Tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: a green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases?

Parasitology Research

Volumn 115, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 2545-2560

  Benelli, Giovanni ^a   Pavela, Roman ^b   Canale, Angelo ^a   Mehlhorn, Heinz ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Czech Republic)

^c HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Arbovirus; Argasidae; Biosafety; DEET; Icaridin; Ixodidae; Lyme disease; Plant extract; Rickettsiales

Indexed keywords

ACARICIDE; ICARIDIN; PHEROMONE; PLANT EXTRACT;

AMBLYOMMA CAJENNENSE; ASTERACEAE; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; DISEASE CARRIER; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIC; FABACEAE; HAEMAPHYSALIS BISPINOSA; HAEMAPHYSALIS LONGICORNIS; HUMAN; HYALOMMA ANATOLICUM; HYALOMMA MARGINATUM; INFECTION CONTROL; INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; IXODES PERSULCATUS; IXODES RICINUS; LAMIACEAE; MELIACEAE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHIPICEPHALUS APPENDICULATUS; RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS; RHIPICEPHALUS TURANICUS; SOLANACEAE; TICK; TICK BORNE DISEASE; VERBENACEAE; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECTS; IXODES; LIVESTOCK; PROCEDURES; TICK CONTROL; TICK-BORNE DISEASES;

ACARICIDES; ANIMALS; ASTERACEAE; DISEASE VECTORS; FABACEAE; IXODES; LAMIACEAE; LIVESTOCK; PLANT EXTRACTS; RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS; TICK CONTROL; TICK-BORNE DISEASES;

EID: 84965082464     PISSN: 09320113     EISSN: 14321955     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5095-1     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Abd El Ghany AM (2012) Plant extracts as effective compounds pest control. Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co KG, Saarbrücken, p 132
2. Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Quraishy S, Mehlhorn H (2015) Length of tick repellency depends on formulation of the repellent compound (Icaridin = Saltidin®): tests on Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ricinus placed on hands and clothes. Parasitol Res 114:3041–3045
3. Abdel-Rahman MS, Fahmy MM, Aggour M (1998) Trials for control of ixodid ticks using pheromone acaricide tick decoys. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 28:551–557
4. Alcala Y, Rivero F, Sumano H, Gutierrez L (2015) Acaricidal action of water extracts from Eysenhardtia polystachya against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Comp Parasitol 82:123–128
5. Allan SA, Sonenshine DE, Burridge MJ (2001) Tick pheromones and uses thereof. U.S. Patent No. 6331297
6. Alvarez V, Loaiza J, Bonilla R, Barrios M (2008) Control in vitro de garrapatas (Boophilus microplus; Acari: Ixodidae) mediante extractos vegetales. Rev Biol Trop 56:291–302
7. Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rahuman AA (2009) Adulticidal and larvicidal efficacy of some medicinal plant extracts against tick, fluke and mosquitoes. Vet Parasitol 166:286–292
8. Barbosa CD, Borges LMF, Nicacio J, Alves RD, Miguita CH, Violante IMP, Hamerski L, Garcez WS, Garcez FR (2013) In vitro activities of plant extracts from the Brazilian Cerrado and Pantanal against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 60:421–430
9. Benelli G (2015a) Research in mosquito control: current challenges for a brighter future. Parasitol Res 114:2801–2805
10. Benelli G (2015b) Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance: a systematic review. Parasitol Res 114:3201–3212
11. Benelli G (2016) Plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles as an emerging tool against mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance: a review. Parasitol Res 115:23–34
12. Benelli G, Mehlhorn H (2016) Declining malaria, rising dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control. Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-4971-z
13. Benelli G, Bedini S, Cosci F, Toniolo C, Conti B, Nicoletti M (2015a) Larvicidal and ovi-deterrent properties of neem oil and fractions against the filariasis vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): a bioactivity survey across production sites. Parasitol Res 114:227–236
