‘What if you live on top of a bakery and you like cakes?’—Drug use and harm trajectories before, during and after the emergence of Silk Road

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 35, Issue , 2016, Pages 50-57

  Barratt, Monica J ^a,b,c   Lenton, Simon ^b   Maddox, Alexia ^b   Allen, Matthew ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c BURNET INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^d DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Availability; Cryptomarkets; Digital ethnography; Drug markets; Drug trajectories; Silk Road

Indexed keywords

ILLICIT DRUG; STREET DRUG;

ADULT; ARTICLE; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG LEGISLATION; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG USE; ETHNOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LIFE HISTORY; MALE; PATIENT HARM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ADOLESCENT; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG TRAFFIC; ECONOMICS; HARM REDUCTION; INTERNET; PSYCHOLOGY; SOFTWARE; SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COMMERCE; DRUG TRAFFICKING; DRUG USERS; FEMALE; HARM REDUCTION; HUMANS; INTERNET; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; MALE; SOFTWARE; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84964801091     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Abbey, A., Scott, R.O., Smith, M.J., Physical, subjective, and social availability: Their relationship to alcohol consumption in rural and urban areas. Addiction 88:4 (1993), 489–499.
2. Agar, M.H., An ethnography by any other name. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(4), 2006 Article 36.
3. Aldridge, J., Décary-Hétu, D., Not an ‘Ebay for Drugs’: The cryptomarket ‘Silk Road’ as a paradigm shifting criminal innovation. 2014, SSRN http://ssrn.com/abstract=2436643 (Accessed 13.05.14).
4. Aldridge, J., Décary-Hétu, D., Hidden wholesale: The drug diffusing capacity of online drug cryptomarkets. International Journal of Drug Policy 35 (2016), 7–15.
5. Babor, T., Caulkins, J., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K., et al. Drug policy and the public good. 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
6. Barratt, M.J., Discussing illicit drugs in public Internet forums: Visibility, stigma, and pseudonymity. Kjeldskov, J., Paay, J., (eds.) C&T ‘11. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Communities and Technologies, Brisbane, Australia, 2011, ACM, New York, NY, 159–168.
7. Barratt, M.J., Silk Road: eBay for drugs (letter to the editor). Addiction, 107, 2012, 683.
8. Barratt, M.J., The efficacy of interviewing young drug users through online chat. Drug and Alcohol Review 31 (2012), 566–572.
9. Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A., Winstock, A.R., Use of Silk Road, the online drug marketplace, in the UK, Australia and the USA. Addiction 109:5 (2014), 774–783.
10. Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A., Winstock, A.R., Safer scoring? Cryptomarkets, social supply and drug market violence. International Journal of Drug Policy 35 (2016), 24–31.
11. Barratt, M.J., Maddox, A., Active engagement with stigmatised communities through digital ethnography. Qualitative Research 35 (2016), 24–31.
12. Christin, N., Traveling the Silk Road: A measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace. Paper presented at the International World Wide Web Conference (IW3C2), May 13–17, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2013.
13. Coomber, R., Moyle, L., Beyond drug dealing: Developing and extending the concept of ‘social supply’ of illicit drugs to ‘minimally commercial supply’. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy 21 (2014), 157–164.
14. Davis, M., Bolding, G., Hart, G., Sherr, L., Elford, J., Reflecting on the experience of interviewing online: Perspectives from the Internet and HIV study in London. AIDS Care 16 (2004), 944–952.
15. Décary-Hétu, D., Aldridge, J., Sifting through the net: Monitoring of online offenders by researchers. European Review of Organised Crime 2 (2015), 122–141.
16. Dingledine, R., Mathewson, N., Syverson, P., Tor: The second-generation onion router. Paper presented at the SSYM’04 Proceedings of the 13th conference on USENIX Security Symposium, August 9–13, San Diego, CA, USA, 2004.
