Sustainable Sulfur-rich Copolymer/Graphene Composite as Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathode with Excellent Electrochemical Performance

Scientific Reports

Volumn 6, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Ghosh, Arnab ^a   Shukla, Swapnil ^b   Khosla, Gaganpreet Singh ^b   Lochab, Bimlesh ^b   Mitra, Sagar ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY   (India)

^b SHIV NADAR UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84964807500     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep25207     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Nazar, L. F., Cuisinier, M. & Pang, Q. Lithium-sulfur batteries. MRS Bull. 39, 436-442 (2014).
2. Peramunage, D. & Licht, S. A solid sulfur cathode for aqueous batteries. Science 261, 1029-1032 (1993).
3. Jeong, G., Kim, Y.-U., Kim, H., Kim, Y.-J. & Sohn, H.-J. Prospective materials and applications for Li secondary batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 1986-2002 (2011).
4. Manthiram, A., Fu, Y., Chung, S.-H., Zu, C. & Su, Y.-S. Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Chem. Rev. 114, 11751-11787 (2014).
5. Ji, X. L., Lee, K. T. & Nazar, L. F. A Highly Ordered Nanostructured Carbon-Sulfur Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nat. Mater. 8, 500-506 (2009).
6. Liang, C. D., Dudney, N. J. & Howe, J. Y. Hierarchically Structured Sulfur/Carbon Nanocomposite Material for High-Energy Lithium Battery. Chem. Mater. 21, 4724-4730 (2009).
7. Jayaprakash, N., Shen, J., Moganty, S. S., Corona, A. & Archer, L. A. Porous Hollow Carbon@Sulfur Composites for High-Power Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 5904-5908 (2011).
8. Elazari, R., Salitra, G., Garsuch, A., Panchenko, A. & Aurbach, D. Sulfur-Impregnated Activated Carbon Fiber Cloth as a Binder-Free Cathode for Rechargeable Li-S Batteries. Adv. Mater. 23, 5641-5644 (2011).
9. Seh, Z. W. et al. Sulfur-TiO2 Yolk-Shell Nano architecture with Internal Void Space for Long-Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nat. Commun. 4, 1331 (2013).
10. Wang, J. L., Yang, J., Xie, J. Y. & Xu, N. X. A Novel Conductive Polymer-Sulfur Composite Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Adv. Mater. 14, 963-965 (2002).
11. Zhou, W. D., Yu, Y. C., Chen, H., DiSalvo, F. J. & Abruna, H. D. Yolk-Shell Structure of Polyaniline-Coated Sulfur for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 16736-16743 (2013).
12. Zhang, S. S. Sulfurized carbon: a class of cathode materials for high performance lithium/sulfur batteries. Front. Energy Res 1, 1-9 (2013).
13. Yan, J., Liu, X., Wang, X. & Li, B. Long-life, high-efficiency lithium/sulfur batteries from sulfurized carbon nanotube cathodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 10127-10133 (2015).
14. Wu, F. et al. Sulfur/Polythiophene with a Core/Shell Structure: Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of the Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 6057-6063 (2011).
15. Yu, X. et al. Stable-cycle and high-capacity conductive sulfur-containing cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. J. Power Sources 146, 335-339 (2005).
16. Xiao, L. et al. A Soft Approach to Encapsulate Sulfur: Polyaniline Nanotubes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Long Cycle Life. Adv. Mater. 24, 1176-1181 (2012).
17. Yan, J., Li, B. & Liu, X. Nano-Porous Sulfur-Polyaniline Electrodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nano Energy 18, 245-252 (2015).
18. Song, J. et al. Strong Lithium Polysulfide Chemisorption on Electroactive Sites of Nitrogen Doped Carbon Composites for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 4325-4329 (2015).
19. Yan, J. et al. High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Cost-Effective Carbon Paper Electrode and High Sulfur-Loading. Chem. Mater. 27, 6394-6401 (2015).
20. Wu, F., Wu, S., Chen, R., Chen, J. & Chen, S. Sulfur-Polythiophene Composite Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 13, A29 (2010).
21. Chung, W. J. et al. The use of elemental sulfur as an alternative feedstock for polymeric materials. Nat. Chem. 5, 518-524 (2013).
22. Simmonds, A. G. et al. Inverse Vulcanization of Elemental Sulfur to Prepare Polymeric Electrode Materials for Li-S Batteries. ACS Macro Lett. 3, 229-232 (2014).
23. Wei, Y. et al. Solution processible hyperbranched inverse-vulcanized polymers as new cathode materials in Li-S batteries. Polym. Chem. 6, 973-982 (2015).
24. Sun, Z. et al. Sulfur-rich polymeric materials with semi-interpenetrating network structure as a novel lithium-sulfur cathode. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 9280-9286 (2014).
25. Dirlam, P. T. et al. Inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur with 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne for cathode materials in Li-S batteries. RSC Adv. 5, 24718-24722 (2015).
26. Ji, X. & Nazar, L. F. Advances in Li-S batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 9821-9826 (2010).
27. Zhang, C., Wu, H. B., Yuan, C., Guo, Z. & Lou, X. W. Confining Sulfur in Double-Shelled Hollow Carbon Spheres for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 9592-9595 (2012).
28. Pang, Q., Kundu, D., Cuisinier, M. & Nazar, L. F. Surface-enhanced redox chemistry of polysulphides on a metallic and polar host for lithium-sulfur batteries. Nat. Commun. 5, 4759 (2014).
29. Jeong, B. O. et al. Effect of carbon black materials on the electrochemical properties of sulfur-based composite cathode for lithiumsulfur cells. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13, 7870-7874 (2013).