14. Benelli G, Bedini S, Flamini G, Cosci F, Cioni PL, Amira S, Benchikh F, Laouer H, Di Giuseppe G, Conti B (2015b) Mediterranean essential oils as effective weapons against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens and the Echinostoma intermediate host Physella acuta: what happens around? An acute toxicity survey on non-target mayflies. Parasitol Res 114:1011–1021
15. Benelli G, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Madhiyazhagan P, Conti B, Nicoletti M (2015c) Old ingredients for a new recipe? Neem cake, a low-cost botanical by-product in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases. Parasitol Res 114:391–397
16. Benelli G, Lo Iacono A, Canale A, Mehlhorn H (2016) Mosquito vectors and the spread of cancer: an overlooked connection? Parasitol Res doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5037-y
17. Benjamin MA, Zhioua E, Ostfeld RS (2002) Laboratory and field evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) for controlling questing adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 39:723–728
18. Bezerra DP, Castro FO, Alves AP, Pessoa C, Moraes MO, Silveira ER, Lima MA, Elmiro FJ, Costa-Lotufo LV (2006) In vivo growth inhibition of sarcoma 180 by piplartine and piperine, two alkaloid amides from Piper. Braz J Med Biol Res 39:801–807
19. Bissinger BW, Roe MR (2010) Tick repellents: past, present, and future. Pesticid Biochem Physiol 96:63–79
20. Broglio-Micheletti SMF, Valente ECN, de Souza LA, Dias ND, de Araujo AMN (2009) Plant extracts in control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 18:44–48
21. Broglio-Micheletti SMF, Dias NS, Valente ECN, Souza LA, Lopes DOP, Santos JM (2010) Ação de extrato e óleo de nim no controle de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) em laboratório—Action of extract and oil neem in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 19:44–48
22. Bruneton J (1999) Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Lavoisier, Paris
23. Buzatti A, Krawczak FD, Pivoto FL, Vogel FSF, Botton SD, Zanetti GD, Manfron MP, Sangioni LA (2011) Acaricide activity in vitro of Glechon spathulata Benth. on engorged females of Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Cienc Rural 41:1813–1817
24. Castro KNC, Lima DF, Vasconcelos LC, Leite JRSA, Santos RC, Neto AAP, Costa LM (2014) Acaricide activity in vitro of Acmella oleracea against Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasitol Res 113:3697–3701
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) Tickborne diseases of the United States, http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/diseases/. Updated: February 8, 2016
26. Chagas ACD, Georgetti CS, de Carvalho CO, Oliveira MCD, Rodrigues RA, Foglio MA, de Magalhaes PM (2011) In vitro activity of Artemisia annua L (Asteraceae) extracts against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 20:31–35
27. Chagas ACD, de Barros LD, Cotinguiba F, Furlan M, Giglioti R, Oliveira MCD, Bizzo HR (2012) In vitro efficacy of plant extracts and synthesized substances on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 110:295–303
28. Cowan MM (1999) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:564–582
29. Cristina RT, Morariu S, Cernea MS, Dumitrescu E, Muselin F, Cumpanasoiu C (2014) Phytotherapeutic activity of Euphorbia cyparissias extracts on Ixodidae (Acari) female ticks. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 11:48–53
30. Dantas ACS, Machado DMR, Araujo AC, Oliveira RG, Lima-Saraiva SRG, Ribeiro LAA, Almeida JRGS, Horta MC (2015) Acaricidal activity of extracts from the leaves and aerial parts of Neoglaziovia variegata (Bromeliaceae) on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Res Vet Sci 100:165–168
31. Dantas-Torres F, Chomel BB, Otranto D (2012) Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a one health perspective. Trends Parasitol 28:437–446
32. Dautel H (2001) Ein Testsystem zur Detektion von Zeckenrepellentien. Entomologentagung Düsseldorf March 26–April 1
33. Davidović V, Joksimović-Todorović M, Maksimović Z, Hristov S, Stanković B, Relić R (2011) Review of plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine. Maced J Anim Sci 1:377–382
34. de la Fuente J, Rodriguez M, Montero C, Redondo M, Garcia-Garcia JC, Mendez L, Serrano E, Valdes M, Enriquez A, Canales M, Ramos E, Boue O, Machado M, Lleonart R (1999) Vaccination against ticks (Boophilus spp.): the experience with the Bm86-based vaccine Gavac (TM). Genet Anal Biomol Eng 15:143–148
35. Deplazes T, Eckert J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Zahner H (2013) Textbook of parasitology of veterinary medicine, 3rd edn. Enke, Stuttgart
