Orphans and abandoned children in modern Egypt

Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia

Volumn 103, Issue , 2008, Pages 13-34

  Baron, Beth ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84966297233     PISSN: 13853376     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004164369.i-244.7     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Beth Baron, "Women, Honour, and the State: Evidence from Egypt", Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 1(2006):1-20.
2. Jamila Bargach, Orphans of Islam: Family, Abandonment, and Secret Adoption in Morocco (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002).
3. Bargach, Orphans of Islam, p. 213.
4. This essay builds on chapters by Amira al-Azhary Sonbol, "Adoption in Islamic Society: A Historical Survey", (pp. 45-67)
5. and Andrea B. Rugh, "Orphanages in Egypt: Contradiction or Affirmation in a Family-Oriented Society", (pp. 124-41) in Children in the Muslim Middle East, ed. Elizabeth Warnock Fernea (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995).
6. Mine Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor and the Politics of Benevolence, 1800-1952 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
7. Gabriel Baer, Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), chap. 5.
8. Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor, pp. 42-45, p. 155 n. 81;
9. A. B. Clot, Aperçu général sur L'Egypte (Paris: Fourtin, Masson, 1840), vol. 2. p. 425.
10. E. W. Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (London, 1842; rep. 1989), p. 197.
11. Bargach, Orphans of Islam, p. 179.
12. Rugh, "Orphanages in Egypt", p. 130.
13. Bargach, Orphans of Islam, p. 57.
14. Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor, pp. 74-75, 95;
15. National Archives of the U. K. Foreign Office (hereafter FO) 371/3203/1775, 95, Ali Labib, "Appendix: Ministry of Wakfs. The Medical Service", Cairo, June 1918.
16. Iris Agmon, Family and Court: Legal Culture and Modernity in Late Ottoman Palestine (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2006), chap. 5.
17. Antoine K. Sabbagh, Les Meglis Hasbys et la protection des biens des mineurs en Egypte (Paris: A. Fabre, 1931), pp. 11-18.
18. Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor, p. 103;
19. Victor Guerin, La France Catholique en Egypte (Tours: Alfred Mame et Fils, 1894), pp. 54-61.
20. Guerin, France Catholique, pp. 169, 174-75.
21. Robert L. Tignor, Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966).
22. Quote from FO 407/164, No. 82, Cromer to Lansdowne, Cairo, 15 March 1905, "Annual Report of 1904", p. 126;
23. FO 407/161, No. 7, Cromer to Lansdowne, "Annual Report of 1902", Cairo, 26 Feb. 1903, p. 53;
24. "Malga' al-Itfal wa al-Wilada", al-Mar'a al-Misriyya (Dec. 1920), pp. 353-57.
25. See, e.g., Bargach, Orphans of Islam, pp. 181-84;
26. see also, Ann Fessler, The Girls Who Went Away: The Hidden History of Women Who Surrendered Children for Adoption in the Decades before Roe v. Wade (NY: Penguin Press, 2006).
27. FO 371/1362/15421, Kitchener to Grey, "Annual Report for 1911", Cairo, 6 April 1912, p. 37.
28. "Malga' al-Itfal wa al-Wilada", al-Mar'a al-Misriyya (Dec. 1920): 353-57, quote from p. 356.
29. Grace Thompson Seton, A Woman Tenderfoot in Egypt (NY: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1923), p. 49.
30. Fina Gued Vidal, Safia Zaghloul (Cairo: R. Schindler, 1946), pp. 16-17.
31. FO 371/661/12738, Gorst to Grey, "Annual Report of 1908", Cairo, 27 March 1909, p. 86;
32. Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor, pp. 114-15.
33. See Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor, pp. 94-95, 102;
34. Baer, Social History, pp. 83-84.
35. FO 371/3203/177595, Ali Labib, "Appendix: Ministry of Wakfs. The Medical Service", Cairo, June 1918.
