Chemoradiotherapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma

Surgeon

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 202-212

  Houlihan, Orla A ^a   O'Neill, Brian D P ^b  

^a BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^b Saint Luke s Radiation Oncology Network at St Luke s Hospital   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Anal cancer; Chemotherapy; Radiotherapy; Salvage surgery; Squamous cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

AGED; ANUS TUMOR; CANCER STAGING; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR INVASION;

AGED; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; ANUS NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; RADIOTHERAPY, CONFORMAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84967201493     PISSN: 1479666X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2016.03.006     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. 1 Cancer Research UK, Anal cancer incidence statistics. Available from: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/anal-cancer/incidence#ref-0.
2. 2 Nelson, R.A., Levine, A.M., Bernstein, L., Smith, D.D., Lai, L.L., Changing patterns of anal canal carcinoma in the United States. J Clin Oncol 31:12 (2013), 1569–1575.
3. 3 National Cancer Registry Ireland, Incidence statistics. Available from: http://www.ncri.ie/data/incidence-statistics, 2015.
4. 4 Klas, J.V., Rothenberger, D.A., Wong, W.D., Madoff, R.D., Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes. Cancer 85:8 (1999), 1686–1693.
5. 5 Frisch, M., Glimelius, B., van den Brule, A.J., Wohlfahrt, J., Meijer, C.J., Walboomers, J.M., et al. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med 337:19 (1997), 1350–1358.
6. 6 Steinau, M., Unger, E.R., Hernandez, B.Y., Goodman, M.T., Copeland, G., Hopenhayn, C., et al. Human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive anal cancers in the United States before vaccine introduction. J Low Genit Tract Dis 17:4 (2013), 397–403.
7. 7 Melbye, M., Rabkin, C., Frisch, M., Biggar, R.J., Changing patterns of anal cancer incidence in the United States, 1940–1989. Am J Epidemiol 139:8 (1994), 772–780.
8. 8 Kreuter, A., Potthoff, A., Brockmeyer, N.H., Gambichler, T., Swoboda, J., Stücker, M., et al. Anal carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men: results of a prospective study from Germany. Br J Dermatol 162:6 (2010), 1269–1277.
9. 9 Stanley, M.A., Winder, D.M., Sterling, J.C., Goon, P.K., HPV infection, anal intra-epithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal cancer: current issues. BMC Cancer, 12, 2012, 398.
10. 10 Daling, J.R., Madeleine, M.M., Johnson, L.G., Schwartz, S.M., Shera, K.A., Wurscher, M.A., et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer 101:2 (2004), 270–280.
11. 11 Lopez, M.J., Myerson, R.J., Shapiro, S.J., Fleshman, J.W. Jr., Fry, R.D., Halverson, J.D., et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Am J Surg 162:6 (1991), 580–584.
12. 12 Golden, G.T., Horsley, J.S. III, Surgical management of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Am J Surg 131:3 (1976), 275–280.
13. 13 Boman, B.M., Moertel, C.G., O'Connell, M.J., Scott, M., Weiland, L.H., Beart, R.W., et al. Carcinoma of the anal canal. A clinical and pathologic study of 188 cases. Cancer 54:1 (1984), 114–125.
14. 14 Salmon, R.J., Fenton, J., Asselain, B., Mathieu, G., Girodet, J., Durand, J.C., et al. Treatment of epidermoid anal canal cancer. Am J Surg 147:1 (1984), 43–48.
15. 15 Mendenhall, W.M., Sombeck, M.D., Speer, T.W., Marsh, R.D., Carroll, R.R., Copeland, E.M., Current management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Surg Oncol 3:3 (1994), 135–146.
16. 16 Nigro, N.D., Vaitkevicius, V.K., Considine, B. Jr., Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report 1974. Dis Colon Rectum 36 (1993), 709–711.
17. 17 Nigro, N.D., Vaitkevicius, V.K., Considine, B., Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum 17:3 (1974), 354–356.