36. Domingues LF, Giglioti R, Feitosa KA, Fantatto, Rabelo MD, Oliveira MCD, De Oliveira GP, Bechara GH, Chagas ACD (2013) In vitro activity of pineapple extracts (Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae) on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 134:400–404
37. Donald AD (1994) Parasites, animal production and sustainable development. Vet Parasitol 54:27–47
38. Dos Santos LB, Souza JK, Papassoni B, Borges DGL, Damasceno GA, De Souza JME, Carollo CA, Borges FD (2013) Efficacy of extracts from plants of the Brazilian Pantanal against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 22:532–538
39. Dubey NK (2011) Natural products in pest management. CAB International, London
40. Elango G, Rahuman AA (2011) Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against ticks and fluke. Parasitol Res 108:513–519
41. El-Wakeil NE (2013) Botanical pesticides and their mode of action. Gesunde Pflanzen 65:25–149
42. Feaster JE, Scialdone MA, Todd RG, Gonzalez YI, Foster JP, Hallahan DL (2009) Dihydronepetalactones deter feeding activity by mosquitoes, stable flies, and deer ticks. J Med Entomol 46:832–840
43. Fernandez-Salas A, Alonso-Diaz MA, Acosta-Rodriguez R, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Sandoval-Castro CA, Rodriguez-Vivas RI (2011) In vitro acaricidal effect of tannin-rich plants against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 175:113–118
44. Frazzon APG, Da Silva Vaz I Jr, Masuda A, Schrank A, Vainstein MH (2000) In vitro assessment of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Vet Parasitol 94:117–125
45. Frisch JE (1999) Towards a permanent solution for controlling cattle ticks. Int J Parasitol 29:57–71
46. Gaur GK, Kaushik SN, Garg RC (2002) Ongole cattle status in India. Anim Genet Resour Inform 32:27–34
47. Gaur GK, Singh A, Singh PK, Pundir RK (2004) Morphometric characteristics and present status of Ponwar cattle breed in India. Anim Genet Resour Inform 34:17–25
48. George DR (2000) Present and future technologies for tick control. Ann NY Acad Sci 916:583–588
49. George DR, Guy JH, Harrington D, De Luna C, Okello EJ, Shiel RS, Port G, Sparagano OAE (2008) Use of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary importance: a review animal biodiversity and emerging diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 1149:23–26
50. Ghosh S, Azhahianambi P, de la Fuente J (2006) Control of ticks of ruminants, with special emphasis on livestock farming systems in India: present and future possibilities for integrated control—a review. Exp Appl Acarol 40:49–66
51. Ghosh S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Tiwari SS, Rastogi S, Srivastava S, Singh M, Kumar R, Paul S, Ray DD, Rawat AK (2011) In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Acorus calamus extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitol Res 108:361–370
52. Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Srivastava S, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Nagar G, Kumar KGA, Kumar R, Rawat AKS (2015a) In vitro acaricidal properties of Semecarpus anacardium fruit and Datura stramonium leaf extracts against acaricide susceptible (IVRI-I line) and resistant (IVRI-V line) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Res Vet Sci 101:69–74
53. Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Kumar B, Srivastava S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Bandyopadhyay A, Julliet S, Kumar R, Rawat AKS (2015b) Identification of potential plant extracts for anti-tick activity against acaricide resistant cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 66:159–171
54. Gindin G, Samish M, Zangi G, Mishoutchenko A, Glazer I (2002) The susceptibility of different species and stages of ticks to entomopathogenic fungi. Exp Appl Acarol 28:283–288
55. Guglielmone AA, Robbins RG, Apanaskevich DA, Petney TN, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG (2014) Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world. Springer, Heidelberg
56. Hamilton J, Sonenshine DE (1989) Methods and apparatus for controlling arthropod populations. U.S. Patent No. 4884361
57. Hocayen PAS, Pimenta DS (2013) Extrato de plantas medicinais como carrapaticida de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus—Herbal extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks. Rev Bras Plant Med 15:627–631
