Loneliness Over Time: The Crucial Role of Social Anxiety

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 125, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 620-630

  Lim, Michelle H ^a   Rodebaugh, Thomas L ^a   Zyphur, Michael J ^b   Gleeson, John F M ^c  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c AUSTRALIAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Depression; Loneliness; Longitudinal; Paranoia; Social anxiety

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; CENTER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES DEPRESSION SCALE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONELINESS; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PARANOIA; RATING SCALE; SELF ESTEEM; SOCIAL INTERACTION ANXIETY SCALE; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING; UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LONELINESS SCALE; ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; COMPLICATION; MIDDLE AGED; PARANOID PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; TIME FACTOR; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONELINESS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL STATUS SCHEDULE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PARANOID DISORDERS; TIME FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84964539464     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000162     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Baumeister, R. F., Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
3. Beck, A. T., Beck, R. W. (1972). Screening depressed patients in family practice. A rapid technic. Postgraduate Medicine, 52, 81-85.
4. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
5. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
6. Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS: Structural equations program manual version 5.0. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software.
7. Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 58-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12087
8. Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 447-454. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005
9. Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G. G., Nouriani, B., Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 1054-1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007
10. Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A. (2010). Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and Aging, 25, 453-463. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a0017216
11. Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 140-151.
12. Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 238 -249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1745691615570616
13. Caplan, S. E. (2007). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use. CyberPsychology Behavior, 10, 234-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9963
14. Chow, C. M., Ruhl, H., Buhrmester, D. (2015). Romantic relationships and psychological distress among adolescents: Moderating role of friendship closeness. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61, 711-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764015585329
15. Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., Ahnberg, J. L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83
16. Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 425-457. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004
17. Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P. E., Smith, B., Rollinson, R., Fowler, D., Dunn, G. (2005). Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 427-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.5.427
18. Freeman, D., Gittins, M., Pugh, K., Antley, A., Slater, M., Dunn, G. (2008). What makes one person paranoid and another person anxious? The differential prediction of social anxiety and persecutory ideation in an experimental situation. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1121-1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003589
19. Green, C. E. L., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G., Garety, P. A. (2008). Measuring ideas of persecution and social reference: The Green et al. Paranoid Thought Scales (GPTS). Psychological Medicine, 38, 101-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S0033291707001638
20. Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20, 102-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038889
21. Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 105-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.105
22. Heinrich, L. M., Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695-718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
23. Honaker, J., King, G., Blackwell, M. (2006 -2008). Amelia II: A program for missing data (Version 1.2-17). Retrieved from http://gking.harvard.edu/amelia
24. Horton, L. E., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Silvia, P. J., Kwapil, T. R. (2014). Worries about being judged versus being harmed: Disentangling the association of social anxiety and paranoia with schizotypy. PLoS ONE, 9, e96269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096269
25. Hu, L. T., Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 10705519909540118
26. Johns, L. C., van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 1125-1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00103-9
27. Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D. (1981). LISREL V: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago, IL: National Educational Resources.
28. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ archpsyc.62.6.593
29. Leamy, M., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., Slade, M. (2011). Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 445-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083733
30. Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J. F., Jackson, H. J., Fernandez, K. C. (2014). Social relationships and quality of life moderate distress associated with delusional ideation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 97-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0738-3
31. Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55, 308-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ 00006199-200609000-00003
32. Martin, J. A., Penn, D. L. (2001). Social cognition and subclinical paranoid ideation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 261-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466501163670
33. Masi, C. M., Chen, H. Y., Hawkley, L. C., Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 219 -266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1088868310377394
34. Mattick, R. P., Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
35. McNeil, D. (2010). Evolution of terminology and constructs in social anxiety and its disorders. In S. G. Hofmann P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 3-21). London, United Kingdom: Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375096-9.00001-8
36. Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Dennis, M. S., Jenkins, R., McManus, S., Brugha, T. S. (2013). Feelings of loneliness among adults with mental disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 5-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0515-8
37. Meyer, P. S., Johnson, D. P., Parks, A., Iwanski, C., Penn, D. L. (2012). Positive living: A pilot study of group positive psychotherapy for people with schizophrenia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 239-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.677467
38. Michail, M., Birchwood, M. (2009). Social anxiety disorder in firstepisode psychosis: Incidence, phenomenology and relationship with paranoia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 234-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.053124
39. Mueser, K. T., Bellack, A. S., Douglas, M. S., Morrison, R. L. (1991). Prevalence and stability of social skill deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 5, 167-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920- 9964(91)90044-R
40. Muthén, L. K., Muthén, B. O. (1998 -2012). Mplus user's guide. (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
41. Pallanti, S., Quercioli, L., Hollander, E. (2004). Social anxiety in outpatients with schizophrenia: A relevant cause of disability. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 53-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.53
42. Peplau, L., Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. Peplau D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1-20). New York, NY: Wiley.
43. Preacher, K. J., Selig, J. P. (2012). Advantages of Monte Carlo confidence intervals for indirect effects. Communication Methods and Measures, 6, 77-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2012.679848
44. Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., ... Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 250-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1745691615568999
45. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
46. Rietdijk, J., van Os, J., de Graaf, R., Delespaul, P., van der Gaag, M. (2009). Are social phobia and paranoia related, and which comes first? Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, 1, 29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17522430802654105
47. Riggio, H. R., Kwong, W. Y. (2009). Social skills, paranoid thinking, and social outcomes among young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 492-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.026
48. Rodebaugh, T. L., Heimberg, R. G., Brown, P. J., Fernandez, K. C., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., Liebowitz, M. R. (2011). More reasons to be straightforward: Findings and norms for two scales relevant to social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 623-630. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.02.002
49. Rodebaugh, T. L., Weeks, J. W., Gordon, E. A., Langer, J. K., Heimberg, R. G. (2012). The longitudinal relationship between fear of positive evaluation and fear of negative evaluation. Anxiety, Stress, Coping: An International Journal, 25, 167-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.569709
50. Romm, K. L., Melle, I., Thoresen, C., Andreassen, O. A., Rossberg, J. I. (2012). Severe social anxiety in early psychosis is associated with poor premorbid functioning, depression, and reduced quality of life. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 434 - 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych. 2011.06.002
51. Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., Kessler, R. C. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 15-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001699
52. Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
53. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
54. Stain, H. J., Galletly, C. A., Clark, S., Wilson, J., Killen, E. A., Anthes, L., ... Harvey, C. (2012). Understanding the social costs of psychosis: The experience of adults affected by psychosis identified within the second Australian National Survey of Psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 879 - 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0004867412449060
55. Steiger, J. H., Lind, J. C. (1980). Statistically-based tests for the number of factors. Paper presented at the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
56. Stravynski, A., Boyer, R. (2001). Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide: A population-wide study. Suicide and Life- Threatening Behavior, 31, 32-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/suli.31.1.32.21312
57. Sündermann, O., Onwumere, J., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E. (2013). Social networks and support in early psychosis: Potential mechanisms. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 22, 147-150. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1017/S2045796012000601
58. Sündermann, O., Onwumere, J., Kane, F., Morgan, C., Kuipers, E. (2014). Social networks and support in first-episode psychosis: Exploring the role of loneliness and anxiety. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 359 -366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013- 0754-3
59. Teo, A. R., Lerrigo, R., Rogers, M. A. (2013). The role of social isolation in social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 353-364. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.03.010
60. Tucker, L. R., Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
61. VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A marginal structural model analysis for loneliness: Implications for intervention trials and clinical practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 225-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022610
62. van Gelder, M. M. H. J., Bretveld, R. W., Roeleveld, N. (2010). Web-based questionnaires: The future in epidemiology? American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 1292-1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/ kwq291
63. Vanhalst, J., Goossens, L., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C. (2013). The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: Trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1305-1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002
64. van Os, J., Verdoux, H., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Liraud, F., Salamon, R., Bourgeois, M. (1999). Self-reported psychosis-like symptoms and the continuum of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 459-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050220
65. Verdoux, H., van Os, J. (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 54, 59-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00352-8
66. Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.