Cognition as a service: An industry perspective

AI Magazine

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 71-86

  Spohrer, Jim ^a   Banavar, Guruduth ^b  

^a IBM   (United States)

^b New York Times   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIG DATA; SMARTPHONES;

BUSINESS AND SOCIETIES; COGNITIVE COMPUTING; GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS; INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH; PRIVATE CLOUDS; SMART SYSTEM; WORK PRACTICES;

COGNITIVE SYSTEMS;

EID: 84964565476     PISSN: 07384602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1609/aimag.v36i4.2618     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Aharoni, E.; Polnarov, A.; Lavee, T.; Heshcovich, D.; Levy, R.; Rinott, R.; Gutfreund, D.; and Slonim, N. 2014. A Benchmark Dataset for Automatic Detection of Claims and Evidence in the Context of Controversial Topics. Paper presented at the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining, 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), June 26, Baltimore, MD. dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-2109
2. Amir, A.; Datta, P.; Risk, W. P.; Cassidy, A. S.; Kusnitz, J. A.; Esser, S. K.; Andreopoulos, A.; Wong, T. M.; Flickner, M.; Alvarez-Icaza, R.; McQuinn, E.; Shaw, B.; Pass, N; and Modha, D. S. 2013. Cognitive Computing Programming Paradigm: A Corelet Language for Composing Networks of Neurosynaptic Cores. In Neural Networks (IJCNN), The 2013 International Joint Conference, 1-10. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6707078
3. Ardire, S., and Roe, C. 2014. Cognitive Computing: An Emerging Hub in IT Ecosystems - Data Management's New Imperative. DATAVERSITY. August 18, 2014. (content. dataversity.net/rs/wilshireconferences/images/CC-paper.pdf)
4. Austin, T., and LeHong, H. 2014. Digital Business Innovation with Smart Machines. Gartner Report G00265758. August 7, 2014. Stamford, CT: Gartner Inc. (www.gartner.com/doc/2818821/digital-business-innovation-smartmachines)
5. Avizienis, A. V.; Sillin, H. O.; Martin-Olmos, C.; Shieh, H. H.; Aono, M.; Stieg, A. Z.; and Gimzewski, J. K. 2012. Neuromorphic Atomic Switch Networks. PloS One 7(8), e42772. dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042772
6. Bassett, J. 2014. Memorial Sloan Kettering Trains IBM Watson to Help Doctors Make Better Cancer Treatment Choices. April 11, 2014. New York: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. (www.mskcc.org/blog/msk-trains-ibm-watsonhelp-doctors-make-better-treatment-choices)
7. Bilow, R. 2014. How IBM's Chef Watson Actually Works. Bon Appetit. June 30, 2014. (www.bonappetit.com/entertainingstyle/trends-news/article/how-ibm-chef-watson-works)
8. Brown, E. 2013. TED: Cognitive Computing. YouTube Video. August 13, 2013. San Bruno, CA: YouTube Inc. (www.youtube.com/watch?v=np1sJ08Q7lw)
9. Brynjolfsson, E., and McAfee, A. 2014. The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. New York: WW Norton and Company.
10. Cuthbertson, A. 2014. IBM Supercomputer Watson Programmed to Debate Moral Issues. International Business Times May 6, 2014. (http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ibm-supercomputer-watson-programmed-debate-moral-issues-1447413)
11. Engelbart, D. C. 1962. Conceptual Framework for Augmenting Human Intellect. Original SRI Summary Report AFOSR-3223. August 19, 2014. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International. (www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html)
12. Engelbart, D. C. 1995. Toward Augmenting the Human Intellect and Boosting Our Collective IQ. Communications of the ACM 38(8): 30-32. dx.doi.org/10.1145/208344.208352
13. Erickson, T.; Danis, C. M.; Kellogg, W. A.; and Helander, M. E. 2008. Assistance: The Work Practices of Human Administrative Assistants and Their Implications for IT and Organizations. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 609-618. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. dx.doi.org/10.1145/1460563.1460658
14. Ferrucci, D.; Brown, E.; Chu-Carroll, J.; Fan, J.; Gondek, D.; Kalyanpur, A. A.; Lally, A.; Murdock, J. W.; Nyberg, E.; Prager, J.; Schlaefer, N.; and Welty, C. 2010. Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project. AI Magazine 31(3): 59-79.
15. Florida, R. 2010. Who's Your City?: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life. New York: Random House LLC.
