A legal regime for the biodiversity of the area

Center for Oceans Law and Policy

Volumn 11, Issue , 2007, Pages 739-850

  Millicay, Fernanda ^a  

^a Department of International Negotiation   (Argentina)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84966660744     PISSN: 18727158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004162556.i-850.199     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (107)

1. A. Pardo, 'An opportunity lost', in: Oxman, Caron, Buderi (eds). Law of the Sea. U.S. policy dilemma (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1983), p. 14.
2. P. Allot, 'Mare Nostrum: a new international law of the sea', 86 American Journal of International Law, 1992, 764.
3. GAOR Twenty-second Session. First Committee, 1515th and 1516th meetings (1967).
4. R. Platzöder, 'Substantive changes in a multilateral treaty before its entry into force: the case of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea', 4 European Journal of International Law, 1993, 390.
5. Report of the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority under article 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Document ISA/8/A/5, para. 34.
6. Recommendations for the guidance of the contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area (ISA/7/LTC/1/Rev.1 - 10 July 2001).
7. L. Glowka, 'The deepest of ironies: genetic resources, marine scientific research, and the Area', 12 Ocean Yearbook, 1996, 154.
8. Report of the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority under article 166 (ISA/10/A/3 - March 31 2004), para. 104
9. and S. Oda, 'Some reflections on recent developments in the law of the sea', 27 Yale Journal of International Law, 2002, 217.
10. E. Mann-Borgese, 'Common heritage: From non-living to living resources and beyond', in: Ando, Macwhinney, Wolfum (eds.), Liber amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda,Volume 2 (The Hague, London, New York: Kluwer Law International, 2002).
11. Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted on 28 July 1994.
12. J. Mero, 'Mineral deposits in the Sea', 1 Natural Resources Law, 1968, 130.
13. H. Amerasinghe, 'The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea', in: Nordquist, (Ed. in chief). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A commentary, Volume I (Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985).
14. C. Armas Barea, 'Patrimonio común de la humanidad: naturaleza jurídica, contenido normativo y prospectiva', 10 Anuario IHLADI, 1993, 13.
15. A.G.de Lapradelle, 'Le droit de l'Etat sur la mer territoriale', V Revue Générale de Droit International Public, 1898, 264.
16. Report of the International Law Commission covering the work of its eighth session (1956), Section III The continental shelf.
17. Report of the Ad-Hoc Committee to study the peaceful uses of the seabed and the ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Document A/7230, para. 89.
18. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful uses of the Sea-Bed and the ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. 24 GAOR Doc. A/7622 (Supp. No. 22), para. 93.
19. M. Nordquist, (Ed. in chief). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A commentary, Volume I (Drodrecht, Boston, Lancaster, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985).
20. C. Stavropoulos, 'Procedural problems of the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea', in: M. Nordquist, (Ed. in chief). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A commentary, Volume I (Drodrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985).
21. J. R. Stevenson, B. H. Oxman, 'The preparations for the Law of the Sea Conference', 68 American Journal of International Law, 1974, 1.
22. A. Rozental, 'The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the New International Economic Order', 16 Virginia Journal of International Law, 309 (1975-1976);
23. C. Ferguson, 'The New International Economic Order', University of Illinois Law Forum, 1980, 693;
24. G.W.Haight, 'The New International Economic Order and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States', 9 International Lawyer, 1975, 591;
25. T. WÁLDE, 'A requiem for the "New international economic order" - The rise and fall of paradigms in international economic law', in: N. Al-Nauimi, R. Meese (eds) International legal issues arising under the United Nations decade of international law (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1995).
26. E. Mannborgese, 'The New International Economic Order and the Law of the Sea', 14 San Diego Law Review, 1976-1977, 58;
27. J.N. Moore, 'Law of the Sea and the New International Economic Order', 3 Pub. L. Forum, 1983-1984, 13;
28. J. Gamble (Jr.) 'The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the New International Economic Order', 6 Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 1983, 65;
29. R. Friedheim, 'UNCLOS and the New International Economic Order;
30. A.Vratusa, 'Convention on the Law of the Sea in the light of the struggle for the New International Economic Order', in: B.Vukas (ed.), Essays on the New Law of the Sea (Zagreb: University of Zagreb, 1985).
31. M. Nordquist, (Ed. in chief). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A commentary, Volume IV (Drodrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991), p. 3.
32. J. R. Stevenson, B.H. Oxman, 'The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: the 1975 Geneva Session', 69 American Journal of International Law, 1975, 763.
33. R. P. Anand, Law of the Sea. Caracas and beyond, (The Hague, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1980).
34. B. Zuleta, 'Introduction to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea', in: M. Nordquist, (Ed. in chief). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, A commentary, Volume I (Drodrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985.