17. Dolliver, D.S., Evaluating drug trafficking on the Tor network: Silk Road 2, the sequel. International Journal of Drug Policy 26 (2015), 1113–1123.
18. Falzon, M.-A., Introduction. Falzon, M.-A., (eds.) Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research, 2009, Ashgate, Surrey, England, 1–23.
19. Freisthler, B., Gruenewald, P.J., Examining the relationship between the physical availability of medical marijuana and marijuana use across fifty California cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 143 (2014), 244–250.
20. Gmel, G., Holmes, J., Studer, J., Are alcohol outlet densities strongly associated with alcohol-related outcomes? A critical review of recent evidence. Drug and Alcohol Review, Early View, 2015, 10.1111/dar.12304.
21. Gruenewald, P., Why do alcohol outlets matter anyway? A look into the future. Addiction 103 (2008), 1585–1587.
22. Hine, C., Virtual ethnography: Modes, varieties, affordances. Fielding, N., Lee, R.M., Blank, G., (eds.) The Sage handbook of online research methods, 2008, Sage, London, England, 257–270.
23. Kerr, T., Small, W., Wood, E., The public health and social impacts of drug market enforcement: A review of the evidence. International Journal of Drug Policy 16 (2005), 210–220.
24. Liang, W., Chikritzhs, T., Revealing the link between licensed outlets and violence: Counting venues versus measuring alcohol availability. Drug and Alcohol Review 30 (2011), 524–535.
25. Livingston, M., A longitudinal analysis of alcohol outlet density and assault. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 32 (2008), 1074–1079.
26. Livingston, M., Commentary on Wang et al. (2013): Time to test the mechanisms of alcohol outlet density effects. Addiction 108 (2013), 2089–2090.
27. Livingston, M., Alcohol outlet density: The challenge of linking research findings to policy. Australasian Epidemiologist 21:2 (2014), S22–S24.
28. Maddox, A., Barratt, M.J., Allen, M., Lenton, S., Constructive activism in the dark web: Cryptomarkets and illicit drugs in the digital ‘demimonde’. Information, Communication and Society 19 (2016), 111–126.
29. Martin, A., Stenner, P., Talking about drug use: What are we (and our participants) doing in qualitative research?. International Journal of Drug Policy 15 (2004), 395–405.
30. Martin, J., Drugs on the dark net: How cryptomarkets are transforming the global trade in illicit drugs. 2014, Palgrave Pivot, New York.
31. McHugh, M.L., Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica 22 (2012), 276–282.
32. Munksgaard, R., Demant, J., Mixing politics and crime – The prevalence and decline of political discourse on the cryptomarket. International Journal of Drug Policy 35 (2016), 77–83.
33. Phelps, A., Watt, A., I shop online – Recreationally! Internet anonymity and Silk Road enabling drug use in Australia. Digital Investigation 11 (2014), 261–272.
34. Rødner, S., I am not a drug abuser, I am a drug user: A discourse analysis of 44 drug users’ construction of identity. Addiction Research and Theory 13 (2005), 333–346.
35. Sanders, B., Lankenau, S.E., Bloom, J.J., Hathazi, D., Research chemicals: Tryptamine and phenethylamine use among high-risk youth. Substance Use and Misuse 43 (2008), 389–402.
36. Shanahan, M., Ritter, A., Cost benefit analysis of two policy options for cannabis: Status quo and legalisation. PLOS ONE, 9(4), 2014, e95569.
37. Stockwell, T., Gruenewald, P.J., Controls on the physical availability of alcohol. Heather, N., Stockwell, T., (eds.) The essential handbook of treatment and prevention of alcohol problems, 2004, Wiley, New York, 213–234.
38. Tzanetakis, M., Kamphausen, G., Werse, B., von Laufenberg, R., The transparency paradox. Building trust, resolving disputes and optimising logistics on conventional and online drugs markets. International Journal of Drug Policy 35 (2016), 58–68.
39. van Hout, M.C., Bingham, T., ‘Silk Road’, the virtual drug marketplace: A single case study of user experiences. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (2013), 385–391.
40. van Hout, M.C., Bingham, T., ‘Surfing the Silk Road’: A study of users’ experiences. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (2013), 524–529.
41. van Hout, M.C., Bingham, T., Responsible vendors, intelligent consumers: Silk Road, the online revolution in drug trading. International Journal of Drug Policy 25 (2014), 183–189.