Middle Pleistocene sea-crossings in the eastern Mediterranean?

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

Volumn 42, Issue , 2016, Pages 140-153

  Howitt Marshall, Duncan ^a   Runnels, Curtis ^b  

^a British School at Athens   (Greece)

^b Boston University   (United States)

Author keywords

Greek islands; Human cognition; Middle Pleistocene; Palaeolithic maritime activity; Targeted archaeological survey; Wayfinding

Indexed keywords

EID: 84964334000     PISSN: 02784165     EISSN: 10902686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2016.04.005     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Adovasio J.M., Fry G.F., Gunn J.D., Maslowski R.F. Prehistoric and historic settlement patterns in western Cyprus (with a discussion of Cypriot Neolithic stone tool technology). World Archaeol. 1975, 6:339-364.
2. Adovasio J.M., Fry G.F., Gunn J.D., Maslowski R.F. Prehistoric and Historic Settlement Patterns in Western Cyprus: An Overview 1978, 39-57. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
3. Ammerman A.J. The first Argonauts: towards a study of the earliest seafaring in the Mediterranean. The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring 2010, 81-92. McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge. A. Anderson, J.H. Barrett, K.V. Boyle (Eds.).
4. Ammerman A.J. The paradox of early voyaging in the Mediterranean and the slowness of the Neolithic transition between Cyprus and Italy. The Seascape in Aegean Prehistory 2011, 31-49. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Athens. G. Vavouranakis (Ed.).
5. Ammerman, A.J., 2013. Introduction. In: Ammerman A.J., Davis, T. (Eds.), Island Archaeology and the Origins of Seafaring in the Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the Wenner Gren Workshop held at Reggio Calabria on October 19-21, 2012. J. Eurasian Prehist. 10, pp. 9-30.
6. Anderson A. The origins and development of seafaring: towards a global approach. The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring 2010, 3-16. McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge. A. Anderson, J.H. Barrett, K.V. Boyle (Eds.).
7. Aubert M. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. second ed.
8. Bailey G.N. World prehistory from the margins: the role of coastlines in human evolution. J. Interdiscipl. Stud. Hist. Archaeol. 2004, 1:39-50.
9. Bailey G.N., Milner N.J. Coastal hunters and gatherers and social evolution: marginal or central?. Before Farm.: Archaeol. Old World Hunter-Gatherers 2002, 3-4(1):1-15.
10. Bailey G.N., Carrion J.S. Introduction: the coastal shelf of the mediterranean and beyond: corridor and refugium for human populations in the pleistocene. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27:2095-2099.
11. Bar-Yosef O. Prehistory of the Levant. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 1980, 9:101-133.
12. Bar-Yosef O. Pleistocene connexions between Africa and Southwest Asia: an archaeological perspective. Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 1987, 5:29-38.
13. Baudou E., Engelmark R. The Tremithios Valley Project: A Preliminary Report for 1981-1982 1983, 1-8. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
14. Baudou E., Engelmark R., Niklasson K., Wennberg B. The tremithios valley project. Acts of the Second International Congress of Cypriot Studies (Nicosia, 20-25 April 1982) 1985, 369-371. Society of Cypriot Studies, Nicosia. T. Papadopoulos, S.A. Hadjistyllis (Eds.).
15. Bednarik R.G. The earliest evidence of ocean navigation. Int. J. Nautical Archaeol. 1997, 26:183-191.
16. Bednarik R.G. An experiment in Pleistocene seafaring. Int. J. Nautical Archaeol. 1998, 27:139-149.
17. Bednarik R.G. Maritime navigation in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris 1999, 328:559-563.
18. Bednarik R.G. Pleistocene seafaring in the Mediterranean. Anthropologie 1999, 37:275-282.
