A retrospective audit of antibiotic prescriptions in primary health-care facilities in Eastern Region, Ghana

Health Policy and Planning

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 250-258

  Ahiabu, Mary Anne ^a,b   Tersbøl, Britt P ^b   Biritwum, Richard ^c   Bygbjerg, Ib C ^b   Magnussen, Pascal ^b  

^a MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Ghana)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GHANA   (Ghana)

Author keywords

Antibiotic use; Developing country; Prescribing; Primary health care; Rational drug use

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ESSENTIAL DRUG; PRESCRIPTION DRUG;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; CHILD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW; FEMALE; GHANA; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; STANDARDS; SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW; DRUGS, ESSENTIAL; FEMALE; GHANA; HEALTH FACILITIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRACTICE PATTERNS, PHYSICIANS'; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84964670049     PISSN: 02681080     EISSN: 14602237     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czv048     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Amábile-Cuevas CF. 2010. Global perspectives of antibiotic resistance. In: de J. Sosa A, Byarugaba DK, Amábile-Cuevas CF, Hsueh P, Kariuki S, Okeke IN (eds). Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 7.
2. Arhinful DK. 2009. WHO Pharmaceutical Situation Assessment. Level II: Health Facilities Survey in Ghana: Report of a Survey Conducted May-June 2008. Ghana: Ministry of Health.
3. Baiden F, Owusu-Agyei S, Bawah J et al. 2011. An evaluation of the clinical assessments of under-five febrile children presenting to primary health facilities in rural Ghana. PLoS One 6:e28944.
4. Bjerrum L, Cots JM, Llor C, Molist N, Munck A. 2006. Effect of intervention promoting a reduction in antibiotic prescribing by improvement of diagnostic procedures: a prospective, before and after study in general practice. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 62:913-18.
5. Blanchet NJ, Fink G, Osei-Akoto I. 2012. The effect of Ghana's national health insurance scheme on health care utilisation. Ghana Medical Journal 46:76-84.
6. Bour D. 2003. Analysing the primacy of distance in the utilization of health services in the Ahafo-Ano South district, Ghana. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management 18:293-311.
7. Bronzwaer S L AM, Cars O, Buchholz U et al. 2002. The relationship between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8:278-82.
8. Cohen J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd edn. United States of America: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Das V, Das RK. 2006. Urban health and pharmaceutical consumption in Delhi, India. Journal of Biosocial Science 38:69-82.
10. Donkor ES, Nartey E. 2008. Nasal colonisation of drug resistant bacteria in Ghanaian children less than five years. The Internet Journal of Microbiology 5:2, DOI: 10.5580/16d5.
11. Foxman B, Burciaga Valdez R et al. 1987. The effect of cost sharing on the use of antibiotics in ambulatory care: results from a population-based randomized controlled trial. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40:429-37.
12. Freeman CD, Klutman NE, Lamp KC. 1997. Metronidazole: a therapeutic review and update. Drugs 54:679-708.
13. Ghana Health Service. 2004. 2004 Programme of Work and Budget. Ghana: Ghana Health Service. http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/publica tions.php?st=15, accessed 16 June 2013.
14. Ghana Health Service. 2010. The Health Sector in Ghana: Facts and Figures 2009. Ghana: Ministry of Health. http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/pub lications.php, accessed 2 October 2012.
15. Ghana Health Service. 2012a. Ghana Health Service Annual Report, 2011. Ghana: Ghana Health Service. http://www.ghanahealthservice.org/publica tions.php, accessed 8 May 2013.
16. Ghana Health Service. 2012b. Eastern Regional Health Directorate 2011 Annual Report. Ghana: Ghana Health Service, 162-74.
17. Ghana Statistical Service. 2009. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Ghana Statistical Service. www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR221/FR221%5B13Aug2012%5D.pdf, accessed 16 June 2010.
18. Ghana Statistical Service. 2012. 2010 Population and Housing Census Summary Report of Final Results. Ghana Statistical Service. http://www.statsghana.gov. gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010-Summary-report-of-final-results.pdf, accessed 4 October 2014.
19. Groß U, Amuzu SK, de Ciman R L et al. 2011. Bacteremia and antimicrobial drug resistance over time, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17:1879-82.
20. Harris BL, Stergachis A, Ried LD. 1990. The effect of drug co-payments on utilization and cost of pharmaceuticals in a health maintenance organization. Medical Care 28:902-17.
21. Holloway KA, Ivanovska V, Wagner AK et al. 2013. Have we improved use of medicines in developing and transitional countries and do we know how to? Two decades of evidence. Tropical Medicine and International Health 18:656-64.
22. Houston P, Naylor CD. 1996. Health services research: reporting on studies using secondary data sources. Canadian Medical Association Journal 155:1697-709.
23. Hulscher M E JL, Grol R P TM, van der Meer JWM. 2010. Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 10:167-75.
24. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2013. Global Burden of Disease Profile: Ghana. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/gbd/country-profiles, accessed 2 September 2013.
25. Joint Formulary Committee. 2009. British National Formulary. 57th edn. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 725-26.
26. Jong-wook L. 2003. Global health improvement and WHO: shaping the future. Lancet 362:2083-8.
27. Kwofie TB, Anane YA, Nkrumah B et al. 2012. Respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ghana. Virology Journal 9:78.
28. Laing R, Waning B, Gray A, Ford N, 't Hoen E. 2003. 25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists: progress and challenges. Lancet 361:1723-9.