30. Wei, W. et al. CNT enhanced sulfur composite cathode material for high rate lithium battery. Electrochem. Commun. 13, 399-402 (2011).
31. Duan, X., Han, Y., Huang, L., Li, Y. & Chen, Y. Improved rate ability of low cost sulfur cathodes by using ultrathin graphite sheets with self-wrapped function as cheap conductive agent. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 8015-8021 (2015).
32. Wang, J. Z. et al. Sulfur-mesoporous carbon composites in conjunction with a novel ionic liquid electrolyte for lithium rechargeable batteries. Carbon 46, 229-235 (2008).
33. Wang, J. L., Yang, J., Xie, J. Y., Xu, N. X. & Li, Y. Sulfur-carbon nano-composite as cathode for rechargeable lithium battery based on gel electrolyte. Electrochem. Commun. 4, 499-502 (2002).
34. Xiao, M. et al. Sulfur@graphene oxide core-shell particles as a rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery cathode material with high cycling stability and capacity. RSC Adv. 3, 4914-4916 (2013).
35. Wang, H. et al. Graphene-Wrapped Sulfur Particles as a Rechargeable LithiumSulfur Battery Cathode Material with High Capacity and Cycling Stability. Nano. Lett. 11, 2644-2647 (2011).
36. Wu, Z.-S. et al. Synthesis of Graphene Sheets with High Electrical Conductivity and Good Thermal Stability by Hydrogen Arc Discharge Exfoliation, ACS Nano 3, 411-417, (2009).
37. Choucair, M., Thordarson, P. & Stride, J. A. Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 30-33 (2009).
38. Kim, J. W., Ocon, J. D., Kim, H. S. & Lee, J. Improvement of Energy Capacity with Vitamin C Treated Dual-Layered Graphene-Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ChemSusChem 7, 1265-1273 (2014).
39. Soldano, C., MA hmood, A. & Dujardin, E. Production, properties and potential of graphene, Carbon 48, 2127-2150 (2010).
40. Compton, O. C. & Nguyen, S. T. Graphene Oxide, Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Graphene: Versatile Building Blocks for Carbon-Based Materials, Small 6, 711-723 (2010).
41. Yang, Q., Pan, X. Y., Huang, F. & Li, K. Fabrication of High-Concentration and Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Graphene Nanosheets by Noncovalent Functionalization with Lignin and Cellulose Derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 3811-3816 (2010).
42. Zhou, X. J. et al. Reducing Graphene Oxide via Hydroxylamine: A Simple and Efficient Route to Graphene, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 11957-11961 (2011).
43. Park, S. et al. Hydrazine-reduction of graphite-And graphene oxide. Carbon 49, 3019-3023 (2011).
44. Stankovich, S. et al. Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nano-platelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J. Mater. Chem. 16, 155-158 (2006).
45. Larcher, D. & Tarascon, J. M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nat. Chem. 7, 19-29 (2014).
46. Lochab, B., Shukla, S. & Varma, I. K. Naturally occurring phenolic sources: monomers and polymers. RSC Adv. 4, 21712-21752 (2014).
47. Lochab, B., Varma, I. K. & Bijwe, J. Thermal Behavior of cardanol based benzoxazines. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 102, 769-774 (2010).
48. Shukla, S., MA hata, A., Pathak, B. & Lochab, B. Cardanol benzoxazines-interplay of oxazine functionality (mono to tetra) and properties. RSC Adv. 5, 78071-78080 (2015).
49. Li, J., Xiao, G., Chen, C., Li, R. & Yan, D. Superior dispersions of reduced graphene oxide synthesized by using gallic acid as a reductant and stabilizer. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 1481-1487 (2013).
50. Kawaguchi, A. W., Sudo, A. & Endo, T. Polymerization-Depolymerization System Based on Reversible Addition-Dissociation Reaction of 1,3-Benzoxazine with Thiol. ACS Macro Lett. 2, 1-4 (2012).
51. Ishida, H. & Agag, T. Handbook of Benzoxazine Resin. Eds., Amsterdam (2011) pp. 675-678.
52. Shen, Y. & Lua, A.-C. A facile method for the large-scale continuous synthesis of graphene sheets using a novel catalyst. Sci. Rep. 3, 3037 (2013).
53. Jiang, B. J. et al. Facile fabrication of high quality graphene from expandable graphite: simultaneous exfoliation and reduction. Chem. Commun. 46, 4920-4922 (2010).
54. Zhang, S. S. Role of LiNO3 in rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery. Electrochim. Acta 70, 344-348 (2012).
55. Peng, Z. et al. Graphene-based ultrathin microporous carbon with smaller sulfur molecules for excellent rate performance of lithium-sulfur cathode. J. Power Sources 282, 70-78 (2015).
56. Lu, L. Q., Lu, L. J. & Wang, Y. Sulfur film-coated reduced graphene oxide composite for lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 9173-9181 (2013).
57. Xu, C. et al. Sulfur/three-dimensional graphene composite for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Power Sources 275, 22-25 (2015).
58. Zhang, L. et al. Sulfur synchronously electrodeposited onto exfoliated graphene sheets as a cathode material for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 16513-16519 (2015).
59. Aurbach, D. et al. On the Surface Chemical Aspects of Very High Energy Density, Rechargeable Li-Sulfur Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 156, A694-A702 (2009).
60. Ryu, H. S. et al. Self-discharge of lithium-sulfur cells using stainless-steel current-collectors. J. Power Sources 140, 365-369 (2005).
61. Hummers, W. S. & Offeman, R. E. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339-1339 (1958).