58. Hodgson E, Levi PE (1996) Pesticides: an important but underused model for the environmental health sciences. Environ Health Perspect 104:97–106
59. Isman MB (2006) Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol 51:45–66
60. Isman MB (2015) A renaissance for botanical insecticides? Pest Manag Sci 71:1587–1590
61. Isman MB, Grieneisen ML (2014) Botanical insecticide research: many publications, limited useful data. Trends Plant Sci 19:140–145
62. Jaenson TGT, Palsson K, Borg-Karlson AK (2005) Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden. Med Vet Entomol 19:345–352
63. Kalume MK, Losson B, Angenot L, Tits M, Wauters JN, Frederich M, Saegerman C (2012) Rotenoid content and in vitro acaricidal activity of Tephrosia vogelii leaf extract on the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Vet Parasitol 190:204–209
64. Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Elango G, Rajakumar G, Zahir AA, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C (2010) Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against blood-sucking parasites. Parasitol Res 106:1403–1412
65. Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Endale A (2009a) Ethnobotanical survey of knowledge and usage custom of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants among the Ethiopian Oromo ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol 125(2):224–229
66. Karunamoorthi K, Mulelam A, Wassie F (2009b) Assessment of knowledge and usage custom of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants in Addis Zemen Town, South Gonder, north western Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 121:49–53
67. Krishna TP, Krishna TP, Chithra ND, Deepa PE, Darsana U, Sreelekha KP, Juliet S, Nair SN, Ravindran R, Kumar KG, Ghosh S (2014) Acaricidal activity of petroleum ether extract of leaves of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Sci World J 2014:715481
68. Kumar S, Prakash S, Kaushik MP, Rao KM (1992) Comparative activity of three repellents against the ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Argas persicus. Med Vet Entomol 6:47–50
69. Kumar RS, Ponmozhi M, Nalini M (2002) Effect of Cassia auriculata leaf extract on lipids in rats with alcoholic liver injury. Asia Pacif J Clin Nutr 11:157–163
70. Kumar RS, Ponmozhi M, Viswanathan P, Nalini N (2003) Activity of Cassia auriculata leaf extract in rats with alcoholic liver injury. J Nutr Biochem 14:452–458
71. Kumaran A, Karunakaran RJ (2007) Antioxidant activity of Cassia auriculata flowers. Fitoterapia 78:46–47
72. Lazaro SF, Fonseca LD, Fernandes RC, Tolentino JS, Martins ER, Duarte ER (2012) Effect of aqueous extract of silk cotton (Calotropis procera Ait. R.Br.) on the reproductive performance of Rhipicephalus microplus. Rev Bras Pl Med 14:302–305
73. Lazaro SF, Fonseca LD, Martins ER, De Oliveira NJF, Duarte ER (2013) Effect of aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera on development and hatching of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acaridae) eggs. Vet Parasitol 194:79–82
74. Lima AS, Sousa Filho JG, Pereira SG, Guillon GM, Santos Lda S, Costa Júnior LM (2014) Acaricide activity of different extracts from Piper tuberculatum fruits against Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasitol Res 113:107–112
75. Lima AD, De Carvalho JF, Peixoto MG, Blank AF, Borges LMF, Costa LM (2016) Assessment of the repellent effect of Lippia alba essential oil and major monoterpenes on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Med Vet Entomol 30:73–77
76. Löscher T, Burchard GD (2010) Tropical medicine in clinic and praxis, 4th edn. Thieme, Stuttgart
77. Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P (2013) The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.—a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 11:374–411
78. Lwande W, Ndakala AJ, Hassanali A et al (1999) Gynandropis gynandra essential oil and its constituents as tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) repellents. Phytochemistry 50:401–405
79. Madhumitha G, Rajakumar G, Roopan SM, Rahuman AA, Priya KM, Saral AM, Khan FRN, Khanna VG, Velayutham K, Jayaseelan C, Kamaraj C, Elango G (2012) Acaricidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal efficacy of fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and its compounds against blood-feeding parasites. Parasitol Res 111:2189–2199
