Giving off a rosy glow: The manipulation of an optimistic orientation

Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 149, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 349-364

  Fosnaugh, Jessica ^a   Geers, Andrew L ^a   Wellman, Justin A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO   (United States)

Author keywords

Expectation; Optimism; Pessimism; Priming

Indexed keywords

EID: 84964622986     PISSN: 00224545     EISSN: 19401183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/SOCP.149.3.349-364     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Albery, I. P., & Messer, D. (2005). Comparative optimism about health and nonhealth events in 8- and 9- year-old children. Health Psychology, 24, 316-320.
2. Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 441-485.
3. Andersson, G. (1996). The benefits of optimism: A meta-analytic review of the Life Orientation Test. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 719-725.
4. Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1988). Situated optimism: Specific outcome expectancies and self-regulation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 309-379.
5. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In C. M. Judd & H. T. Reis (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253-285). New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Troetschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality' and Social Psychology, 81, 1014-1027.
7. Carlston, D. E., & Smith, E. R. (1996). Principles of mental representation. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 184-210). New York: Guilford Press.
8. Carvajal, S. C., Garner, R. L., & Evans, R. I. (1998). Dispositional optimism as a protective factor in resisting HIV exposure in sexually active inner-city minority adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 2196-2211.
9. Chang, E. C. (1998). Distinguishing between optimism and pessimism: A second look at the optimism-neuroticism hypothesis. In R. R. Hoffman & M. F. Sherrick (Eds.). Viewing psychology as a whole: The integrative science of William N. Dember(pp. 415-432). Washington. DC: APA.
10. Chang, E. C. (Ed.). (2001). Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
11. Chang, E. C., D'Zurilla, T. J., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (1994). Assessing the dimensionality of optimism and pessimism using a multimeasure approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 18, 143-160.
12. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Davidson, K., & Prkachin, K. (1997). Optimism and unrealistic optimism have an interacting impact on health-promoting behavior and knowledge changes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 617-625.
14. Dember, W. N., & Brooks, J. (1989). A new instrument for measuring optimism and pessimism: Test-retest reliability and relations with happiness and religious commitment. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 365-366.
15. Ferguson, E., & Frankis, J. (2001). Sex and sexual orientation: The effect of group membership on individuals’judgments about self and others’ HIV risk. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 119-143.
16. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
17. Geers, A. (2000). Examining the relationship between specific expectations and optimism and pessimism. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 24, 33-40.
18. Geers, A., Handley, I. M., & McLarney, A. R. (2003). Discerning the role of optimism in persuasion: The valence-enhancement hypothesis. Journal of Personality' and Social Psychology, 85, 554-565.
19. Geers, A., Kosbab, K., Weiland, P. E., Heifer, S. G., & Wellman, J. A. (2007). Further evidence for individual differences in placebo responding: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 563-570.
20. Geers, A., Reilley, S. P., & Dember, W. N. (1998). Optimism, pessimism, and friendship. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, 17, 3-19.
21. Geers, A., Weiland, P. E., Kosbab, K., Landry, S. J., & Heifer, S. G. (2005). Goal activation. expectations, and the placebo effect. Journal of Personal in' and Social Psychology, 89, 143-159.
22. Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Jaycox, L. H., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: Two-year follow-up. Psychological Science, 6, 343-351.
23. Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.
24. Higgins, E. T. (1990). Personality, social psychology, and person-situation relations: Standards and knowledge activation as a common language. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality (pp. 301-338). New York: Guilford Press.
25. Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 1-62.
26. Marshall, G. N., & Lang, E. L. (1990).Optimism, self-master, and symptoms of depression in women professionals. Journal of Personality' and Social Psychology, 59, 132-139.
27. Menec, V. H., Perry, R. P., Struthers, C. W., Schnwetter, D. J., Hechter, F. J., & Eichholz, B. L. (1994). Assisting at-risk college students with attributional retraining and effective teaching. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 675-701.
28. Metcalfe, J. (1998). Cognitive optimism: Self-deception or memory-based processing heuristics? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 100-110.
29. Norem, J. K. (2001). Defensive pessimism, optimism, pessimism. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory’, research, and practice (pp. 77-100). Washington. DC: American Psychological Association.
30. Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1208-1217.
31. Perkins, D. O., Leserman, J., Murphy, C., & Evans, D. L. (1993). Psychosocial predictors of high-risk sexual behavior among HIV-negative homosexual men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 5, 141-152.
32. Perry, R. P., & Penner, K. S. (1990). Enhancing academic achievement in college students through attributional retraining and instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 262-271.
33. Peterson, C., Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1993). Learned helplessness: A theory> for the age of personal control. New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Radcliffe, N. M., & Klein, W. M. P. (2002). Dispositional, unrealistic, and comparative optimism: Differential relations with the knowledge and processing of risk information and beliefs about personal risk. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 836-846.
35. Reilley, S. P., Geers, A. L., Lindsay, D. L., Deronde, L., & Dember, W. N. (2005). Convergence and predictive validity in measures of optimism and pessimism: Sequential studies. Current Psychology, 24, 43-59.
36. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: University Press.
37. Ruthig, J. C, Perry, R., Hall, N. C, & Hladkyj, S. (2004). Optimism and attrributional retraining: Longitudinal effects on academic achievement, test anxiety, and voluntary course withdrawal in college students. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 709-730.
38. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247.
39. Scheier, M. F. & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update Cognitive Therapy and Research, 76, 201-228.
40. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
41. Segerstrom, S. C. (2001). Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1334-1343.
42. Smith, T. W., Pope, M. K., Rhodewalt, F., & Poulton, J. L. (1989). Optimism, neuroticism. coping, and symptom reports: An alternative interpretation of Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 640-648.
43. Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979). The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1660-1672.
44. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
45. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of a brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
46. Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events (1980). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806-820.
47. Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. (1996). Unrealistic optimism: Present and future. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 1-8.
48. Wilson, T. D., & Linville, P. (1982). Improving the academic performance of college freshman: Attributional therapy revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 367-376.
49. Zak-Place, J., & Stern, M. (2004). Health belief factors and dispositional optimism as predictors of STD and HIV preventive behavior. Journal of American College Health, 52, 229-236.