16. Gondek, D. C.; Lally, A.; Kalyanpur, A.; Murdock, J. W.; Ariel Duboue, P.; Zhang, L.; Pan, Y.; Qiu, Z. M.; and Welty, C. 2012. A Framework for Merging and Ranking of Answers in DeepQA. IBM Journal of Research and Development 56(3.4): 14:1-14:12.
17. Harris, D. 2013. The Gigaom Guide to Deep Learning: Who's Doing It, and Why It Matters. Gigaom Research. November 1, 2013. Houston, TX: Knowingly Corp. (gigaom.com/2013/11/01/the-gigaom-guide-to-deep-learning-whos-doing-it-and-why-it-matters)
18. Hidalgo, C. 2011. Networks Understanding Networks: Knowledge in People in Networks @ MIT Media Lab. Video Talk (minutes 6:00-19:00). October 17, 2011. San Bruno, CA: YouTube Inc. (www.youtube.com/watch?v= mwIjcv7OWMo)
19. IBM. 2013. IBM Watson Engagement Advisor: Transforming the Way People and Organizations Interact over the Lifetime of Their Relationships. IBM Watson Solutions Brochure. Somers, NY: IBM Press.
20. Johnson, R. C. 2013. IBM Unveils Cognitive Systems Institute. EE Times. October 3, 2013. (www.eetimes.com/document. asp?doc-id=1319693
21. Kahney, H. 1993. MARCEL: Simulating the Novice Programmer, by James C. Spohrer (Book Review). International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 38(6): 1049-1055.
22. Karoly, L. A.; Kilburn, M. R.; and Cannon, J. S. 2005. Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise. Report MG-341-PNC. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. September 14, 2014. (www.rand.org/publications/MG/MG341)
23. Kelly III, J.; and Hamm, S. 2013. Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing. New York: Columbia University Press.
24. Kline, S. J. 1995. Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
25. Lewis, W.W. 2005. The Power of Productivity: Wealth, Poverty, and the Threat to Global Stability. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
26. Maglio, P. P.; Kieliszewski, C. A.; and Spohrer, J. C. 2010. Handbook of Service Science. Berlin: Springer. dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1628-0
27. Marcus, G. 2014. What Comes After the Turing Test? The New Yorker, June 9, 2014. (www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/what-comes-after-the-turing-test)
28. Markoff, J. 2014. Computer Eyesight Gets a Lot More Accurate. Bits Blog, New York Times, August 18, 2014. (bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/08/18/computer-eyesightgets-a-lot-more-accurate)
29. Merolla, P. A.; Arthur, J. V.; Alvarez-Icaza, R.; Cassidy, A. S.; Sawada, J.; Akopyan, F.; Jackson, B. L.; Iman, N.; Guo, C.; Nakamura, Y.; Brezz, B.; Vo, I.; Esser, S. K.; Appuswamy, R.; Taba, B.; Amir, A.; Flickner, M. D.; Risk, W. P.; Manohar, R.; and Modha, D. S. (2014) A Million Spiking-Neuron Integrated Circuit with a Scalable Communication Network and Interface. Science 345(6197): 668-673. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254642
30. Mishne, G.; Carmel, D.; Hoory, R.; Roytman, A.; and Soffer, A. 2005. Automatic Analysis of Call-Center Conversations. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 453-459. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. dx.doi.org/10.1145/1099554.1099684
31. Ng, I. C. L.; Maull, R.; Parry, G.; Crowcroft, J.; Scharf, K.; Rodden, T.; and Speed, C. 2013. Making Value Creating Context Visible for New Economic and Business Models: Home Hub-of-all-Things (H.A.T) as Platform for Multi-Sided Market Powered by Internet-of-Things. Panel Session at The Future of Value Creation in Complex Service Systems Minitrack of Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science (HICSS), January 7-10, Honolulu, HI.
32. Nordfors, D. 2014. How to Disrupt Unemployment. Huffington Post. July 25. (www.huffingtonpost.com/david-nordfors/how-innovation-can-disrup-unemployment-b-5616562.html)
33. NSF. 2013. Partnerships for Innovation: Building Innovation Capacity (PFI:BIC). Program Solicitation NSF 13-587.
34. Directorate for Engineering, Industrial Innovation, and Partnerships. December 31, 2013. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. (www.nsf.gov/pubs/2013/nsf13587/nsf13587.htm)
35. Pentland, A. 2014. Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread - The Lessons from a New Science. London: Penguin.
36. Plummer, D. 2013. Top 10 Strategic Predictions: Gartner Predicts a Disruptive and Constructive Future for IT. Speech at Gartner Symposium/ITxpo, October 8, 2013, Orlando, FL. (www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2603215)
37. Poladian, C. 2014. A.I. XPrize: Can a Robot Deliver a TED Talk Worthy of a Standing Ovation? International Business Times, March 23, 2014. (www.ibtimes.com/ai-xprize-canrobot-deliver-ted-talk-worthy-standing-ovation-1563109)
