Motor control exercise for chronic non-specific low-back pain

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2016, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Saragiotto, Bruno T ^a   Maher, Christopher G ^a   Yamato, Tiê P ^a   Costa, Leonardo O P ^b   Menezes Costa, Luciola C ^b   Ostelo, Raymond W J G ^c   Macedo, Luciana G ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b MASTERS AND DOCTORAL PROGRAMS IN PHYSICAL THERAPY   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC PAIN; DISABILITY; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; LOW BACK PAIN; MANIPULATIVE MEDICINE; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR CONTROL EXERCISE; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAIN INTENSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENT DISEASE; RETURN TO WORK; REVIEW; SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TELEREHABILITATION; THERMOTHERAPY; ULTRASOUND DIATHERMY; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; ADULT; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PARASPINAL MUSCLE; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ADULT; CHRONIC PAIN; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; LOW BACK PAIN; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PARASPINAL MUSCLES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84966263954     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012004     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Akbari A, Khorashadizadeha S, Abdi G. The effect of motor control exercise versus general exercise on lumbar local stabilizing muscles thickness: randomized controlled trial of patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2008;21:105-12.
2. NCT00555802. The effect of motor control exercise versus general exercise on lumbar local stabilizing muscles thickness. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00555802 (accessed 25 June 2015).
3. Alp A, Mengi G, Atik T, Mert M, Avsarotlu H. The evaluation of the efficacy of core stabilization exercises on female patients with chronic low back pain [Kronik bel atrili kadin hastalarda core-stabilizasyon egzersizi etkinlitinin deterlendirilmesi]. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2011; Vol. 56:249.
4. Alp A, Mengi G, Avsaroglu AH, Mert M, Sigirli D. Efficacy of core-stabilization exercise and its comparison with home-based conventional exercise in low back pain patients [Bel Adrýlý Hastalarda Core Stabilizasyon Egzersizi Etkinlidi ve Konvansiyonel EvEgzersiz Programý ile Karýlatýrýlmasý]. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2014;60:S36-S42.
5. Cairns MC, Foster NE, Wright C. Randomized controlled trial of specific spinal stabilization exercises and conventional physiotherapy for recurrent low back pain. Spine 2006;31:E670-81.
6. ACTRN012605000262606. The effect of motor control exercise versus placebo in patients with chronic low back pain. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=012605000262606 (accessed 25 June 2015).
7. Costa LOP, Maher CG, Latimer J, Hodges PW, Herbert RD, Refshauge KM, et al. Motor control exercise for chronic low back pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2009;89:1275-86.
8. Maher CG, Latimer J, Hodges PW, Refshauge KM, Moseley L, Herbert RD, et al. The effect of motor control exercise versus placebo in patients with chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2005;6:54. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-54]
9. Critchley DJ, Ratcliffe J, Noonan S, Jones RH, Hurley MV. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of physiotherapy used to reduce chronic low back pain disability: a pragmatic randomized trial with economic evaluation. Spine 2007;32:1474-81.
10. ISRCTN56323917. A comparison of the effectiveness of three physiotherapy regimes commonly used to reduce disability in patients with chronic low back pain. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN56323917 (accessed 25 June 2015).
11. ACTRN12605000053628. A comparison of the effects of spinal manipulative therapy versus exercise on pain and disability in subjects with chronic LBP. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=83 (accessed 25 June 2015).
12. Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, Herbert RD, Hodges PW, Jennings MD, et al. Comparison of general exercise, motor control exercise and spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized trial. Pain 2007;131:31-7.
13. Franca FR, Burke TN, Caffaro RR, Ramos LA, Marques AP. Effects of muscular stretching and segmental stabilization on functional disability and pain in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2012;35:279-85.
14. Franca FR, Burke TN, Hanada ES, Marques AP. Segmental stabilization and muscular strengthening in chronic low back pain - a comparative study. Clinics 2010;65:1013-7.
15. NCT01124201. Lumbar stabilization, strengthening and stretching in chronic low back pain. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01124201 (accessed 25 June 2015).
16. Goldby LJ, Moore AP, Doust J, Trew ME. A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal physiotherapy on chronic low back disorder. Spine 2006;31:1083-93.
17. Hemmati S, Rajabi R, Karimi N, Jahandideh AA. Effects of consecutive supervised core stability training on pain and disability in women with nonspecific chronic low back pain [Persian]. Koomesh 2011;12:244-52.
18. Hosseinifar M, Akbari M, Behtash H, Amiri M, Sarrafzadeh J. The effects of stabilization and McKenzie exercises on transverse abdominis and multifidus muscle thickness, pain, and disability: a randomized controlled trial in nonspecific chronic low back pain. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2013;25:1541-5.
19. Inani SB, Selkar SP. Effect of core stabilization exercises versus conventional exercises on pain and functional status in patients with non-specific low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2013;26:37-43.
20. Javadian Y, Behtash H, Akbari M, Taghipour-Darzi M, Zekavat H. The effects of stabilizing exercises on pain and disability of patients with lumbar segmental instability. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2012;25:149-55.
21. Kachanathu SJ, Zakaria AR, Sahni A, Jaiswal P. Chronic low back pain in fast bowlers a comparative study of core spinal stabilization and conventional exercises. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2012;24:821-5.