80. Magano SR, Thembo KM, Ndlovu SM, Makhubela NFH (2008) The anti-tick properties of the root extracts of Senna italica subsp arachoides. Afr J Biotechnol 7:476–481
81. Magano SR, Mkolo MN, Shai LJ (2011) Repellent properties of Nicotiana tabacum and Eucalyptus globoidea against adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes. Afr J Microb Res 5:4508–4512
82. Maranga R, Hassanali A, Kaaya GP, Mueke JM (2003) Attraction of Amblyomma variegatum (ticks) to the attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone with or without carbon dioxide. Exp Appl Acarol 29:121–130
83. Marchand PA (2015) Basic substances: an opportunity for approval of low-concern substances under EU pesticide regulation. Pest Manag Sci 71:1197–1200
84. Marchio F (1996) Insect repellent 3535. A new alternative to DEET. SÖFW J 122:478–485
85. Marimuthu S, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Kirthi AV, Jayaseelan C, Bagavan A, Zahir AA, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. Parasitol Res 10:2212–2224
86. Martinez-Velazquez M, Castillo-Herrera GA, Rosario-Cruz R, Flores-Fernandez JM, Lopez-Ramirez J, Hernandez-Gutierrez R, Lugo-Cervantes ED (2011) Acaricidal effect and chemical composition of essential oils extracted from Cuminum cyminum, Pimenta dioica and Ocimum basilicum against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 108:481–487
87. Mehlhorn H (2011) Nature helps. Parasitology research monographs, vol 1. Springer, New York
88. Mehlhorn H (2016) Encyclopedia of parasitology, 4th edn. Springer, New York
89. Mehlhorn H, Schmahl G, Schmidt J (2005) Extracts of the seeds of Vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies. Parasitol Res 95:363–365
90. Mehlhorn H, Al-Rasheid KA, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Ghaffar F (2012) Research and increase of expertise in arachno-entomology are urgently needed. Parasitol Res 110:259–265
91. Miguita CH, Barbosa CS, Hamerski L, Sarmento UC, do Nascimento JN, Garcez WS, Garcez FR (2015) 3β-O-Tigloylmelianol from Guarea kunthiana: a new potential agent to control Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, a cattle tick of veterinary significance. Molecules 20:111–126
92. Mowbray F, Amlot R, Rubin GJ (2012) Ticking all the boxes? A systematic review of education and communication interventions to prevent tick-borne disease. Vect Borne Zoonotic Dis 12:817–825
93. Mwangi EN, Hassanali A, Essuman S, Myandat E, Moreka L, Kimondo M (1995) Repellent and acaricidal properties of Ocimum suave against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 19:11–18
94. Ndungu M, Lwande W, Hassanali A et al (1995) Cleome monophylla essential oil and its constituents as tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) repellents. Entomol Exp Appl 76:217–222
95. Nentwig G (2003) Use of repellents as prophylactic agents. Parasitol Res 90:S40–S48
96. Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E (2010) Repellent activity of essential oils: a review. Biores Technol 101:372–378
97. Nong X, Tan YJ, Wang JH, Xie Y, Fang CL, Chen L, Liu TF, Yang DY, Gu XB, Peng XR, Wang SX, Yang GY (2013) Evaluation acaricidal efficacy of botanical extract from Eupatorium adenophorum against the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 135:558–563
98. Norval RAI, Peter T, Yunker CE, Sonenshine DE, Burridge MJ (1991a) Responses of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum to known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone. 1. Long-range attraction. Exp Appl Acarol 13:11–18
99. Norval RAI, Peter T, Yunker CE, Sonenshine DE, Burrdige MJ (1991b) Responses of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum to known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone. 2. Attachment stimulation. Exp Appl Acarol 13:19–26
100. Norval RAI, Peter T, Yunker CE, Sonenshine DE, Burridge MJ (1992) Responses of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum to known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone. 3. Aggregation. Exp Appl Acarol 16:237–245
101. Norval RAI, Sonenshine DE, Allan SA, Burridge MJ (1996) Efficacy of pheromone-acaricide impregnated tail-tag decoys for control of bont ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum, on cattle in Zimbabwe. Exp Appl Acarol 20:31–46