36. U. S. National Archives, State Department (hereafter SD) 883.00/540, Howell to Sec. of State, Cairo, 30 Dec. 1924;
37. "Note by Mrs. Russell Pasha on The Shubra Waifs and Strays Home, for His Excellency Said Zulficar Pasha";
38. Balsam 'Abd al-Malik, "Malga' Abna' al-Sabil", al-Mara al-Misriyya (15 June 1924), p. 307.
39. Balsam 'Abd al-Malik, "Malga' Abna' al-Sabil", al-Mara al-Misriyya (15 June 1924), p. 307;
40. al-Lata'if al-Musawwara, (21 Feb. 1921)
41. cited in Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor, pp. 120-22.
42. FO 371/452/38684, Gorst to Grey, Cairo, 30 Oct. 1908, pp. 495-97.
43. Beth Baron, "Mama Trasher and the Assiout Orphanage", paper presented at the conference "Competing Kingdoms: Women, Mission, Nation, and American Empire, 1812-1930", Rothmere American Institute, University of Oxford, April 2006.
44. One Hundred Twenty Years of Service in Egypt: Anny Y. Thompson and Margaret A. Smith (a pamphlet issued in Pittsburgh by the Women's General Missionary Society of the United Presbyterian Church of North America, n. d.), p. 10.
45. One Hundred Twenty Years, pp. 11-12;
46. EMA, Minutes, Feb. 1906.
47. EMA, Minutes, July 1906, pp. 13-14.
48. PHS, Annual Report of the American United Presbyterian Mission in Egypt (hereafter Annual Report), 1909;
49. EMA, Minutes, Feb.-March 1910.
50. Earl E. Elder, Vindicating a Vision (Philadelphia: Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of North America, 1958), pp. 134-35.
51. EMA, Minutes, Feb.-March 1910.
52. EMA, Minutes, July 1909;
53. Annual Report, 1906-1907;
54. Annual Report, 1910.
55. EMA, Minutes, Feb. 1907.
56. EMA, Minutes, July 1907.
57. Annual Report, 1915.
58. Annual Report, 1920, p. 34.
59. Annual Report, 1906-1907.
60. Annual Report, 1910, pp. 63-64.
61. Annual Report, 1910.
62. EMA, Minutes, July 1920, p. 12;
63. EMA, Minutes, Feb. 1922, p. 139;
64. EMA, Minutes, Jan. 1925;
65. EMA, Minutes, Jan. 1931, p. 12.
66. EMA, Minutes, July 1907.
67. Annual Report, 1909.
68. Annual Report, 1910.
69. Annual Report, 1910, pp. 63-64.
70. EMA, Minutes, July 1923, p. 406.
71. EMA, Minutes, Jan. 1931, p. 12.
72. EMA, Minutes, Dec. 1933, p. 298.
73. EMA, Minutes, Dec. 1934, p. 391.
74. Minutes, Jan. 1937, pp. 84-85;
75. Programs and Needs, 1938, p. 28.
76. Bargach, "B-A-S-T-A-R-D Biographies: Inside an Invisible Space", paper presented at the conference "Family History in Islamic and Middle East Studies", University of California, Berkeley, April 2000.
77. Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor, pp. 102, 117-19.
78. Beth Baron, "Summer of '33: Orphans, Converts, and the Anti-Missionary Movement in Egypt", paper presented at the American Historical Association meeting, Philadelphia, January 2006;
79. Rugh, "Orphans in Egypt", p. 132
80. the Egyptian Ministry of Social Affairs, Guide to Nursery Schools and Orphanages for Socially Vulnerable Children, 1969-1970.
81. Al-Lata'if al-Musawwara (4 April 1921), p. 11.
82. For full references to the section here and below, see Beth Baron, "Islam, Philanthropy, and Political Culture in Interwar Egypt: The Activism of Labiba Ahmad", in Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, ed. Michael Bonner et al. (Albany: SUNY Press, 2003), pp. 239-54.
83. "Al-Malagi wa-'Inayatiha", al-Nahda al-Nisa'iyya 4, no. 43(June 1926), p. 240.
84. Beth Baron, Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 210-11.
85. See Leila Ahmed, A Border Passage: From Cairo to America-A Woman's Journey (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), p. 132.
86. Nancy Gallagher, Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1990), p. 171;
87. Afaf Marsot, "The Revolutionary Gentlewomen in Egypt", in Louis Beck and Nikki Keddie, eds., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 272-74.
88. Rugh, "Orphans in Egypt", p. 133.
89. Rugh, "Orphans in Egypt", pp. 130-34;
90. Sonbol, "Adoption in Islamic Society", p. 61.