35. B.H. Oxman, 'The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Seventh Session (1978)'. 73 American Journal of International Law, 1979, 1.
36. B.H. Oxman, 'The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Tenth Session (1981)', 76 American Journal of International Law, 1982, 1.
37. B.H. Oxman, 'The 1994 Agreement and the Convention', 88 American Journal of International Law, 1994, 687.
38. L. Glowka, 'Bioprospecting, alien invasive species, and hydrothermal vents: three emerging legal issues in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity', 13 Tulane Environmental Law Journal, 1999-2000, 329.
39. C. Allen, 'Protecting the oceanic gardens of Eden: international law issues in deep-sea vent resource conservation and management', 13 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 2001, 563.
40. P. Ré, 'Deep-sea hydrothermal vents.'Oases of the abyss", in: J.P.Beurier, a. Kiss, S. Mahmoudi, New Technologies and law of the marine environment (The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000).
41. L. Glowka, 'Putting marine scientific research on a sustainable footing at hydrothermal vents', 27 Marine Policy, 2003, 303.
42. IUCN,WWF, 'The status of natural resources of the high seas'(Gland, Cambridge, 2001).
43. P. Rona, 'Resources of the Sea Floor', 31 Science, 2003, 673.
44. D. Leary, 'Bioprospecting and the genetic resources of hydrothermal vents on the high seas: what is the existing legal position, where are we heading and what are our options?', 1 Macquarie Journal of International and Comparative Environmental Law, 2004, 137.
45. P. Rona, Presentation to UNICPO 2004 (www.un.org/depts/los).
46. S. Maloney, 'Extremophiles. Bioprospecting for antimicrobials', www.mediscover.net/extremophiles.cfm.
47. I. Mgbeoji, '(Under)mining the seabed? Between the International Seabed Authority Mining Code and sustainable bioprospecting of hydrothermal vent ecosystems in the Seabed Area: taking precaution seriously', 18 Ocean Yearbook, 2004, 413.
48. R. Colwell, 'Fulfilling the promise of biotechnology, 20 Biotechnology Advances, 2002, 215.
49. M. Gorina-Ysern, 'Legal issues raised by the profitable biotechnology development through marine scientific research', ASIL Insights, November 2003.
50. C. de Fontaubert, 'The status of natural resources of the high-seas' (Cambridge, Gland: WWF, IUCN, 2001).
51. L. Glowka, 'Genetic resources, marine scientific research and the international seabed area', 8 Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 1999, 56.
52. S. Arico, C. Salpin, 'Bioprospecting of genetic resources of the deep seabed: scientific, legal and policy aspects' (Yokohama, UNU-IAS, 2005), pp. 19-20.
53. Report of the Secretary General. Oceans and the Law of the Sea. Addendum (Document A/59/62/Add.1), paras. 227-231.
54. L. Gowka, 'Testing the waters: establishing the legal basis to conserve and sustainably use hydrothermal vents and their biological communities', 8 InterRidge News, 1999, 45.
55. P. Rona, Presentation to UNICPO 2004.
56. S. Maxwell, 'Medicines from the deep. The Importance of Protecting the High Seas from Bottom Trawling'.
57. 'Deep-sea trawling's 'great harm'', BBC News, 6 October 2004.
58. S. Nandan, et al, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. A commentary, Volume VI (The Hague, London, New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002), pp. 71-72.
59. UNCLOS, Article 156.2. Of 148 Parties to the Convention, 22 States are still not Parties to the Agreement. These States had ratified UNCLOS before the adoption of the Agreement. See www.un.org/depts/los.
60. T. Scovazzi, 'Some considerations on future directions for the International Seabed Authority', Paper presented at the Special Session of the Assembly to mark the Tenth Anniversary of the Establishment of the International Seabed Authority. Kingston, Jamaica, 25-26 May 2004.
61. F. Armas Pfirter, 'The management of seabed living resources in "the Area" under UNCLOS'. Study presented to ISA on May 27, 2004.
62. S. Maxwell, 'Medicines from the deep. The importance of protecting the high seas from bottom trawling', Natural Resources Defense Council. Issue paper: March 2005.
63. A. Ayuso. Paper presented in the International Seminar "The resources of the seabed and subsoil". Buenos Aires, 15/17 May 2006.
64. F. González Perini, 'Patents vs. Trade? The issue of patent rights exhaustion', 30 Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 2003, 133.
65. C. Correa, Intellectual property rights, the WTO and developing countries. The TRIPS Agreement and Policy Options, (Penang, Third World Network, 2000), pp. 67-68.
66. C. Correa, 'Sovereign and property rights over plant genetic resources', Background Study Paper No. 2, FAO Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, First Extraordinary Session (Rome, 7-11 November 1994)
67. S. Safrin, 'Hyperownership in a time of biotechnological promise: the international conflict to control the building blocks of life', 98 American Journal of International Law, 2004, 641.
68. Cullet, P. Property rights regimes over biological resources, p. 3.
69. Report of the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority under article 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (ISA/8/A/5 - 7 June 2002), para. 51
70. Y. Tanaka, 'Zonal and integrated management approaches to ocean governance: reflections on a dual approach in international law of the sea', 19 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2004, 483
71. D. Anton, 'Law for the Sea's Biological Diversity', 36 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1998, 341.
72. S. Oda, 'Fisheries under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea', 77 American Journal of International Law, 1983, 739.