29. Laing RO, Hogerzeil HV, Ross-Degnan D. 2001. Ten recommendations to improve use of medicines in developing countries. Health Policy and Planning 16:13-20.
30. Leung E, Weil DE, Raviglione M et al. 2011. The WHO policy package to combat antimicrobial resistance. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89:390-92.
31. Levy SB, Marshall B. 2004. Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nature Medicine 10(12 Suppl):122-29.
32. Llor C, Bjerrum L, Arranz J. 2012. C-reactive protein testing in patients with acute rhinosinusitis leads to a reduction in antibiotic use. Family Practice 29:653-58.
33. Machin D, Campbell MJ, Walters SJ. 2007. Medical Statistics. 4th edn. West Sussex, England: Wiley, 118-79.
34. Mills-Robertson F, Crupper S, Addy M, Mensah P. 2003. Antibiotic resistance and genotyping of clinical group B Salmonella isolated in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94:289-94.
35. Ministry of Health. 2004. Ghana National Drug Policy. 2nd edn. Ghana: Ministry of Health. apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16185e/s16185e.pdf, accessed 21 July 2010.
36. Ministry of Health. 2010a. Essential Medicines List. 6th edn. Ghana: Ministry of Health.
37. Ministry of Health. 2010b. Standard Treatment Guidelines. 6th edn. Ghana: Ministry of Health.
38. Mohan S, Dharamraj K, Dindial R et al. 2004. Physician behaviour for antimicrobial prescribing for paediatric upper respiratory tract infections: a survey in general practice in Trinidad, West Indies. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 3:11.
39. Mosha JF, Conteh L, Tediosi F et al. 2010. Cost implications of improving malaria diagnosis: findings from north-eastern Tanzania. PLoS One 5:e8707.
40. Msellem MI, Mårtensson A, Rotllant G et al. 2009. Influence of rapid malaria diagnostic tests on treatment and health outcome in fever patients, Zanzibar-a crossover validation study. PLoS Medicine 6:e1000070.
41. Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R et al. 2012. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 380:2197-223.
42. Namboodiri S, Opintan, J, Lijek R, Newman M, Okeke I. 2011. Quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli from Accra, Ghana. BMC Microbiology 11:44-52.
43. National Health Insurance Authority. 2011. National Health Insurance Scheme Medicine List, February 2011. Ghana: National Health Insurance Authority. www.nhis.gov. gh, accessed 21 May 2013.
44. National Health Insurance Authority. 2012. Understanding the NHIS Provider Payment System and Capitation. Ghana: National Health Insurance Authority [press release]. http://www.nhis.gov.gh/, accessed 30 August 2013.
45. National Health Insurance Authority. (n. d.). 2012 Annual Report. Ghana: National Health Insurance Authority. http://www.nhis.gov. gh/files/2012%20NHIA%20ANNUAL%20REPORT.pdf, accessed 11 August 2014.
46. Petit PL, Haarlem JV, Poelman M, Haverkamp MC, Wamola IA. 1995. Bacteraemia in patients presenting with fever. East African Medical Journal 72:116-20.
47. Polage CR, Bedu-Addo G, Owusu-Ofori A et al. 2006. Laboratory use in Ghana: physician perception and practice. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75:526-31.
48. Radyowijati A, Haak H. 2003. Improving antibiotic use in low-income countries: an overview of evidence on determinants. Social Science & Medicine 57:733-44.
49. Ratanawijitrasin S, Soumerai SB, Weerasuriya K. 2001. Do national medicinal drug policies and essential drug programs improve drug use? A review of experiences in developing countries. Social Science & Medicine. 53:831-44.
50. Robyn PJ, Bärnighausen T, Souares A et al. 2013. Does enrollment status in community-based insurance lead to poorer quality of care? Evidence from Burkina Faso. International Journal for Equity in Health 12:31.
51. Sambo LG, Kirigia JM, Orem JN. 2013. Health financing in the African Region: 2000-2009 data analysis. International Archives of Medicine 6:10.
52. Schieber G, Cashin C, Saleh K, Lavado R. 2012. Health Financing in Ghana. Washington, DC: World Bank.
53. Schwarz NG, Sarpong N, Hünger F et al. 2010. Systemic bacteraemia in children presenting with clinical pneumonia and the impact of non-typhoid salmonella (NTS). BMC Infectious Diseases 10:319.
54. Spaan E, Mathijssen J, Tromp N et al. 2012. The impact of health insurance in Africa and Asia: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90:685-92.
55. van de Sande-Bruinsma N, Grundmann H, Verloo D et al. 2008. Antimicrobial drug use and resistance in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14:1722-30.
56. West LJ. 2002. Defining critical windows in the development of the human immune system. Human & Experimental Toxicology 21:499-505.
57. Williams EO, Stock EM, Zeber JE et al. 2012. Payer types associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy in an ambulatory care setting. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 3:149-55.
58. Witter S, Garshong B. 2009. Something old or something new? Social health insuranceinGhana. BMC International Health and Human Rights 9:20.
59. World Bank. 2009. The Pharmaceutical Sector in Ghana: Policy Note. Washington DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2009/11/18241232/pharmaceutical-sector-ghana-policy-note, accessed 31 July 2012
60. World Health Organization. 1993. How to Investigate Drug Use in Health Facilities: Selected Drug Use Indicators. Geneva: World Health Organisation. WHO/DAP/93.1:1087. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2289e/, accessed 7 July 2010.
61. World Health Organization. 2009. Medicines Use in Primary Care in Developing and Transitional Countries: Fact Book Summarizing Results From Studies Reported Between 1990 and 2006. WHO/EMP/MAR/2009.3. apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16073e/s16073e.pdf, accessed 2 July 2013.
62. Würthwein R, Gbangou A, Sauerborn R, Schmidt CM. 2001. Measuring the local burden of disease: a study of years of life lost in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology 30:501-8.
63. Zwart S, Voorhoeve HWA. 1990. Community health care and hospital attendance: a case study in rural Ghana. Social Science & Medicine 31:711-18.