18. 18 Nigro, N.D., Vaitkevicius, V.K., Buroker, T., Bradley, G.T., Considine, B., Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 24:2 (1981), 73–75.
19. 19 Nigro, N.D., Seydel, H.G., Considine, B., Vaitkevicius, V.K., Leichman, L., Kinzie, J.J., Combined preoperative radiation and chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer 51:10 (1983), 1826–1829.
20. 20 Wells, I.T., Fox, B.M., PET/CT in anal cancer—is it worth doing?. Clin Radiol 67 (2012), 535–540.
21. 21 Bhuva, N.J., Glynne-Jones, R., Sonoda, L., Wong, W.L., Harrison, M.K., To PET or not to PET? That is the question. Staging in anal cancer. Ann Oncol 23:8 (2012), 2078–2082.
22. 22 Krengli, M., Milia, M.E., Turri, L., Mones, E., Bassi, M.C., Cannillo, B., et al. FDG-PET/CT imaging for staging and target volume delineation in conformal radiotherapy of anal carcinoma. Radiat Oncol, 5, 2010, 10.
23. 23 Winton, Ed, Heriot, A.G., Ng, M., Hicks, R.J., Hogg, A., Milner, A., et al. The impact of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography on the staging, management and outcome of anal cancer. Br J Cancer 100 (2009), 693–700.
24. 24 Cotter, S.E., Grigsby, P.W., Siegel, B.A., Dehdashti, F., Malyapa, R.S., Fleshman, J.W., et al. FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of anal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65 (2006), 720–725.
25. 25 Trautmann, T.G., Zuger, J.H., Positron emission tomography for pretreatment staging and post treatment evaluation in cancer of the anal canal. Mol Imaging Biol 7 (2005), 309–313.
26. 26 Nguyen, B.T., Joon, D.L., Khoo, V., Quong, G., Chao, M., Wada, M., et al. Assessing the impact of FDG-PET in the management of anal cancer. Radiother Oncol 87 (2008), 376–382.
27. 27 Benson, A.B., Arnoletti, J.P., Bekaii-Saab, T., Chan, E., Chen, Y.J., Choti, M.A., et al. Anal carcinoma, version 2.2012: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 10:4 (2012), 449–454.
28. 28 AJCC, Anus. Edge, S.B., Byrd, D.R., Compton, C.C., Fritz, A.G., Greene, F.L., Trotti, A., (eds.) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th ed., 2010, Springer, New York, NY, 165–173.
29. 29 SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2009 (vintage 2009 populations) [database on the internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/.
30. 30 Ajani, J.A., Winter, K.A., Gunderson, L.L., Pedersen, J., Benson, A.B., Thomas, C.R., et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:16 (2008), 1914–1921.
31. 31 Bartelink, H., Roelofsen, F., Eschwege, F., Rougier, P., Bosset, J.F., Gonzalez, D.G., et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol 15:5 (1997), 2040–2049.
32. 32 Glynne-Jones, R., Sebag-Montefiore, D., Adams, R., Gollins, S., Harrison, M., Meadows, H.M., et al. Prognostic factors for recurrence and survival in anal cancer: generating hypotheses from the mature outcomes of the first United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research Anal Cancer Trial (ACT I). Cancer 119:4 (2013), 748–755.
33. 33 Ajani, J.A., Winter, K.A., Gunderson, L.L., Pedersen, J., Benson, A.B., Thomas, C.R., et al. US intergroup anal carcinoma trial: tumor diameter predicts for colostomy. J Clin Oncol 27:7 (2009), 1116–1121.
34. 34 Ang, K.K., Harris, J., Wheeler, R., Weber, R., Rosenthal, D.I., Nguyen-Tân, P.F., et al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 363:1 (2010), 24–35.
35. 35 Skinner, H.D., Sandulache, V.C., Ow, T.J., Meyn, R.E., Yordy, J.S., Beadle, B.M., et al. TP53 disruptive mutations lead to head and neck cancer treatment failure through inhibition of radiation-induced senescence. Clin Cancer Res 18:1 (2012), 290–300.