73. F. Armas Pfirter, F., 'The management of seabed living resources in "the Area" under UNCLOS', Study presented to the Tenth Session of the Legal and Technical Commission of the Seabed Authority (Kingston, May 2004).
74. C. Christol, C. 'The common heritage of mankind provision in the 1979 Agreement governing the activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies', 14 International Lawyer, 1980, 429.
75. J. Fawcett, 'The concepts of outer space and the deep seabed in International Law: some comparisons', Notre Dame International & Comparative Law Journal, 1984, 71;
76. N. Vajic, 'The Law of outer space and the law of the sea: a joint contribution to the emergence of the common heritage of mankind concept, in B. Vukas, (ed) Essays on the New Law of the Sea (Zagreb: University of Zagreb, 1985);
77. B. Cheng, 'United Nations Resolutions on Outer Space: "instant" international customary law?', 5 Indian Journal of International Law, 1965, 23.
78. S. Sucharitkul, 'The intertemporal character of international law regarding the ocean', in: N. Ando, E. Macwhinney, R. Wolfrum, Liber amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda, Volume 2 (The Hague, London, New York: Kluwer Law International, 2002)
79. R.P. Anand, 'Common heritage of mankind: mutilation of an ideal', 37 Indian Journal of International Law, 1997, 1.
80. S. Gorove, 'The concept of "common heritage of mankind": a political, moral or legal innovation?', 9 San Diego Law Review, 1971-1972, 390
81. A. Kiss, 'The common heritage of mankind, utopia or reality?', in: H. Caminos (ed) Law of the Sea, (Sydney: Ashgate, 2001).
82. A. Kiss, 'La notion de patrimoine commun de l'humanité', 175 Recueil des Cours de l'Academie de Droit International, 1982, 99.
83. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. 24 GAOR (1969), Supplement No. 22 (A/7622).
84. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. 24 GAOR (1969), Supplement No. 22 (A/7622), para. 21.
85. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and Ocean Floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (1969).
86. B. Larschan et al. 'The common heritage of mankind principle in international law', 21 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1982-1983, 305.
87. C. Joyner, 'Legal implications of the concept of the common heritage of mankind', 35 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1986, 190.
88. MC.W. Pinto, '"Common heritage of mankind": from metaphor to myth, and the consequences of constructive ambiguity', in: J. Makarczyk (ed), Theory of international law at the threshold of the 21st Century. Essays in honour of Krzysztof Skubiszewski (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996).
89. R.J. Dupuy, 'La notion de "patrimoine commun de l'humanité"appliquée aux fonds marins', in : D. Carreau et al., Droit et Libertés à la fin du XXe siècle, Études ofertes à Claude-Albert Colliard (Paris: Editions A Pedone, 1984).
90. Briggs, G. Deep seabed mining and unilateral legislation, p. 237-245.
91. 'Summary of the provisions of the Draft proposed by the United Status for a 'UN Convention on the International Seabed Area", 65 American Journal of International Law, 1971, 180.
92. E. Jiménez de Aréchaga, 'International law in the past third of a century', Recueil des Cours de l'Académie de Droit International, 1978 I, 1.
93. K. Baslar, The concept of the common heritage of mankind in international law (The Hague, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998), p. 209.
94. J. Van Dyke, et al.,'"Common heritage" v. "Freedom of the high seas": which governs the seabed?', 19 San Diego Law Review, 1981-1982, 493.
95. C. Joyner, 'UN General Assembly resolutions and international law rethinking the contemporary dynamics of norm-creation', 11 California Western International Law Journal, 1981, 445.
96. S.P. Jagota, 'The seabed outside the limits of national jurisdiction', in: M. Bedjaoui (Gen.ed.) International Law: achievements and prospects, (Dordrecht, Boston, London, Paris: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers- UNESCO, 1991).
97. M. Nordquist et al., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. A commentary, Volume V (Dordrecht, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989), p. 241.
98. M. Ris, 'Treaty interpretation and ICJ recourse to travaux préparatoires: towards a proponed amendment of articles 31 and 32 of the Viena Convention on the Law of Treaties', 14 Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, 1991, 111.
99. G. Schwarzenberger, 'Myths and realities of treaty interpretation. Articles 27-29 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties', 9 Virginia Journal of International Law, 1968-1969, 1.
100. A.D.Mc Nair, The Law of Treaties (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 365
101. J.P. Lévy, 'L'ordre international et le development des fonds marins', LXXV Revue Générale de Droit International Public, 1971, 356;
102. P. Saffo, 'The common heritage of mankind: has the General Assembly created a law to govern seabed mining?', 53 Tulane Law Review, 1978-1979, 492;
103. J. Mero, 'Mineral Deposits in the Sea', 1 Natural Resources Law, 1968, 130;
104. J. Mero, The Mineral Resources of the Sea (Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1965);
105. B. Shingleton, 'UNCLOS III and the struggle for law: the elusive customary law of seabed mining', 13 Ocean Development and International Law, 1983, 33.
106. F. Korn et al., 'Deep sea genetic resources in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea', BfN Skripten 79 (Bon, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 2003). .
107. M. Gorina-Ysern, 'Marine scientific research activities as the legal basis for intellectual property claims?, 22 Marine Policy, 1998, 337.