19. Bednarik R.G. The origins of Pleistocene navigation in the Mediterranean: initial replicative experimentation. J. Iberian Archaeol. 2001, 3:11-23.
20. Bednarik R.G. Seafaring in the Pleistocene. Camb. Archaeol. J. 2003, 13:41-66.
21. Bednarik R.G. The beginnings of maritime travel. Adv. Anthropol. 2014, 4:209-221.
22. Bender R., Bender N. Swimming and diving behavior in apes (Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus): first documented report. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2013, 152(1):156-162. 10.1002/ajpa.22338.
23. Beresford, J., 2013. The Ancient Sailing Season. Mnemosyne Supplements, History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, 351, Leiden/Boston, Brill.
24. Berna F., Goldberg P., Horwitz L.K., Brink J., Holt S., Bamford M., Chazan M. Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2012, 10.1073/pnas.1117620109.
25. Bicho N. The Middle Palaeolithic occupation in southern Portugal. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Stone Age 2004, vol. II:513-531. Kerns Verlag, Tübigen.
26. Bicho, N., 2015. Ecological niches of the Iberian Peninsula: a comparative analysis of European coastal adaptations. In: Sanz, N. (Ed.), Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia, HEADS 4, Volume I - World Heritage Papers 41. UNESCO, pp. 108-126.
27. Bicho N., Haws J., Davis L. Prologue. Trekking the Shore: Changing Coastlines and the Antiquity of Coastal Settlement 2011, 15-30. Springer. N. Bicho, J. Haws, L. Davis (Eds.).
28. Bicho N., Haws J. At the land's end: marine resources and the importance of fluctuations in the coastline in the prehistoric hunter-gatherer economy of Portugal. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27:2166-2175.
29. Boraston J.Mac.Lair. The birds of Homer. J. Hellenic Stud. 1911, 31:216-250.
30. Bougard, R., 1731. Le Petit Flambeau de la Mer ou le veritable guide des pilotes cotiers. Havre, Guillaume Gruchet.
31. British Hydrographic Department, 1961. Mediterranean Pilot, Vol. 5, Comprising the Coasts of Libya, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and Syria: The Southern Coast of Turkey and the Island of Cyprus. 5th ed., London.
32. Broadhurst C.L., Cunnane S.C., Crawford M.A. Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo. Br. J. Nutr. 1998, 79:3-21.
33. Broadhurst C.L., Wang Y., Crawford M.A., Cunnane S., Parkington J., Schmid W.F. Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 2002, 131:653-673.
34. Broodbank C. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
35. Broodbank C. The origins and early development of Mediterranean maritime activity. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 2006, 19(2):199-230.
36. Broodbank C. The Making of the Middle Sea 2013, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
37. Broodbank C. So. . .What? Does the paradigm currently want to budge so much?. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 2014, 27(2):267-272.
38. Broodbank C., Strasser T.F. Migrant farmers and the Neolithic colonization of Crete. Antiquity 1991, 65:233-245.
39. Carter T., Contreras D., Doyle S., Mihailović D.D., Moutsiou T., Skarpelis N. The Stélida Naxos Archaeological Project: new data on the Middle Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Cyclades. Antiq. Project Gallery 2014, 341. .
40. Casson L. Sewn Boats. Classical Rev. 1963, 13:257-259.
41. Chelidonio G. Manufatti litici su ciottolo da Milos (isole Cicladi). Pegaso: Rivista di Cultura Mediterranea 2001, 1:117-144.
42. Cherry J.F. Pattern and Process in the Earliest Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 1981, 47:41-68.
43. Cherry J.F. The first colonization of the Mediterranean islands: a review of recent research. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 1990, 3:145-221.
44. Cherry J.F., Leppard T.P. Experimental archaeology and the earliest seagoing: the limitations of inference. World Archaeol. 2015, 10.1080/00438243.2015.1078739.