22. Koumantakis GA, Watson PJ, Oldham JA. Trunk muscle stabilization training plus general exercise versus general exercise only: randomized controlled trial of patients with recurrent low back pain. Physical Therapy 2005;85:209-25.
23. Kumar S, Sharma VP, Negi MPS. Efficacy of dynamic muscular stabilization techniques (DMST) over conventional techniques in rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2009;23:2651-9.
24. Kumar S, Sharma VP, Shukla R, Dev R. Comparative efficacy of two multimodal treatments on male and female sub-groups with low back pain (part II). Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2010;23:1-9.
25. Lomond KV, Jacobs JV, Hitt JR, DeSarno MJ, Bunn JY, Henry SM. Effects of low back pain stabilization or movement system impairment treatments on voluntary postural adjustments: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2015;15:596-606.
26. NCT01362049. Mechanisms of specific trunk exercises in low back pain. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01362049 (accessed 25 June 2015).
27. ACTRN12607000432415. A comparison of the effects of motor control exercises and graded activity on pain and disability in subjects with chronic non specific low back pain. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=82219 (accessed 25 June 2015).
28. Macedo LG, Latimer J, Maher CG, Hodges PW, McAuley JH, Nicholas MK, et al. Effect of motor control exercises versus graded activity in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2012;93:1-15.
29. Macedo LG, Latimer J, Maher CG, Hodges PW, Nicholas M, Tonkin L, et al. Motor control or graded activity exercises for chronic low back pain? A randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008;5(9):65. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-9-65.]
30. Miller ER, Schenk RJ, Karnes JL, Rousselle JG. A comparison of the McKenzie approach to a specific spine stabilization program for chronic low back pain. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 2005;13:103-12.
31. Moon HJ, Choi KH, Kim DH, Kim HJ, Cho YK, Lee KH, et al. Effect of lumbar stabilization and dynamic lumbar strengthening exercises in patients with chronic low back pain. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 2013;37:110-7.
32. Areeudomwong P, Puntumetakul R, Jirarattanaphochai K, Wanpen S, Kanpittaya J, Chatchawan U, et al. Core stabilization exercise improves pain intensity, functional disability and trunk muscle activity of patients with clinical lumbar instability: a pilot randomized controlled study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2012;24:1007-12.
33. Puntumetakul R, Areeudomwong P, Emasithi A, Yamauchi J. Effect of 10-week core stabilization exercise training and detraining on pain-related outcomes in patients with clinical lumbar instability. Patient Preference and Adherence 2013;7:1189-99.
34. Rabin A, Shashua A, Pizem K, Dickstein R, Dar G. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain who are likely to experience short-term success following lumbar stabilization exercises: a randomized controlled validation study. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2014;44:6-B13.
35. Rasmussen-Barr E, Nilsson-Wikmarn L, Arvidsson I. Stabilizing training compared with manual treatment in sub-acute and chronic low-back pain. Manual Therapy 2003;8:233-41.
36. Rasmussen-Barr E, Ang B, Arvidsson I, Nilsson-Wikmar L. Graded exercise for recurrent low-back pain: a randomized, controlled trial with 6-, 12-, and 36-month follow-ups. Spine 2009;34:221-8.
37. Rhee HS, Kim YH, Sung PS. A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of spinal stabilization exercise intervention based on pain level and standing balance differences in patients with low back pain. Medical Science Monitor 2012;18:CR174-81.
38. Shaughnessy M, Caulfield B. A pilot study to investigate the effect of lumbar stabilisation exercise training on functional ability and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2004;27:297-301.
39. Stankovic A, Lazovic M, Kocic M, Dimitrijevic L, Stankovic I, Zlatanovic D, et al. Lumbar stabilization exercises in addition to strengthening and stretching exercises reduce pain and increase function In patients with chronic low back pain: randomized clinical open-label study. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012;58:177-83.
40. Tsauo JY, Chen WH, Liang HW, Jang Y. The effectiveness of a functional training programme for patients with chronic low back pain - a pilot study. Disability and Rehabilitation 2009;31:1100-6.
41. NCT00201513. Anticipatory muscle control and effect of stabilizing exercises in patients with subacute and chronic low back pain. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00201513 (accessed 25 June 2015).
42. Unsgaard-Tondel M, Fladmark AM, Salvesen O, Vasseljen O. Motor control exercises, sling exercises, and general exercises for patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Physical Therapy 2010;90:1426-40.
43. Vasseljen O, Fladmark AM. Abdominal muscle contraction thickness and function after specific and general exercises: a randomized controlled trial in chronic low back pain patients. Manual Therapy 2010;15:482-9.
44. Vasseljen O, Unsgaard-Tondel M, Westad C, Mork PJ. Effect of core stability exercises on feed-forward activation of deep abdominal muscles in chronic low back pain. Spine 2012;37:1101-8.
45. Aasa B, Berglund L, Michaelson P, Aasa U. Individualized low-load motor control exercises and education versus a high-load lifting exercise and education to improve activity, pain intensity, and physical performance in patients with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2015;45:77-85.
46. ACTRN12609000293268. Effects of advice versus physiotherapy functional restoration on pain and function for people with multi-factorial persistent low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=83875 (accessed 25 June 2015).