102. Oh J, Bowling JJ, Carroll JF, Demirci B, Baser KHC, Leininger TD, Bernier UR, Hamann MT (2012) Natural product studies of U.S. endangered plants: volatile components of Lindera melissifolia (Lauraceae) repel mosquitoes and ticks. Phytochemistry 80:28–36
103. Osman MA, Aziz MA, Habib MR, Karim MR (2011) Pesticidal evaluation of Manilkara zapota (L.) against Tribolium castaneum (Herbest). Agric Conspec Sci 76:143–146
104. Parmar VS, Jain SC, Bisht KS, Jain R, Taneja P, Jha A, Tyagi OD, Prasad AK, Wengel J, Olsen CE, Boll PM (1997) Phytochemistry of the genus Piper. Phytochemistry 46:597–673
105. Pavela R (2011) Insecticidal and repellent activity of selected essential oils against of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) adults. Ind Crop Prod 34:888–892
106. Pavela R (2014) Acute, synergistic and antagonistic effects of some aromatic compounds on the Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae. Ind Crop Prod 60:247–258
107. Pavela R (2015a) Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: a review. Ind Crop Prod 76:174–187
108. Pavela R (2015b) Acute toxicity and synergistic and antagonistic effects of the aromatic compounds of some essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae. Parasitol Res 114:3835–3853
109. Pavela R (2015c) Acaricidal properties of extracts and major furanochromenes from the seeds of Ammi visnaga Linn. against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Ind Crop Prod 67:108–113
110. Pavela R (2016) Acaricidal properties of extracts of some medicinal and culinary plants against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Plant Prot Sci 52:54–63
111. Pavela R, Herda G (2007) Repellent effects of pongam oil on settlement and oviposition of the common greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum on chrysanthemum. Insect Sci 14:219–224
112. Pavela R, Zabka M, Vrchotova N, Triska J, Kazda J (2013) Selective effects of the extract from Angelica archangelica L. against Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)—an important predator of aphids. Ind Crop Prod 51:87–92
113. Pavela R, Kaffkova K, Kumsta M (2014) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils from different Mentha L. and Pulegium species against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Plant Prot Sci 50:36–42
114. Pavela R, Vrchotova N, Triska J (2016a) Larvicidal activity of extracts from Ammi visnaga Linn. (Apiaceae) seeds against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol 165:51–57
115. Pavela R, Žabka M, Bednář J, Tříska J, Vrchotová N (2016b) New knowledge for yield, composition and insecticidal activity of essential oils obtained from the aerial parts or seeds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Ind Crop Prod 83:275–282
116. Pfäffle M, Littwin N, Muders SV, Petney TN (2013) The ecology of tick-borne diseases. Int J Parasitol 43:1059–1077
117. Pivoto FL, Buzatti A, Krawczak FD, Camillo G, Sangioni LA, Zanetti GD, Manfron MP, Vogel FSF (2010) In vitro acaricidal effect of Tropaeolum majus on the engorged female of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Cienc Rural 40:2141–2145
118. Politi FAS, Figueira GM, Araujo AM, Sampieri BR, Mathias MIC, Szabo MPJ, Bechara GH, Dos Santos LC, Vilegas W, Pietro RCLR (2012) Acaricidal activity of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) against larvae and engorged adult females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806). Parasit Vect 5:295
119. Politi FAS, Figueira GM, Camargo-Mathias MI, Berenger JM, Parola P, Pietro RCLR (2015) Action of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) on hatchability and embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus eggs (Acari: Ixodidae). Ind Crop Prod 67:55–61
120. Pulido Suárez NJ, Cruz Carrillo A (2013) Eficacia de los extractos hidroalcohólicos de dos plantas sobre garrapatas adultas Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus—Efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of two plants on adult ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Corpoica Cienc Tecnol Agropecu 14:91–97
121. Rajakumar G, Rahuman AA (2012) Acaricidal activity of aqueous extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles from Manilkara zapota against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Res Vet Sci 93:303–309
122. Ramirez AM, Saillard N, Yang T, Franssen MCR, Bouwmeester HJ, Jongsma MA (2013) Biosynthesis of sesquiterpene lactones in Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). PLoS One 8:e65030
