Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Diabetologia

Volumn 59, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1104-1111

  Yki Järvinen, Hannele ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b MINERVA FOUNDATION INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Finland)

Author keywords

Alanine aminotransferase; Diabetes; Insulin; Metabolic syndrome; PNPLA3 (patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3); Review; Steatosis; TM6SF2 (transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2); Triacylglycerols; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; STEROID; ADIPONUTRIN, HUMAN; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; TM6SF2 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; DIABETIC PATIENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FATTY LIVER; GENOTYPE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LABORATORY TEST; LIVER; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LIVER HISTOLOGY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING TEST; STEROID THERAPY; GENETICS; METABOLISM;

ALANINE TRANSAMINASE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; LIPASE; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84964408917     PISSN: 0012186X     EISSN: 14320428     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3944-1     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH (2003) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. Hepatology 37:1202–1219
2. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M (2015) Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence and outcomes. Hepatology
3. International Diabetes Federation (2006) The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels
4. Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP (2013) Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:330–344
5. Yki-Jarvinen H (2014) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2:901–910
6. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120:1640–1645
7. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2016) EASL–EASD–EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004
8. Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D et al (2005) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 288:E462–E468
9. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM (2012) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathologic patterns and biopsy evaluation in clinical research. Semin Liver Dis 32:3–13
10. Bedossa P, Consortium FP (2014) Utility and appropriateness of the fatty liver inhibition of progression (FLIP) algorithm and steatosis, activity, and fibrosis (SAF) score in the evaluation of biopsies of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 60:565–575
11. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M et al (2005) Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 41:1313–1321
12. Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S et al (2015) Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 149(389–397):e310
13. Ekstedt M, Hagstrom H, Nasr P et al (2015) Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology 61:1547–1554
14. Portillo-Sanchez P, Bril F, Maximos M et al (2015) High prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal plasma aminotransferase levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:2231–2238
15. Petit JM, Guiu B, Terriat B et al (2009) Nonalcoholic fatty liver is not associated with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:4103–4106
16. Doycheva I, Cui J, Nguyen P et al (2016) Non-invasive screening of diabetics in primary care for NAFLD and advanced fibrosis by MRI and MRE. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 43:83–95
17. Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI et al (2011) Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 140:124–131
18. Williamson RM, Price JF, Glancy S et al (2011) Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 34:1139–1144
19. Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R et al (2007) Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 30:1212–1218
20. Hyysalo J, Mannisto VT, Zhou Y, et al. (2013) A population-based study on the prevalence of NASH using scores validated against liver histology. J Hepatol 60:839–846
21. Reaven GM (1988) Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595–1607
22. Lazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS et al (2013) Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994. Am J Epidemiol 178:38–45
23. Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Hakkinen AM et al (2002) Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3023–3028
24. Kotronen A, Yki-Jarvinen H (2008) Fatty liver: a novel component of the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:27–38
25. Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R (2015) Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 13:643-654 e641-649, quiz e639-640
26. McPherson S, Hardy T, Henderson E, Burt AD, Day CP, Anstee QM (2015) Evidence of NAFLD progression from steatosis to fibrosing-steatohepatitis using paired biopsies: implications for prognosis and clinical management. J Hepatol 62:1148–1155
27. Pais R, Charlotte F, Fedchuk L, et al. (2013) A systematic review of follow-up biopsies reveals disease progression in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. J Hepatol 59:550–556
28. Wong VW, Wong GL, Choi PC et al (2010) Disease progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study with paired liver biopsies at 3 years. Gut 59:969–974
29. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348:1625–1638
30. Margini C, Dufour JF (2015) The story of HCC in NAFLD: from epidemiology, across pathogenesis, to prevention and treatment. Liver Int 36:317–324
31. Yopp AC, Choti MA (2015) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a growing epidemic? Dig Dis 33:642–647
32. Setiawan VW, Lim U, Lipworth L, et al. (2015) Sex and ethnic differences in the association of obesity with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:309–316
33. Turati F, Talamini R, Pelucchi C et al (2013) Metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Br J Cancer 108:222–228
34. Pocha C, Kolly P, Dufour JF (2015) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a problem of growing magnitude. Semin Liver Dis 35:304–317
35. Dyson J, Jaques B, Chattopadyhay D et al (2014) Hepatocellular cancer: the impact of obesity, type 2 diabetes and a multidisciplinary team. J Hepatol 60:110–117
36. Perumpail RB, Wong RJ, Ahmed A, Harrison SA (2015) Hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of non-cirrhotic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome: US experience. Dig Dis Sci 60:3142–3148
37. Yki-Jarvinen H (2015) Nutritional modulation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Nutrients 7:9127–9138
38. Ziol M, Handra-Luca A, Kettaneh A et al (2005) Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 41:48–54
39. Kotronen A, Peltonen M, Hakkarainen A et al (2009) Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 137:865–872
40. Kotronen A, Westerbacka J, Bergholm R, Pietilainen KH, Yki-Jarvinen H (2007) Liver fat in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3490–3497
41. Pacifico L, Ferraro F, Bonci E, Anania C, Romaggioli S, Chiesa C (2013) Upper limit of normal for alanine aminotransferase: quo vadis? Clin Chim Acta 422:29–39
42. Williams AL, Hoofnagle JH (1988) Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 95:734–739
43. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM (2003) The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 98:960–967
44. Jenkins CM, Mancuso DJ, Yan W, Sims HF, Gibson B, Gross RW (2004) Identification, cloning, expression, and purification of three novel human calcium-independent phospholipase A2 family members possessing triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol transacylase activities. J Biol Chem 279:48968–48975
45. He S, McPhaul C, Li JZ et al (2010) A sequence variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease disrupts triglyceride hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 285:6706–6715
46. Kumari M, Schoiswohl G, Chitraju C et al (2012) Adiponutrin functions as a nutritionally regulated lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. Cell Metab 15:691–702
47. Luukkonen P, Zhou Y, Sadevirta S, Leivonen M, Arola J, Oresic M, HyotylainenT, Yki-Jarvinen H (2016) Hepatic ceramides dissociate steatosis and insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.002
48. Kozlitina J, Smagris E, Stender S, et al. (2014) Exome-wide association study identifies a TM6SF2 variant that confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet 46:352–356
49. Mahdessian H, Taxiarchis A, Popov S et al (2014) TM6SF2 is a regulator of liver fat metabolism influencing triglyceride secretion and hepatic lipid droplet content. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:8913–8918
50. Sookoian S, Castano GO, Scian R et al (2015) Genetic variation in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and histological disease severity. Hepatology 61:515–525
51. Dongiovanni P, Petta S, Maglio C et al (2015) Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 gene variant disentangles nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from cardiovascular disease. Hepatology 61:506–514
52. Falleti E, Cussigh A, Cmet S, Fabris C, Toniutto P (2016) PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 variants increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 48:69–75
53. Zhou Y, Llaurado G, Oresic M, Hyotylainen T, Orho-Melander M, Yki-Jarvinen H (2015) Circulating triacylglycerol signatures and insulin sensitivity in NAFLD associated with the E167K variant in TM6SF2. J Hepatol 62:657–663