47. ACTRN12609000334202. Effects of physiotherapy manual therapy on pain and function for people with sub acute low back pain with or without leg pain: a randomised controlled trial. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12609000334202 (accessed 25 June 2015).
48. Anoop A, Suraj K, Dharmendar K. Effect of core stabilization training on the lower back endurance in recreationally active individuals. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 2010;13:167-76.
49. Ahmed R, Shakil-ur-Rehman S, Sibtain F. Comparison between specific lumber mobilization and core-stability exercises with core-stability exercises alone in mechanical low back pain. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2014;30:157-60.
50. Ali TA. Stabilization Exercises for Patients with Low Back Pain [Dissertation]. Texas Woman's University, 2006.
51. Allison GT. Abdominal muscle feedforward activation in patients with chronic low back pain is largely unaffected by 8 weeks of core stability training. Journal of Physiotherapy 2012;58:200.
52. Aluko A, DeSouza L, Peacock J. The effect of core stability exercises on variations in acceleration of trunk movement, pain, and disability during an episode of acute nonspecific low back pain: a pilot clinical trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2013;36:497-504.
53. Ammar TA, Mitchell K, Saleh A. Stabilization exercises in postnatal low back pain. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy 2011;5:122-4.
54. Andrusaitis SF, Brech GC, Vitale GF, Greve JM. Trunk stabilization among women with chronic lower back pain: a randomized, controlled, and blinded pilot study. Clinics 2011;66:1645-50.
55. Appling SA, Chalona A, Edwards P, Green T, Jones C, LaVigne W. Effect of a progressive core stabilization exercise program on lumbar stability and abdominal strength. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2009;39:A83-4.
56. Barbosa AC, Martins FL, Barbosa MC, Dos Santos RT. Manipulation and selective exercises decrease pelvic anteversion and low-back pain: a pilot study. Journal of Back & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2013;26:33-6.
57. Belcher MA. Pelvic Stabilization Exercise versus Conventional Weight Training Exercise during Resistance Training: Its Effect on the Development of Lumbar Extension Strength [Dissertation]. University of Southern Mississippi, 1998.
58. Bentsen H, Lindgarde F, Manthorpe R. The effect of dynamic strength back exercise and/or a home training program in 57-year-old women with chronic low back pain. Results of a prospective randomized study with a 3-year follow-up period. Spine 1997;22:1494-500.
59. Bi X, Zhao J, Zhao L, Liu Z, Zhang J, Sun D, et al. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for chronic low back pain. Journal of International Medical Research 2013;41:146-52.
60. Bilgin S, Temucin CM, Nurlu G, Kaya DO, Kose N, Gunduz AG. Effects of exercise and electrical stimulation on lumbar stabilization in asymptomatic subjects: a comparative study. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2013;26:261-6.
61. Bordiak FC, Silva EB. Electrical stimulation and core training on pain and range of motion in low back pain [Eletroestimulação e core training sobre dor e arco de movimento na lombalgia]. Fisioterapia em Movimento 2012;25:759-66.
62. Brennan GP, Fritz JM, Hunter SJ, Thackeray A, Delitto A, Erhard RE. Identifying subgroups of patients with acute/subacute "nonspecific" low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine 2006;31:623-31.
63. Bronfort G, Goldsmith CH, Nelson CF, Boline PD, Anderson AV. Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative or NSAID therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized, observer-blinded clinical trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 1996;19:570-81.
64. Bronfort G, Maiers MJ, Evans RL, Schulz CA, Bracha Y, Svendsen KH, et al. Supervised exercise, spinal manipulation, and home exercise for chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. The Spine Journal 2011;11:585-98.
65. Brooks C, Kennedy S, Marshall PWM. Specific trunk and general exercise elicit similar changes in anticipatory postural adjustments in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 2012;37:E1543-50.
66. Brox JI, Sørensen R, Friis A, Nygaard Ø, Indahl A, Keller A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration. Spine 2003;28:1913-21.
67. Buchbinder R, Hoving J. Specific spinal exercise substantially reduces the risk of low back pain recurrence. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2002;48:55.
68. Byuon S, Son H. The effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and stabilizing exercise on trunk repositioning errors. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2012;24:1017-20.
69. Cairns M. Manipulation Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (UK) Research Presentation Award: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of stabilization exercises in the management of recurrent low back pain. Manual Therapy 2003;8:185.
70. Chan CW, Mok NW, Yeung EW. Aerobic exercise training in addition to conventional physiotherapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011;92:1681-5.
71. Childs JD, Teyhen DS, Benedict TM, Morris JB, Fortenberry AD, McQueen RM, et al. Effects of sit-up training versus core stabilization exercises on sit-up performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2009;41:2072-83.
72. Childs JD, Teyhen DS, Casey PR, McCoy-Singh KA, Feldtmann AW, Wright AC, et al. Effects of traditional sit-up training versus core stabilization exercises on short-term musculoskeletal injuries in us army soldiers: a cluster randomized trial. Physical Therapy 2010;90:1404-12.
73. Cho HY, Kim EH, Kim J. Effects of the CORE exercise program on pain and active range of motion in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2014;26:1237-40.
74. Chung S, Lee J, Yoon J. Effects of stabilization exercise using a ball on multifidus cross-sectional area in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 2013;12:533-41.