123. Rattan RS (2010) Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin. Crop Prot 29:913–920
124. Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT (2012) Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world. Annu Rev Entomol 57:405–424
125. Ribeiro VLS, Avancini C, Goncalves K, Toigo E, von Poser G (2008) Acaricidal activity of Calea serrata (Asteraceae) on Boophilus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Parasitol 151:351–354
126. Righi AA, Motta LB, Klafke GM, Pohl PC, Furlan CM, Santos DYAC, Salatino MLF, Negri G, Labruna MB, Salatino A (2013) Chemical composition and efficacy of dichloromethane extract of Croton sphaerogynus Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 192:292–295
127. Rosado-Aguilar JA, Aguilar-Caballero A, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Borges-Argaez R, Garcia-Vazquez Z, Mendez-Gonzalez M (2010) Acaricidal activity of extracts from Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 168:299–303
128. Samish M, Rehacek J (1999) Pathogens and predators of ticks and their potential in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 44:159–182
129. Santos FCC, Vogel FSF (2012) Avaliação in vitro da ação do óleo essencial de capim limão (Cymbopogon citratus) sobre o carrapato bovino Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus—In vitro evaluation of the action of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Rev Bras Plant Med 14:712–716
130. Santos AV, de Oliveira RA, Albuquerque GR (2012) The in vitro effect of neem extract (Azadirachta indica) and clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) in the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Rev Bras Med Vet 34:111–115
131. Scartezzini P, Speroni E (2000) Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J Ethnopharmacol 71:23–43
132. Schreck CE, Fish D, McGovern TP (1995) Activity of repellents applied to skin for protection against Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Am Mosq Contr Assoc 11:136–140
133. Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid K, Mehlhorn H (2009) Nature helps: from research to products against bloodsucking arthropods. Parasitol Res 105:1483–1487
134. Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KA, Mehlhorn H (2010) Comparison of the tick repellent efficacy of chemical and biological products originating from Europe and the USA. Parasitol Res 108:899–904
135. Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KA, Mehlhorn H (2011) Comparison of the tick repellent efficacy of chemical and biological products originating from Europe and the USA. Parasitol Res 108:899–904
136. Sepúlveda LC, Rodríguez OJS, Carrillo AC, Molano CER (2013) Reporte preliminar del efecto ixodicida de extractos de algunas plantas sobre garrapatas Boophilus microplus. Preliminary report of the ixodicidal effect of some plant extracts on ticks Boophilus microplus. Rev Cuban Plant Med 18:118–130
137. Silva WC, Martins JRD, de Souza HEM, Heinzen H, Cesio MV, Mato M, Albrecht F, de Azevedo JL, de Barros NM (2009) Toxicity of Piper aduncum L. (Piperales: Piperaceae) from the Amazon forest for the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 164:267–274
138. Silva WC, Martins JRD, Cesio MV, Azevedo JL, Heinzen H, de Barros NM (2011) Acaricidal activity of Palicourea marcgravii, a species from the Amazon forest, on cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 179:189–194
139. Sindhu ZUD, Jonsson NN, Iqbal Z (2012) Syringe test (modified larval immersion test): a new bioassay for testing acaricidal activity of plant extracts against Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 188:362–367
140. Singh M, Soni P, Upmanyu N, Shivhare Y (2011) In vitro anti-arthritic activity of Manilkara zapota Linn. Asian J Pharm Tech 1:123–124
141. Singh NK, Jyoti, Vemu B, Nandi A, Singh H, Kumar R, Dumka VK (2014) Laboratory assessment of acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera extracts against deltamethrin resistant Hyalomma anatolicum. Exp Appl Acarol 63:423–430
142. Siva R, Krishnamurthy KV (2005) Isozyme diversity in Cassia auriculata L. Afr J Biotechnol 4:772–775
143. Soares SF, Borges LMF, Braga RD, Ferreira LL, Louly CCB, Tresvenzol LMF, de Paula JR, Ferri PH (2010) Repellent activity of plant-derived compounds against Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. Vet Parasitol 167:67–73