36. 36 Salazar, C.R., Anayannis, N., Smith, R.V., Wang, Y., Haigentz, M., Garg, M., et al. Combined P16 and human papillomavirus testing predicts head and neck cancer survival. Int J Cancer 135:10 (2014), 2404–2412.
37. 37 Meulendijks, D., Tomasoa, N.B., Dewit, L., Smits, P.H., Bakker, R., van Velthuysen, M.L., et al. HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is unresponsive to standard treatment and frequently carries disruptive mutations in TP53. Br J Cancer 112:8 (2015), 1358–1366.
38. 38 Mai, S., Welzel, G., Ottstadt, M., Lohr, F., Severa, S., Prigge, E.S., et al. Prognostic relevance of HPV infection and p16 overexpression in squamous cell anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:4 (2015), 819–827.
39. 39 Serup-Hansen, E., Linnemann, D., Skovrider-Ruminski, W., Høgdall, E., Geertsen, P.F., Havsteen, H., Human papillomavirus genotyping and p16 expression as prognostic factors for patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stages I to III carcinoma of the anal canal. J Clin Oncol 32:17 (2014), 1812–1817.
40. 40 Shridhar, R., Shibata, D., Chan, E., Thomas, C.R., Anal cancer: current standards in care and recent changes in practice. CA Cancer J Clin 65:2 (2015), 139–162.
41. 41 Glynne-Jones, R., Nilsson, P.J., Aschele, C., Goh, V., Peiffert, D., Cervantes, A., et al. Anal cancer: ESMO–ESSO–ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Radiother Oncol 111:3 (2014), 330–339.
42. 42 Epidermoid anal cancer, Results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research. Lancet 348:9034 (1996), 1049–1054.
43. 43 Northover, J., Glynne-Jones, R., Sebag-Montefiore, D., James, R., Meadows, H., Wan, S., et al. Chemoradiation for the treatment of epidermoid anal cancer: 13-year follow-up of the first randomised UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial (ACT I). Br J Cancer 102:7 (2010), 1123–1128.
44. 44 Flam, M., John, M., Pajak, T.F., Petrelli, N., Myerson, R., Doggett, S., et al. Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 14:9 (1996), 2527–2539.
45. 45 Gunderson, L.L., Winter, K.A., Ajani, J.A., Pedersen, J.E., Moughan, J., Benson, A.B., et al. Long-term update of US GI intergroup RTOG 98-11 phase III trial for anal carcinoma: survival, relapse, and colostomy failure with concurrent chemoradiation involving fluorouracil/mitomycin versus fluorouracil/cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 30:35 (2012), 4344–4351.
46. 46 James, R.D., Glynne-Jones, R., Meadows, H.M., Cunningham, D., Myint, A.S., Saunders, M.P., et al. Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2 × 2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol 14:6 (2013), 516–524.
47. 47 Ben-Josef, E., Moughan, J., Ajani, J.A., Flam, M., Gunderson, L., Pollock, J., et al. Impact of overall treatment time on survival and local control in patients with anal cancer: a pooled data analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials 87-04 and 98-11. J Clin Oncol 28:34 (2010), 5061–5066.
48. 48 Fowler, J.F., Lindstrom, M.J., Loss of local control with prolongation in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23:2 (1992), 457–467.
49. 49 Glynne-Jones, R., Hoskin, P., Neoadjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy before chemoradiation: a flawed paradigm?. J Clin Oncol 25:33 (2007), 5281–5286.
50. 50 Marples, B., Lambin, P., Skov, K.A., Joiner, M.C., Low dose hyper-radiosensitivity and increased radioresistance in mammalian cells. Int J Radiat Biol 71:6 (1997), 721–735.