75. Croft PR, Papageorgiou AC, Thomas E, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ. Short-term physical risk factors for new episodes of low back pain. Prospective evidence from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Spine 1999;24:1556-61.
76. Dehner C, Schmelz A, Völker H, Krischak G, Kramer M. Low back pain intensity, microcirculation and muscle performance of the multifidus following back muscle strengthening in young elite oarsmen. International Sports Medicine Journal 2009;10:163-75.
77. Descarreaux M, Normand MC, Laurencelle L, Dugas C. Evaluation of a specific home exercise program for low back pain. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25:497-503.
78. Donzelli S, Di Domenica E, Cova AM, Galletti R, Giunta N. Two different techniques in the rehabilitation treatment of low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Europa Medicophysica 2006;42:205-10.
79. Dufour N, Thamsborg G, Oefeldt A, Lundsgaard C, Stender S. Treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized, clinical trial comparing group-based multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation and intensive individual therapist-assisted back muscle strengthening exercises. Spine 2010;35:469-76.
80. Durante H, Vasconcelos ECLM. Comparison between isostretching method and conventional kinesiotherapy in low back pain treatment [Comparação do método Isostretching e cinesioterapia convencional no tratamento da lombalgia]. Semina: Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde 2010;30:83-90.
81. Dvorak H, Kujat C, Brumitt J. Effect of therapeutic exercise versus manual therapy on athletes with chronic low back pain. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2011;20:494-504.
82. Earde P, Vongsirinavarat M, Sakulsriprasert P, Vachalathiti R. Immediate effects of trunk stabilizer muscles training on muscle response time in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2014;97:S89-S94.
83. Ewert T, Limm H, Wessels T, Rackwitz B, von Garnier K, Freumuth R, et al. The comparative effectiveness of a multimodal program versus exercise alone for the secondary prevention of chronic low back pain and disability. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Pm&R) 2009;1:798-808.
84. Faas A, Chavannes AW, van Eijk JT, Gubbels JW. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exercise therapy in patients with acute low back pain. Spine 1993;18:1388-95.
85. Faas A, van Eijk JT, Chavannes AW, Gubbels JW. A randomized trial of exercise therapy in patients with acute low back pain. Efficacy on sickness absence. Spine 1995;20:941-7.
86. Freitas CD, D'Andrea JM. Comparison between isokinetic dynamometer and therapeutic ball exercise in chronic low back pain of mechanical origin. Fisioterapia & Pesquisa 2008;15:380-6.
87. Gagnon LH. Efficacy of Pilates Exercises as Therapeutic Intervention in Treating Patients with Low Back Pain [Dissertation]. University of Tennessee, 2005.
88. Gatti R, Faccendini S, Tettamanti A, Barbero M, Balestri A, Calori G. Efficacy of trunk balance exercises for individuals with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2011;41:542-52.
89. George SZ, Childs JD, Teyhen DS, Wu SS, Wright AC, Dugan JL, et al. Brief psychosocial education, not core stabilization, reduced incidence of low back pain: results from the Prevention of Low Back Pain in the Military (POLM) cluster randomized trial. BMC Medicine 2011;9:128.
90. Gustafsson J, Nilsson-Wikmar L. Influence of specific muscle training on pain, activity limitation and kinesiophobia in women with back pain post-partum--a 'single-subject research design'. Physiotherapy Research International 2008;13:18-30.
91. Guven Z, Marangozoglu I, Gunduz OH. Effectiveness of lumbopelvic stabilization exercise education in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain. [Turkish] [Kronik mekanik bel agrili hastalarda lumbopelvik stabilizasyon egzersiz egitiminin etkinligi]. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2003;49:17.
92. Hagen EM, Odelien KH, Lie SA, Eriksen HR. Adding a physical exercise programme to brief intervention for low back pain patients did not increase return to work. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2010;38:731-8.
93. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo-control treatment of low-back pain. A randomized, observer-blind trial. Spine 1993;18:98-108.
94. Harkapaa K, Jarvikoski A, Mellin G, Hurri H. A controlled study on the outcome of inpatient and outpatient treatment of low back pain. Part I. pain, disability, compliance, and reported treatment benefits three months after treatment. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1989;21:81-9.
95. Harringe ML, Nordgren JS, Arvidsson I, Werner S. Low back pain in young female gymnasts and the effect of specific segmental muscle control exercises of the lumbar spine: a prospective controlled intervention study. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 2007;15:1264-71.
96. Harts CC, Helmhout PH, de Bie RA, StaaI JB. A high-intensity lumbar extensor strengthening program is little better than a low-intensity program or a waiting list control group for chronic low back pain: a randomised clinical trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2008;54:23-31.
97. Helewa A, Goldsmith CH, Lee P, Smythe HA, Forwell L. Does strengthening the abdominal muscles prevent low back pain -- a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1999;26:1808-15.
98. Helmhout PH, Harts CC, Staal JB, Candel MJ, de Bie RA. Comparison of a high-intensity and a low-intensity lumbar extensor training program as minimal intervention treatment in low back pain: a randomized trial. European Spine Journal 2004;13:537-47.
99. Henchoz Y, Pinget C, Wasserfallen JB, Paillex R, de Goumoens P, Norberg M, et al. Cost-utility analysis of a three-month exercise programme versus usual care following multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2010;42:846-52.