144. Sola P, Mvumi BM, Belmain SR, Ogendo JO, Mponda O, Kamanula JF, Nyirenda SP, Stevenson PC (2014) Botanical pesticide production, trade and regulatory mechanisms in sub-Saharan Africa: making a case for plant-based pesticidal products. Food Sec 6:369–384
145. Solberg VB, Klein TA, McPherson KR, Bradford BA, Burge JR, Wirtz RA (1995) Field evaluation of DEET and piperidine repellent (A13-37220) against Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 32:870–875
146. Sonenshine DE (1993) Biology of ticks, vol 2. Oxford University Press, New York
147. Sonenshine DE (2006) Tick pheromones and their use in tick control. Ann Rev Entomol 51:557–580
148. Sonenshine DE, Roe RM (2014) Biology of ticks. 2nd ed, 2 volumes. Oxford University Press, New York
149. Sonenshine D, Taylor D, Corrigan G (1985) Studies to evaluate the effectiveness of sex pheromone impregnated formulations for control of populations of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 1:23–34
150. Sonenshine D, Hamilton JGC, Lusby WR (1992) The use of cholesteryl esters as mounting sex pheromones in combination with 2,6-dichlorophenol and pesticides to control ticks. U.S. Patent No. 5149526
151. Sonenshine DE, Lane RS, Nicholson WL (2002) Ticks (Ixodida). In: Mullen G, Durden L (eds) Medical and veterinary entomology. Academic, San Diego, pp 517–558
152. Stevenson PC, Arnold SEJ, Belmain SR (2014) Pesticidal plants for stored product pests on small-holder farms in Africa. In: Singh D (ed) Advances in plant biopesticides. Springer, New York
153. Sunil AR, Amithamol KK, Juliet S, Nair SN, Ajithkumar KG, Soorya VC, Divya TM, Jyothymol G, Ghosh S, Ravindran R (2013) Acaricidal effect of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf ethanolic extract against Rhipicephlaus (Boophilus) annulatus. Trop Biomed 30:231–237
154. Tiwari S (2008) Plant: a rich source of herbal medicine. J Nat Prod 1:27–35
155. Trindade F, Stabeli R, Facundo V, Cardoso C, Da Silva M (2012) Evaluation of larvicidal activity of the methanolic extracts of Piper alatabaccum branches and P. tuberculatum leaves and compounds isolated against Anopheles darlingi. Rev Bras Farmacogn 22:979–984
156. Tunón H, Thorsell W, Mikiver A et al (2006) Arthropod repellency, especially tick (Ixodes ricinus), exerted by extract from Artemisia abrotanum and essential oil from flowers of Dianthus caryophyllum. Fitoterapia 77:257–261
157. Turberg A, Hansen O (2008) Acaricides and insecticides. In: Mehlhorn H (ed) Encyclopedia of parasitology, 4th edn. Springer, New York
158. Umadevi P, Selvi S, Suja S, Selvam K, Chinnaswamy P (2006) Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of Cassia auriculata in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharmacol 2:601–607
159. Vasconcelos VO, Martins MAD, De Oliveira NJF, Duarte ER (2014) Effect of ethanolic extract of Capsicum frutescens L. on adult female of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 113:1389–1394
160. Vedavathy S, Rao KN (1991) Antipyretic activity of six indigenous medicinal plants of Tirumala hills. J Ethnopharmacol 33:193–196
161. WHO (2016) Tick-borne encephalitis. Website: http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/tbe/en/. Accessed March 2016
162. Willadsen P (2006) Tick control: thoughts on a research agenda. Vet Parasitol 138:161–168
163. Willadsen P, Bird P, Cobon GS, Hungerford J (1995) Commercialization of a recombinant vaccine against Boophilus microplus. Parasitology 110:S43–S50
164. Zahir AA, Rahuman AA (2012) Evaluation of different extracts and synthesised silver nanoparticles from leaves of Euphorbia prostrata against Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Hippobosca maculata. Vet Parasitol 187:511–520
165. Zahir AA, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Elango G, Sangaran A, Kumar BS (2009) Laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts for parasites control. Parasitol Res 105:453–461
166. Zahir AA, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Santhoshkumar T, Mohamed RR, Kamaraj C, Rajakumar G, Elango G, Jayaseelan C, Marimuthu S (2010) Evaluation of botanical extracts against Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann and Hippobosca maculata Leach. Parasitol Res 107:585–592
167. Zorloni A, Penzhorn BL, Eloff JN (2010) Extracts of Calpurnia aurea leaves from southern Ethiopia attract and immobilise or kill ticks. Vet Parasitol 168:160–164