Environmental contamination in households of patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 82, Issue 9, 2016, Pages 2686-2692

  Shaughnessy, Megan K ^a,d   Bobr, Aleh ^b   Kuskowski, Michael A ^b,c   Johnston, Brian D ^a,c   Sadowsky, Michael J ^b   Khoruts, Alexander ^a,b   Johnson, James R ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d HENNEPIN COUNTY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECONTAMINATION; ELECTROPHORESIS;

AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES; HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT; HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS; PULSED FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS;

CLOSTRIDIUM;

BACTERIAL DISEASE; DETOXIFICATION; DISEASE INCIDENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FECES; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HOUSEHOLD SURVEY; HYGIENE; INFECTIVITY; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; POLLUTION INCIDENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SPORE;

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FAMILY SIZE; FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION; FECES; FEMALE; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MALE; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MINNESOTA; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; PET ANIMAL; POLLUTION; PREVALENCE; RECURRENT DISEASE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANIMALS; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION; FECES; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MINNESOTA; PETS; PREVALENCE; RECURRENCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84965172338     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: 10985336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03888-15     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, Owens RC, Kazakova SV, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN. 2005. An epidemic, toxin genevariant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 353:2433-2441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa051590.
2. Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S, Bourgault AM, Nguyen T, Frenette C, Kelly M, Vibien A, Brassard P, Fenn S, Dewar K, Hudson TJ, Horn R, Rene P, Monczak Y, Dascal A.2005. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 353:2442-2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa051639.
3. McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. 2002. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. AmJ Gastroenterol 97:1769-1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05839.x.
4. Kim KH, Fekety R, Batts DH, Brown D, Cudmore M, Silva J, Waters D.1981. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. J Infect Dis 143:42-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/143.1.42.
5. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Lou VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J, Wilcox M. 2010. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:431-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651706.
6. Mayfield JL, Leet T, Miller J, Mundy LM. 2000. Environmental control to reduce transmission of Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 31:995-1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/318149.
7. Weese JS, Finely R, Reid-Smith RR, Janecko N, Rousseau J. 2010. Evaluation of Clostridium difficile in dogs and the household environment. Epidemiol Infect 138:1100-1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809991312.
8. Galdys AL, Nelson JS, Shutt KA, Schlackman JL, Pakstis DL, Pasculle AW, Marsh JW, Harrison LH, Curry SR. 2014. Prevalence and duration of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriage among healthy subjects in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. J Clin Microbiol 52:2406-2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00222-14.
9. Ozaki E, Kato H, Kita H, Karasawa T, Maegawa T, Koino Y, Matsumoto K, Takada T, Nomoto K, Tanaka R, Nakamura S. 2004. Clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults: transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization. J Med Microbiol 53:167-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05376-0.
10. Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. 2008. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 46(Suppl 1):S12-S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521863.
11. Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, Eckstein EC, Jump RL, Donskey CJ.2007. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 45:992-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521854.
12. Jangi S, Lamont JT. 2010. Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 51:2-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181d29767.
13. Riley TV, Adams JE, O'Neill GL, Bowman RA. 1991. Gastrointestinal carriage of Clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics. Epidemiol Infect 107:659-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800049359.
14. Arroyo LG, Rousseau BM, Willey BM, Low DE, Staempfli H, McGeer A, Weese JS. 2005. Use of a selective enrichment broth to recover Clostridium difficile from stool swabs stored under different conditions. J Clin Microbiol 43:5341-5343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.10.5341-5343.2005.
15. Braun V, Hundsberger T, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C. 1996. Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile. Gene 181:29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00398-8.
16. Stubbs S, Rupnik M, Gibert M, Brazier J, Duerden B, Popoff M. 2000. Production of actin-specific ADP-riposyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett 186:307-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09122.x.
17. Spigaglia P, Mastrantonio P. 2002. Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 40:3470-3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.9.3470-3475.2002.
18. Rupnik M, Avesani V, Janc M, von Eichel-Streiber C, Delmee M. 1998. A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates. J Clin Microbiol 36:2240-2247.
19. Rupnik M. 2011. Clostridium difficile toxinotypes. University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia. http://www.mf.uni-mb.si/mikro/tox/. Accessed 22 October 2013.
20. Killgore G, Thompson A, Johnson S, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Pepin J, Frost EH, Savelkoul P, Nicholson B, van den Berg RJ, Kato H, Sambol SP, Zukowski W, Woods C, Limbago B, Gerding DN, McDonald LC. 2008. Comparison of seven techniques for typing international epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile: restriction endonuclease analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR-ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and surface layer protein A gene sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 46:431-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01484-07.
21. Curry S, Marsh JW, Muto CA, O'Leary MM, Pasculle AW, Harrison LH. 2007. tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 45:215-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01599-06.
22. Barbut F, Richard A, Hamadi K, Chomette V, Burghoffer B, Petit J.2000. Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 38:2386-2388.
23. Kamboj M, Khosa P, Kaltsas A, Babady NE, Son C, Sepkowitz KA.2011. Relapse versus reinfection: surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 53:1003-1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir643.
24. Figueroa I, Johnson S, Sambol SP, Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Gerding DN. 2012. Relapse versus reinfection: recurrent Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 55:S104-S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis357.
25. Marsh JW, Arora R, Schlackman JL, Shutt KA, Curry SR, Harrison LH.2012. Association of relapse of Clostridium difficile with BI/NAP1/027. J Clin Microbiol 50:4078-4082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02291-12.
26. Eyre DW, Walker S, Griffiths D, Wilcox MH, Wyllie DH, Dingle KE, Crook DW, Peto TE. 2012. Clostridium difficile mixed infection and reinfection. J Clin Microbiol 50:142-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.05177-11.
27. Eckstein BC, Adams DA, Eckstein EC, Rao A, Sethi AK, Yadavalli GK, Donskey CJ. 2007. Reduction of Clostridium difficile and vancomycinresistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods.BMCInfect Dis 7:61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-61.
28. Boyce JM, Havill NL, Lipka A, Havill H, Rizvani R. 2010. Variations in hospital daily cleaning practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:99-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649225.