100. Hides JA, Richardson CA, Jull GA. Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute, first-episode low back pain. Spine 1996;21:2763-9.
101. Hides JA, Jull GA, Richardson CA. Long-term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first-episode low back pain. Spine 2001;26:E243-8.
102. Hides JA, Stanton WR, McMahon S, Sims K, Richardson CA. Effect of stabilization training on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area among young elite cricketers with low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2008;38:101-8.
103. Hunter RF, McDonough SM, Bradbury I, Liddle SD, Walsh DM, Dhamija S, et al. Exercise and auricular acupuncture for chronic low-back pain: a feasibility randomized-controlled trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 2012;28:259-67.
104. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Chiao C. Effects of recreational physical activity and back exercises on low back pain and psychological distress: findings from the UCLA Low Back Pain Study. American Journal of Public Health 2005;95:1817-24.
105. Hwang JA, Bae SH, Do Kim G, Kim KY. The effects of sensorimotor training on anticipatory postural adjustment of the trunk in chronic low back pain patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2013;25:1189-92.
106. ISRCTN80064281. Movement control exercise for low back pain. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN80064281 (accessed 26 June 2015). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN80064281]
107. Jang S, Lee J, Bang H. The effect of trunk control exercises performed on unstable surfaces on the spinal stability of low back pain patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2013;25:459-62.
108. Javadian Y, Akbari M, Talebi G, Taghipour-Darzi M, Janmohammadi N. Influence of core stability exercise on lumbar vertebral instability in patients presented with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine 2015;6(2):98-102.
109. Johannsen F, Remvig L, Kryger P, Beck P, Warming S, Lybeck K, et al. Exercises for chronic low back pain: a clinical trial. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1995;22:52-9.
110. Johnson RE, Jones GT, Wiles NJ, Chaddock C, Potter RG, Roberts C, et al. Active exercise, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent disabling low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 2007;32:1578-85.
111. Jones M, Stratton G, Reilly T, Unnithan V. The efficacy of exercise as an intervention to treat recurrent nonspecific low back pain in adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science 2007;19:349-59.
112. Kaapa EH, Frantsi K, Sarna S, Malmivaara A. Multidisciplinary group rehabilitation versus individual physiotherapy for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized trial. Spine 2006;31:371-6.
113. Karimi N, Ebrahimi I, Ezzati K, Kahrizi S, Torkaman G, Arab AM. The effects of consecutive supervised stability training on postural balance in patients with chronic low back pain. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2009;25:181.
114. Kladny B, Fischer FC, Haase I. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar disk disease in outpatient rehabilitation. [German]. Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Ihre Grenzgebiete 2003;141:401-5.
115. Kline JB, Krauss JR, Maher SF, Qu X. Core strength training using a combination of home exercises and a dynamic sling system for the management of low back pain in pre-professional ballet dancers: a case series. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 2013;17:24-33.
116. Kofotolis ND, Vlachopoulos SP, Kellis E. Sequentially allocated clinical trial of rhythmic stabilization exercises and TENS in women with chronic low back pain. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008;22:99-111.
117. Koldas Dogan S, Sonel Tur B, Kurtais Y, Atay MB. Comparison of three different approaches in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Clinical Rheumatology 2008;27:873-81.
118. Kumar SP. Efficacy of segmental stabilization exercise for lumbar segmental instability in patients with mechanical low back pain: a randomized placebo controlled crossover study. North American Journal of Medical Sciences 2011;3:461.
119. Kumar S, Sharma VP, Aggarwal A, Shukla R, Dev R. Effect of dynamic muscular stabilization technique on low back pain of different durations. Journal of Back & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2012;25:73-9.
120. Kuukkanen T, Malkia E. Muscular performance after a 3 month progressive physical exercise program and 9 month follow-up in subjects with low back pain. A controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1996;6:112-21.
121. Lee JS, Kim TH, Kim DY, Shim JH, Lim JY. Effects of selective exercise for the deep abdominal muscles and lumbar stabilization exercise on the thickness of the transversus abdominis and postural maintenance. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27:367-70.
122. Lewis JS, Hewitt JS, Billington L, Cole S, Byng J, Karayiannis S. A randomized clinical trial comparing two physiotherapy interventions for chronic low back pain. Spine 2005;30:711-21.
123. Lie H, Frey S. Mobilizing or stabilizing exercise in degenerative disk disease in the lumbar region? [Norwegian]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 1999;119:2051-3.
124. Long A, Donelson R, Fung T. Does it matter which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain. Spine 2004;29:2593-602.
125. Magnusson ML, Chow DH, Diamandopoulos Z, Pope MH. Motor control learning in chronic low back pain. Spine 2008;33:E532-8.
126. Mannion AF, Muntener M, Taimela S, Dvorak J. A randomized clinical trial of three active therapies for chronic low back pain. Spine 1999;24:2435-48.
127. Mannion AF, Helbling D, Pulkovski N, Sprott H. Spinal segmental stabilisation exercises for chronic low back pain: programme adherence and its influence on clinical outcome. European Spine Journal 2009;18:1881-91.
