. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethanolamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
123. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethylamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
124. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
125. no longer produced in Germany
126. only soluble gold compounds
127. Use in metal-working fluids is not permitted: see TRGS 611.
128. Regarding compounds which have been found to be unequivocally carcinogenic in man, see Toxikologisch- arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D- 69451 Weinheim.
129. There is sufficient evidence of sensitizing effects on the respiratory tract only for water-soluble nickel compounds.
130. In this mixture formaldehyde can be released and nitrosamines formed.
131. The "Ursol-Asthma" which used to be observed frequently, especially in persons dyeing furs with p-phenylenediamine, has not been demonstrated unequivocally to involve respiratory allergy to p-phenylenediamine; see Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten (18th issue, 1992) and in English translation in Occupational Toxicants Volume 6, VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim 1994
132. Reaction with nitrosating agents can result in the formation of carcinogenic N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine, see Section III "Amines which form carcinogenic nitrosamines on nitrosation", p. 159.
133. does not apply for the constituents of insecticides (pyrethrins and cinerins) or for synthetic derivatives (pyrethroids) but only for the constituents of the plant drug and its crude extracts, including a-methylene sesquiterpene lactones (e. g. pyrethrosin)
134. An immunological genesis of the asthma often seen in persons working with materials containing rosin has not been proved.
135. only applies to tall oil distillates containing abietic acid, see also Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begr ündung von MAK-Werten (34th issue 2002)
136. The terms "aggregates" and "agglomerates" are not used uniformly on the international level. See, for example, the definitions of ISO 14887, NIST, BSI, IUPAC, etc.
137. Measurement of the shape and size of airborne particles in an aerosol cannot distinguish between compact particles and aggregates and agglomerates of similar size. Nor is differentiation between liquid droplets and solid particles possible. Since air analyses even with the electron microscope cannot distinguish whether aggregates or agglomerates are involved in the aggregated groups of ultrafine primary particles observed, such groups of particles are in practice often combined with the designation of "aggregates and agglomerates (A+A)".
138. European Committee for Standardization (CEN): EN 481 Workplace atmospheres - Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles. Brussels 1993, Beuth Verlag, Berlin 1993
139. German: "E" for "Einatembare Fraktion"
140. German: "A" for "Alveolengängige Fraktion"
141. DFG (1995): List of MAK and BAT Values 1995, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Report No. 31, page 132, VCH Weinheim BIA-Arbeitsmappe Messung von Gefahrstoffen. Expositionsermittlung bei chemischen und biologischen Einwirkungen. Berufsgenossenschaftliches Institut für Arbeitssicherheit (BIA) (Ed.), Erich Schmidt Verlag Health and Safety Executive, Health and Safety Laboratory, Project Report: Pilot study of CEN Protocols for the Performance Testing of Workplace Aerosol Sampling Instruments by L.C. Kenny. Sheffield, September 1995 43 with the exception of ultrafine particles
142. obtainable from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim, or online under http://www.makcollection.com
143. Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten and in English Translation in Occupational Toxicants Volumes 2, 5, 9, 10, 16, 20 available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim
144. published in Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten and in English in Occupational Toxicants, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim, or online under http:// www.mak-collection.com
145. releases formaldehyde
146. use forbidden as component of metal-working fluids and corrosion inhibitors: see "GefStoffV 2010, Anhang II (zu § 16 Absatz 2), Nr.4"
147. In this mixture formaldehyde can be released and nitrosamines formed.
148. published in Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim (not yet available in English)
149. 114 Arbeitsmedizinisch-toxikologische Begründungen für BAT-Werte, available from the publisher: WILEYVCH, D-69451 Weinheim, also in English in the series The MAK-Collection, Part II, BAT Value Documentations and Part IV, Biomonitoring Methods, or online under http://www.mak-collection.com
150. Arbeitsmedizinisch-toxikologische Begründungen für BAT-Werte, available from the publisher: WILEY-VCH, D-69451 Weinheim, also in English in the series The MAK-Collection, Part II, BAT Value Documentations and Part IV, Biomonitoring Methods
151. BAT value derived as ceiling value because of acute toxic effects
152. Other values apply for smokers.
153. for antimony and stibine
154. for antimony(III) oxide
155. apart from arsine
156. volatile arsenic compounds determined by direct hydrogenation
157. synonym for N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine
158. synonym for N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl)-L-cysteine
159. hydrogen fluoride is not designated with 'H'
160. 30 mg/l Urine
161. Values of 1.5% methaemoglobin or more indicate exposure to methaemoglobin inducers. The causative substance should be used to evaluate the toxicity.
162. see Section III, "pyrolysis products of organic materials"
163. for vanadium pentoxide: BAT not established, see section XII.2