38. Popescu-Belis, A.; Boertjes, E.; Kilgour, J.; Poller, P.; Castronovo, S.; Wilson, T.; Jaimes, A.; and Carletta, J. 2008. The AMIDA Automatic Content Linking Device: Just-in-Time Document Retrieval in Meetings. In Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 5237, 272-283. Berlin: Springer. dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85853-9-25
39. Pusiol, G.; Soriano, L.; Fei-Fei, L.; and Frank, M. C. 2014. Discovering the Signatures of Joint Attention in Child-Caregiver Interaction. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Cognitive Science Conference. Wheat Ridge, CO: Cognitive Science Society, Inc. (vision.stanford.edu/pdf/guido14.pdf)
40. Ramanathan, V.; Joulin, A.; Liang, P.; and Fei-Fei, L. 2014. Linking People in Videos with "Their" Names Using Coreference Resolution. In Computer Vision: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision 2014, 95-110. Berlin: Springer. dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1-7
41. Roy, D. 2011. Why I Taped My Son's Childhood. CNN Opinion: TED Talk Tuesday. CNN. March 13, 2011. Atlanta, GA: Cable News Newwork LP, LLLP. (www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/03/13/roy.tapes.childhood) dx.doi.org/10.1007/11880172-15
42. Roy, D.; Patel, R.; DeCamp, P.; Kubat, R.; Fleischman, M.; Roy, B.; Mavridis, N.; Tellex, S.; Salata, A.; Guinness, J.; Levit, M.; and Gorniak, P. 2006. The Human Speechome Project. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Cognitive Science Conference, 192-196. Wheat Ridge, CO: Cognitive Science Society, Inc.
43. Service, R. F. 2014. The Brain Chip. Science 345(6197): 614-616. dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6197.614
44. Simon, H. A. 1980. Cognitive Science: The Newest Science of the Artificial Cognitive Science 4(1): 33-46.
45. Simon, H. A. 1996. The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
46. Simonite, T. 2014. A Room Where Executives Go to Get Help from IBM's Watson. MIT Technology Review. August 4, 2014. (www.technologyreview.com/news/529606/a-roomwhere-executives-go-to-get-help-from-ibms-watson)
47. Simonite, T. 2013. Software Mines Science Papers to Make New Discoveries. MIT Technology Review, November 25, 2013. (m.technologyreview.com/news/520461/softwaremines-science-papers-to-make-new-discoveries)
48. Smith, A., and Anderson, J. 2014. AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs. Pew Research Internet Project. August 6, 2014. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. (www.pewinternet.org/2014/08/06/future-of-jobs)
49. Spivak, N. 2013. Why Cognition as a Service Is the Next Operating System Battlefield. Gigaom Research. December 7, 2013. Houston, TX: Knowingly Corp. (gigaom.com/2013/12/07/why-cognition-as-a-service-is-the-next-operating-system-battlefield)
50. Spohrer, J. C. 1992. MARCEL: Simulating the Novice Programmer. Bristol, UK: Intellect Books. dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1628-0-9
51. Spohrer, J. C., and Maglio, P. P. 2010. Toward a Science of Service Systems. In Handbook of Service Science, ed. P. Maglio, C. Kieliszewski, and J. Spohrer, 157-194. Berlin: Springer. dx.doi.org/10.1287/serv.1120.0012
52. Spohrer, J.; Giuiusa, A.; Demirkan, H.; and Ing, D. 2013. Service Science: Reframing Progress with Universities. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 30(5): 561-569.
53. Spohrer, J.; Piciocchi, P.; and Bassano, C. 2012. Three Frameworks for Service Research: Exploring Multilevel Governance in Nested, Networked Systems. Service Science 4(2): 147-160. dx.doi.org/10.1002/sres.2213
54. Ting, C.; Kumar, R.; Axel-Troianowski, G.; and Syeda-Mahmood, T. 2013. PSAR: Predictive Space Aggregated Regression and Its Application in Valvular Heart Disease Classification. In IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, 1122-1125. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
55. Varshney, L. R.; Pinel, F.; Varshney, K. R.; Schorgendorfer, A.; and Chee, Y. M. 2013. Cognition as a Part of Computational Creativity. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Internatinal Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computting, 36-42. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
56. Walker, M. 2014. BIG and Technological Unemployment: Chicken Little Versus the Economists. Journal of Evolution and Technology 24(1): 5-25. (jetpress.org/v24/walker.htm)