128. Mannion AF, Caporaso F, Pulkovski N, Sprott H. Spine stabilisation exercises in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a good clinical outcome is not associated with improved abdominal muscle function. European Spine Journal 2012;21:1301-10.
129. Marshall PW, Murphy BA. Muscle activation changes after exercise rehabilitation for chronic low back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2008;89:1305-13.
130. Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Rahmani N, Behtash H, Karimloo M. The effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise on women with chronic non-specific low back pain. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies 2011;15:75-81.
131. Monteiro FC, Kirkwood RN, Magalhaes CMB. Lumbar stabilization exercises and manual therapy for treatment of non-specific and chronic low back pain [Exercícios de estabilizaçao lombar e terapia manual no tratamento da dor lombar crônica inespecífica]. Fisioterapia Brasil 2009;10:442-7.
132. Monticone M, Barbarino A, Testi C, Arzano S, Moschi A, Negrini S. Symptomatic efficacy of stabilizing treatment versus laser therapy for sub-acute low back pain with positive tests for sacroiliac dysfunction: a randomised clinical controlled trial with 1 year follow-up. Europa Medicophysica 2004;40:263-8.
133. Moseley L. Combined physiotherapy and education is efficacious for chronic low back pain. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2002;48:297-302.
134. Moseley GL. Joining forces -- combining cognition -- targeted motor control training with group or individual pain physiology education: a successful treatment for chronic low back pain. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 2003;11:88-94.
135. Moussouli M, Vlachopoulos SP, Kofotolis ND, Theodorakis Y, Malliou P, Kellis E. Effects of stabilization exercises on health-related quality of life in women with chronic low back pain. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2014;11:1295-303.
136. Anand N. Evaluating the effect of a 10-week stabilization exercise program on the postural stability and the neuromuscular control of the spine in subjects with subacute recurrent low back pain [Dissertation]. Ohio State University, 2009.
137. NCT00624533. Efficiency of GDS method for lumbar stabilization for non-specific low back pain in primary care. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00624533 (accessed 25 June 2015).
138. NCT01061632. High (deadlift) versus low intensity motor control exercises on low back pain. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01061632 (accessed 25 June 2015).
139. Nelson BW, O'Reilly E, Miller M, Hogan M, Wegner JA, Kelly C. The clinical effects of intensive, specific exercise on chronic low back pain: a controlled study of 895 consecutive patients with 1-year follow up. Orthopedics 1995;18:971-81.
140. Nelson-Wong E. Biomechanical Predictors of Functionally Induced Low Back Pain, Acute Response to Prolonged Standing Exposure, and Impact of a Stabilization-Based Clinical Exercise Intervention [Dissertation]. University of Waterloo (Canada), 2009.
141. Niemisto L, Lahtinen-Suopanki T, Rissanen P, Lindgren KA, Sarna S, Hurri H. A randomized trial of combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain. Spine 2003;28:2185-91.
142. Niemisto L, Sarna S, Lahtinen-Suopanki T, Lindgren KA, Hurri H. Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of chronic low back pain following manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation or physician consultation alone. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2004;36:104-9.
143. Niemisto L, Rissanen P, Sarna S, Lahtinen-Suopanki T, Lindgren KA, Hurri H. Cost-effectiveness of combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain: a prospective randomized trial with 2-year follow-up. Spine 2005;30:1109-15.
144. Norris C, Matthews M. The role of an integrated back stability program in patients with chronic low back pain. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2008;14:255-63.
145. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22:2959-67.
146. Oguzhan H, Ozyurek S, Kaya E. Effectiveness of back school program to quality of life and disability in patients with chronic low back pain. European Journal of Pain Supplements 2011, issue Conference abstract.
147. Megumi O, Koji K, Mika H, Keisuke K, Toshiki M. Effectiveness of lumbar stabilization exercises for reducing chronic low back pain and improving quality-of-life. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2011;23:679-81.
148. Pereira NT, Ferreira LAB, Pereira WM. Effectiveness of segmental stabilization exercises on mechanical-postural chronic low back pain. Fisioterapia em Movimento 2010;23:605-14.
149. Riipinen M, Niemisto L, Lindgren KA, Hurri H. Psychosocial differences as predictors for recovery from chronic low back pain following manipulation, stabilizing exercises and physician consultation or physician consultation alone. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2005;37:152-8.
150. Rydeard R, Leger A, Smith D. Pilates-based therapeutic exercise: effect on subjects with nonspecific chronic low back pain and functional disability: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2006;36:472-84.
151. Saner J, Kool J, de Bie RA, Sieben JM, Luomajoki H. Movement control exercise versus general exercise to reduce disability in patients with low back pain and movement control impairment. A randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2011;12:207. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-207]
152. Saner J, Kool J, Sieben JM, Luomajoki H, Bastiaenen CH, de Bie RA. A tailored exercise program versus general exercise for a subgroup of patients with low back pain and movement control impairment: A randomised controlled trial with one-year follow-up. Manual Therapy 2015 [Epub ahead of print].
153. Shakeri H, Fathollahi Z, Karimi N, Arab A M. Effect of functional lumbar stabilization exercises on pain, disability, and kinesiophobia in women with menstrual low back pain: a preliminary trial. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 2013;12:160-7.
154. Shnayderman I, Katz-Leurer M. An aerobic walking programme versus muscle strengthening programme for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2012;27:207-14.