45. Clark J.D. The origin and spread of modern humans: a broad perspective on the African evidence. The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans 1989, 565-588. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. P.A. Mellars, C. Stringer (Eds.).
46. Connan J., Carter R., Crawford H., Tobey M., Charrié-Duhaut A., Jarvie D., Albrecht P., Norman K. A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra's al-Jinz (Oman). Arab. Archaeol. Epigr. 2005, 16:21-66.
47. Cortés-Sánchez M., Morales-Muñiz A., Simón-Vallejo M.D., Bergadá-Zapata M.M., Delgado-Huertas A., López-Garciá P., López-Sáez J.A., Lozano-Francisco M.C., Riquelme-Cantal J.A., Roselló-Izquierdo E., Sánchez-Marco A., Vera-Peláez J. Palaeoenvironmental and cultural dynamics of the east coast of Málaga (Andalusia, Spain) during the Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27(23-24):2176-2193.
48. Crawford M.A., Bloom M., Broadhurst C.L., Schmidt W.F., Cunnane S.C., Galli C., Ghebremeskel K., Linseisen F., Lloyd-Smith J., Parkington J. Evidence for the unique function of docosahexaenoic acid during the evolution of the modern hominid brain. Lipids 1999, 34:S39-S47.
49. Cunnane S.C., Harbige L.S., Crawford M.A. The importance of energy and nutrient supply in human brain evolution. Nutr. Health 1993, 9:219-235.
50. Darlas A., de Lumley H. Palaeolithic research in Kalamakia Cave, Areopolis, Peloponnese. The Palaeolithic Archaeology of Greece and Adjacent Areas. Proceedings of the ICOPAG Conference, Ioannina, September 1994 1999, 293-302. British School at Athens, London. G.N. Bailey, E. Adam, C. Perlès, K. Zachos (Eds.).
51. Davidson I., Noble W. Why the first colonization of the Australian region is the earliest evidence of modern human behavior. Archaeol. Oceania 1992, 27:135-142.
52. Davis, D.L., 2001. Navigation in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. Unpublished MA Thesis. Texas A&M University.
53. De Lumley, H., Echassoux, A., Bailon, S., Cauche, D., Machi, M.-P.d., Desclaux, E., el Guennouni, K., Khatib, S., Lacombat, F., Roger, T., Valensi, P., 2004. Le Sol d'Occupation Acheuéen de l'Unite Archéostrigraphique UA 25 de la Grotte du Lazaret, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes. Aix-en-Provence, ÉDISUD.
54. Dennell R. European Economic Prehistory 1983, Academic Press, London.
55. Dennell R.W., Rendell H., Hailwood E. Late Pliocene artifacts from Northern Pakistan. Current Anthropol. 1988, 29:495-498.
56. Dennell R.W., Rendell H., Hailwood E. Early tool making in Asia: two million year old artefacts in Pakistan. Antiquity 1988, 62:98-106.
57. Dennell R.W., Louys J.L., O'Regan H.J., Wilkinson D.M. The origins and persistence of Homo floresiensis on Flores: biogeographical and ecological perspectives. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2013, 96:98-107.
58. Doran E. The sailing raft as a great tradition. Man Across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts 1971, 115-138. University of Texas, Austin. C.L. Riley, J.C. Kelley, C.W. Pennington, R.L. Rands (Eds.).
59. Dreber A., Apicella C.L., Eisenberg D.T., Garcia J.R., Zamore R.S., Lum J.K., Campbell B. The 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D 4 gene (DRD4) is associated with financial risk taking in men. Evolut. Human Behav. 2009, 30(2):85-92.
60. Dzaparidze V., Bosinski G., Bugiabisbili Gabunia L., Justus A., Kloptovskaja N., Kvavazde E., Lordkinapizde D., Majsuradze G., Mgeladze N., Nioradze M., Pavnelisvili E., Schmincke H.U., Sologasvili D., Tusabramisvili D., Tvalcrelizde M., Vekua A. Der altpaläolithische Fundplatz Dmanisi in Georgien (Kaukasus). Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 1989, 36:67-116.
61. Edwards C.R. Commentary: Section II. Man Across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts 1971, 293-305. University of Texas, Austin. C.L. Riley, J.C. Kelley, C.W. Pennington, R.L. Rands (Eds.).
62. Erlandson J.M. The archaeology of aquatic adaptations: paradigms for a new millennium. J. Archaeol. Res. 2001, 9:287-350.