51. 51 Dolling, J.A., Boreham, D.R., Brown, D.L., Mitchel, R.E., Raaphorst, G.P., Modulation of radiation-induced strand break repair by cisplatin in mammalian cells. Int J Radiat Biol 74:1 (1998), 61–69.
52. 52 Peiffert, D., Tournier-Rangeard, L., Gérard, J.P., Lemanski, C., François, E., Giovannini, M., et al. Induction chemotherapy and dose intensification of the radiation boost in locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: final analysis of the randomized UNICANCER ACCORD 03 trial. J Clin Oncol 30:16 (2012), 1941–1948.
53. 53 Glynne-Jones, R., Kadalayil, L., Meadows, H.M., Cunningham, D., Samuel, L., Geh, J.I., et al. Tumour- and treatment-related colostomy rates following mitomycin C or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in the ACT II trial. Ann Oncol 25:8 (2014), 1616–1622.
54. 54 Glynne-Jones, R., Meadows, H., Wan, S., Gollins, S., Leslie, M., Levine, E., et al. EXTRA – a multicenter phase II study of chemoradiation using a 5 day per week oral regimen of capecitabine and intravenous mitomycin C in anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72:1 (2008), 119–126.
55. 55 Eng, C., Chang, G.J., Das, P., Rodriguez-Bigas, M., Skibber, J.M., Qiao, W., et al. Phase II study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin with concurrent radiation therapy (XELOX-RT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. J Clin Oncol, 27(Suppl.), 2009 abstract 4116.
56. 56 Alvarez, G., Perry, A., Tan, B.R., Wang, H.L., Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in squamous cell carcinomas of the anal canal is independent of gene amplification. Mod Pathol 19:7 (2006), 942–949.
57. 57 Lê, L.H., Chetty, R., Moore, M.J., Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in anal canal carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 124:1 (2005), 20–23.
58. 58 Paliga, A.A., Onerheim, R., Gologan, A., Spatz, A., Vuong, T., EGFR expression in invasive anal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 29(4, Suppl.), 2011 abstract 412.
59. 59 Paliga, A.A., Chong, G., Onerheim, R., Spatz, A., Niazi, T., Alcindor, T., et al. KRAS and EGFR gene mutation status in anal canal carcinoma. Proceedings of the gastrointestinal cancers symposium, 2010.
60. 60 De Dosso, S., Martin, V., Zanellato, E., Frattini, M., Saletti, P., Molecular characterization and response to cetuximab in a patient with refractory squamous cell anal carcinoma. Tumori 96:4 (2010), 627–628.
61. 61 Lukan, N., Ströbel, P., Willer, A., Kripp, M., Dinter, D., Mai, S., et al. Cetuximab-based treatment of metastatic anal cancer: correlation of response with KRAS mutational status. Oncology 77:5 (2009), 293–299.
62. 62 Phan, L.K., Hoff, P.M., Evidence of clinical activity for cetuximab combined with irinotecan in a patient with refractory anal canal squamous-cell carcinoma: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 50:3 (2007), 395–398.
63. 63 Grupo Espanol Multidisciplinario del Cancer Digestivo, Vectibix for the treatment of anal cancer (VITAL). 2011, ClinicalTrials.gov Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01285778.
64. 64 Phase II trial of panitumumab (P) plus mytomicin C (M), 5-fluorouracil (F) and radiation (RT) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCAC): safety and efficacy profile – VITAL study, GEMCAD 09-02 clinical trial. ASCO Annual Meeting 2014.
65. 65 Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, Solid tumours. Available from: http://medhealth.leeds.ac.uk/info/430/solid_tumours/1761/solid_tumours/1/dch, 2015.
66. 66 CRUK/15/007, PLATO – PersonaLising Anal cancer radioTherapy dOse - incorporating ACT 3, ACT 4 and ACT 5 trials. Available from: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/funding-for-researchers/how-we-deliver-research/recently-funded-awards#Recentlyfundedawards1.