155. Shnayderman I, Katz-Leurer M. An aerobic walking programme versus muscle strengthening programme for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2013;27:207-14.
156. Smeets RJEM. Do lumbar stabilising exercises reduce pain and disability in patients with recurrent low back pain?. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2009;55:138.
157. Smith D, Bissell G, Bruce-Low S, Wakefield C. The effect of lumbar extension training with and without pelvic stabilization on lumbar strength and low back pain. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2011;24:241-9.
158. Sokunbi O, Watt P, Moore A. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) on the effects of frequency of application of spinal stabilisation exercises on multifidus cross sectional area (MFCSA) in participants with chronic low back pain. Physiotherapy Singapore 2008;11:9-16.
159. Streicher H, Matzold F, Hamilton C, Wagner P. Comparison of group motor control training versus individual training for people suffering from back pain. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 2014;18(3):489-96.
160. Stuge B, Laerum E, Kirkesola G, Vollestad N. The efficacy of a treatment program focusing on specific stabilizing exercises for pelvic girdle pain after pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 2004;29:359.
161. Suni J, Rinne M, Natri A, Statistisian MP, Parkkari J, Alaranta H. Control of the lumbar neutral zone decreases low back pain and improves self-evaluated work ability: a 12-month randomized controlled study. Spine 2006;31:E611-20.
162. Teyhen DS, Usalis J, Szymanek EB, Paschall JC, Meagher MS, Harvey AD, et al. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging assessment of the lumbar multifidus during stabilization exercises in healthy adults. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2010;40:A39.
163. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self-exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine 1998;23:2616-24.
164. Trampas A, Mpeneka A, Malliou V, Godolias G, Vlachakis P. Immediate effects of core stability exercises and clinical massage on dynamic balance performance of patients with chronic specific low back pain. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2014 [Epub ahead of print].
165. Wang X, Zheng J, Bi X, Liu J. Effect of core stability training on patients with chronic low back pain. Health MED 2012;6:754-9.
166. Willemink MJ, van Es HW, Helmhout PH, Diederik AL, Kelder JC, van Heesewijk JP. The effects of dynamic isolated lumbar extensor training on lumbar multifidus functional cross-sectional area and functional status of patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Spine 2012;37:E1651-8.
167. Williamson W. Effect of Supervised and Directed Exercise on Low Back Pain and Functional Activity [Dissertation]. Oklahoma State University, 2008.
168. Xueqiang W, Jiejiao Z, Xia B, Jing L. Effect of core stability training on patients with chronic low back pain. Health MED 2012;6:759.
169. Yang EJ, Park WB, Shin HI, Lim JY. The effect of back school integrated with core strengthening in patients with chronic low-back pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2010;89:744-54.
170. Yelland MJ, Glasziou PP, Bogduk N, Schluter PJ, McKernon M. Prolotherapy injections, saline injections, and exercises for chronic low-back pain: a randomized trial. Spine 2004;29:9-16.
171. Yoo YD, Lee YS. The effect of core stabilization exercises using a sling on pain and muscle strength of patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2012;24:671-4.
172. You JH, Kim SY, Oh DW, Chon SC. The effect of a novel core stabilization technique on managing patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled, experimenter-blinded study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28:460-9.
173. Zhang Y, Tang S, Chen G, Liu Y. Chinese massage combined with core stability exercises for nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2015;23:1-6.
174. Bayraktar D, Guclu-Gunduz A, Lambeck J, Yazici G, Aykol S, Demirci H. Core stability exercises: in water or on land? Comparison of the effects of two different core stabilization training. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2013; Vol. 72:Conference abstract.
175. Carmo CM, Jacob MFA, Takara KS, Santos FG, Caromano FA, Tanaka C. Trunk stabilizing exercise and strengthening exercises in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: a pilot blinded randomized trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Disease 2013; Vol. 71:Abstract.
176. Meira DM. Functional reeducation program associated with back school improve functional disability and pain in workers with chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2013;72:A1095.
177. ACTRN12609000343202. Effects of specific physiotherapy treatment and advice versus advice alone on pain and function for people with sub-acute reducible discogenic low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12609000343202 (accessed 25 June 2015).
178. ACTRN12611000971932. A comparison of mechanical diagnosis & therapy and motor control exercises on the thickness of the trunk muscle in patients with chronic low back pain. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12611000971932 (accessed 25 June 2015).
179. Magalhaes MO, França FJR, Burke TN, Ramos LAV, Carvalho e Silva APMC, Almeida GPL, et al. Efficacy of graded activity versus supervised exercises in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2013;14:36. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-36]
180. NCT02112760. Specific stabilization exercise with ultrasound feedback for patient with recurrent low back pain. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02112760 (accessed 25 June 2015).
181. NCT02170753. Regional manual therapy and motor control exercise for chronic low back pain. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02170753 (accessed 25 June 2015).
182. NCT02200913. Effects of core stabilization exercise on balance. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02200913 (accessed 25 June 2015).
183. NCT02221609. Movement system impairment based classification versus general exercise for chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02221609 (accessed 25 June 2015).
184. NCT02374970. Transversus abdominis muscular training and chronic low back pain. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02374970 (accessed 25 June 2015).
185. NCT02398760. Relationship between clinical tests and clinical outcomes after motor control exercises intervention. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02398760 (accessed 25 June 2015).
186. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. European Spine Journal 2006;15 Suppl 2:S192-300.
187. Alaranta H, Tallroth K, Soukka A, Heliovaara M. Fat content of lumbar extensor muscles and low back disability: a radiographic and clinical comparison. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 1993;6:137-40.
188. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64:401-6.
189. Boutron I, Estellat C, Ravaud P. A review of blinding in randomized controlled trials found results inconsistent and questionable. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005;58:1220-6.
190. Bystrom MG, Rasmussen-Barr E, Grooten WJA. Motor control exercises reduces pain and disability in chronic and recurrent low back pain. Spine 2013;38:E350-8.
191. Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine Journal 2008;8:8-20.
192. Duffy S, Misso K, Noake C, Ross J, Stirk L. Supplementary searches of PubMed to improve currency of MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process searches via OvidSP. Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, York. Poster presented at the UK InterTASC Information Specialists' Sub-Group (ISSG) Workshop; 9 July 2014; Exeter: UK (2014) (accessed 6 August 2014). Available from: https://medicine.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/medicalschool/research/pentag/documents/Steven_Duffy_ISSG_Exeter_2014_poster_1.pdf.
193. Furlan AD, Pennick V, Bombardier C, van Tulder M, Editorial Board Cochrane Back Review Group. 2009 Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine 2009;34:1929-41.
194. Furlan AD, Malmivaara A, Chou R, Maher CG, Deyo RA, Schoene M, et al. 2015 Updated method guideline for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck Group. Spine 2015 Jul 22 [Epub ahead of print].
195. Guyatt GH, Thorlund K, Oxman AD, Waltera SD, Patrick D, Furukawa TA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 13. Preparing Summary of Findings tables and evidence profiles - continuous outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66:173-83.
196. Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, Spindler MF, McAuley JH, Laslett M, et al. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ or facet joint as the source of low back pain. European Spine Journal 2007;16:1539-50.
197. Hides JA, Stokes MJ, Saide M, Jull GA, Cooper DH. Evidence of lumbar multifidus muscle wasting ipsilateral to symptoms in patients with acute/subacute low back pain. Spine 1994;19:165-72.
198. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org 2011.
199. Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine 1996;21:2640-50.
200. Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Relationship between limb movement speed and associated contraction of the trunk muscles. Ergonomics 1997;40:1220-30.
201. Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Delayed postural contraction of transversus abdominis in low back pain associated with movement of the lower limb. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 1998;11:46-56.
202. Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Altered trunk muscle recruitment in people with low back pain with upper limb movement at different speeds. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80:1005-12.
203. Hodges PW. Core stability exercise in chronic low back pain. Orthopedic Clinics of North America 2003;34:245-54.
204. Macedo LG, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, Kamper SJ, McAuley JH, Stanton TR, et al. Predicting response to motor control exercises and graded activity for patients with low back pain: preplanned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2014;94(11):1543-53.
205. Menezes Costa LdaC, Maher CG, McAuley JH, Hancock MJ, Herbert RD, Refshauge KM, et al. Prognosis for patients with chronic low back pain: inception cohort study. BMJ 2009;339:b3829.
206. Menezes Costa LdaC, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, McAuley JH, Herbert RD, Costa LO. The prognosis of acute and persistent low-back pain: a meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2012;184:E613-24.
207. Moseley GL, Hodges PW, Gandevia SC. Deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus muscle are differentially active during voluntary arm movements. Spine 2002;27:E29-36.
208. Mueller PS, Montori VM, Bassler D, Koenig BA, Guyatt GH. Ethical issues in stopping randomized trials early because of apparent benefit. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007;146:878-81.
209. Panjabi MM. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 1992;5:390-6.
210. Panjabi MM. Clinical spinal instability and low back pain. Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology 2003;13:371-9.
211. Panjabi MM. A hypothesis of chronic back pain: ligament subfailure injuries lead to muscle control dysfunction. European Spine Journal 2006;15:668-76.
212. Richardson C, Jull G, Hodges P, Hides J. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbopelvic Stabilization. A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment & Prevention of Low Back Pain. Churchill Livingstone, 2004.
213. Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008880]
214. Teyhen DS, Miltenberger CE, Deiters HM, Del Toro YM, Pulliam JN, Childs JD, et al. The use of ultrasound imaging of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver in subjects with low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2005;35:346-55.
215. van Dieen JH, Selen LP, Cholewicki J. Trunk muscle activation in low-back pain patients, an analysis of the literature. Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology 2003;13:333-51.
216. van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L, Editorial Board of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290-9.
217. van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, del Real MT, Hutchinson A, et al. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. European Spine Journal 2006;15 Suppl 2:S169-91.
218. Wang XQ, Zheng JJ, Yu ZW, Bi X, Lou SJ, Liu J, et al. A meta-analysis of core stability exercise versus general exercise for chronic low back pain. PLoS One 2012;7:e52082.
219. Yamato TP, Maher CG, Saragiotto BT, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RWJG, Cabral CMN, et al. Pilates for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010265.pub2]
220. Macedo LG, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH. Motor control exercise for persistent, nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Physical Therapy 2009;89:9-25.