67. 67 Sclafani F, Adams R, Eng C, Benson A, Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, et al. InterAACT: an international multicenter open label randomized phase II advanced anal cancer trial comparing cisplatin (CDDP) plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) versus carboplatin (CBDCA) plus weekly paclitaxel (PTX) in patients with inoperable locally recurrent (ILR) or metastatic disease. 2015 Gastrointestinal cancers symposium.
68. 68 Atrash, F., Kaidar-Person, O., Billan, S., Toxicity of treatment for anal carcinoma: 2D versus 3D planning. Isr Med Assoc J 17:7 (2015), 414–417.
69. 69 Chuong, M.D., Freilich, J.M., Hoffe, S.E., Fulp, W., Weber, J.M., Almhanna, K., et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy vs. 3D conformal radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Gastrointest Cancer Res 6:2 (2013), 39–45.
70. 70 Saarilahti, K., Arponen, P., Vaalavirta, L., Tenhunen, M., The effect of intensity-modulated radiotherapy and high dose rate brachytherapy on acute and late radiotherapy-related adverse events following chemoradiotherapy of anal cancer. Radiother Oncol 87:3 (2008), 383–390.
71. 71 Oehler-Jänne, C., Huguet, F., Provencher, S., Seifert, B., Negretti, L., Riener, M.O., et al. HIV-specific differences in outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a multicentric cohort study of HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol 26:15 (2008), 2550–2557.
72. 72 Duncan, K.C., Chan, K.J., Chiu, C.G., Montaner, J.S., Coldman, A.J., Cescon, A., et al. HAART slows progression to anal cancer in HIV-infected MSM. AIDS 29:3 (2015), 305–311.
73. 73 Uronis, H.E., Bendell, J.C., Anal cancer: an overview. Oncologist 12:5 (2007), 524–534.
74. 74 Klencke, B.J., Palefsky, J.M., Anal cancer: an HIV-associated cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 17:3 (2003), 859–872.
75. 75 Hoffman, R., Welton, M.L., Klencke, B., Weinberg, V., Krieg, R., The significance of pretreatment CD4 count on the outcome and treatment tolerance of HIV-positive patients with anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44:1 (1999), 127–131.
76. 76 Fraunholz, I., Weiss, C., Eberlein, K., Haberl, A., Rödel, C., Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C for invasive anal carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76:5 (2010), 1425–1432.
77. 77 Kauh, J., Koshy, M., Gunthel, C., Joyner, M.M., Landry, J., Thomas, C.R., Management of anal cancer in the HIV-positive population. Oncology (Williston Park) 19:12 (2005), 1634–1638 discussion 8-40, 45 passim.
78. 78 Cummings, B.J., Metastatic anal cancer: the search for cure. Onkologie 29:1–2 (2006), 5–6.
79. 79 Dewdney, A., Rao, S., Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: time for a shift in the treatment paradigm?. ISRN Oncol, 2012, 2012, 756591.
80. 80 National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available from: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp.
81. 81 Faivre, C., Rougier, P., Ducreux, M., Mitry, E., Lusinchi, A., Lasser, P., et al. (Trans.) 5-Fluorouracile and cisplatinum combination chemotherapy for metastatic squamous-cell anal cancer Bull Cancer 86:10 (1999), 861–865.
82. 82 Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, InterAACT: an international multicenter open label randomized phase II advanced anal cancer trial comparing cisplatin (CDDP) plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) versus carboplatin (CBDCA) plus weekly paclitaxel (PTX) in patients with inoperable locally recurrent (ILR) or metastatic disease. 2014, ClinicalTrials.gov Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02051868.
83. 83 Glynne-Jones, R., James, R.D., Meadows, H., Begum, R., Cunningham, D., Northover, J., et al. Optimum time to assess complete clinical response (CR) following chemoradiation (CRT) using mitomycin (MMC) or cisplatin (CisP), with or without maintenance CisP/5FU in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: results of ACT II. ASCO Annual Meeting Abstracts J Clin Oncol, 30(5 Suppl.), 2012, 4004.