63. Erlandson J.M. Food for thought: the role of coastlines and aquatic resources in human evolution. Human Brain Evolution: The Influence of Freshwater and Marine Food Resources 2010, 125-136. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey. S.C. Cunnane, K.M. Stewart (Eds.).
64. Falk D. The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution 2011, University of California Press, Berkeley.
65. Ferentinos G., Gkioni M., Geraga M., Papatheodorou G. early seafaring activity in the southern Ionian Islands, Mediterranean Sea. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2012, 39:2167-2176.
66. Galanidou N. Archaic hominins on Crete: fact or fiction?. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 2014, 27:260-267.
67. Gamble C. Settling the Earth. The Archaeology of Deep Human History 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
68. Garrod D.A.E., Buxton L.H.D., Smith G.E., Bate D.M.A., Spiller R.C., Hinton M.A.C., Fischer P. Excavation of a Mousterian rock-shelter at Devil's Tower, Gibraltar. J. Roy. Anthropol. Inst. Great Brit. Ireland 1928, 58:33-113.
69. Gaudy, J., 1771. The English Pilot, Part III. London, J. Mount and T. Page.
70. Gertwagen R. Geniza letters: maritime difficulties along the Alexandria-Palermo Route. Communications in the Jewish Diaspora: The Pre-Modern World 1996, 73-90. Brill, Series in Jewish Studies. S. Menache (Ed.).
71. Goitein S.D. A Mediterranean Society. The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza: Volume 1, Economic Foundations 1967, University of California Press, Berkeley.
72. Goksör E., Rosengren L., Wennergren G. Bradycardic response during submersion in infant swimming. Acta Paediatr. 2002, 91(3):307-312. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01720.x.
73. Greenhill B. Archaeology of the Boat: A New Introductory Study 1976, A. & C. Black, London.
74. Harvati K., Darlas A., Bailey S.E., Rein T.R., El Zaatari S., Fiorenza L., Kullmer O., Psathi E. New Neanderthal remains from Mani peninsula, Southern Greece: the Kalamakia Middle Paleolithic cave site. J. Human Evolut. 2013, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.002.
75. Haws J., Funk C.L., Benedetti M.M., Bicho N.F., Daniels J.M., Minckley T.A., Denniston R.F., Jeraj M., Gibaja J.F., Hockett B.S., Forman S.L. Paleolithic landscapes and seascapes of the west coast of Portugal. Trekking the Shore: Changing Coastlines and the Antiquity of Coastal Settlement 2011, 203-246. Springer, New York. N.F. Bicho, J.A. Haws, L.G. Davis (Eds.).
76. Heyerdahl T. Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific by Raft 1950, Rand McNally & Company, Chicago.
77. Huth J.E. The Lost Art of Finding Our Way 2013, Harvard University Press.
78. Irwin G. Against, across and down wind: a case for the systematic exploration of the remote Pacific islands. J. Polynesian Soc. 1989, 98:167-206.
79. Irwin G. The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
80. Jensen C.L. Effects of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83(6):S1452-S14575.
81. Johnstone P. Sea-Craft of Prehistory 1988, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
82. Kapsimalis V., Pavlopoulos K., Panagiotopoulos I., Drakopoulou P., Vandarakis D., Sakelariou D., Anagnostou C. Geoarchaeological challenges in the Cyclades continental shelf (Aegean Sea). Zeitschrift for Geomorphologie 2009, 53:169-190.
83. Kavvadias G. Palaiolithici Kephalonia 1984, Fytraki, Athens.
84. Kehoe A. Small boats upon the North Atlantic. Man across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts 1971, 275-292. University of Texas, Austin. C.L. Riley, J.C. Kelley, C.W. Pennington, R.L. Rands (Eds.).
85. Klein R. The Human Career 2009, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
86. Knapp A. The Archaeology of Cyprus: From Earliest Prehistory through the Bronze Age 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
87. Kopaka K., Matzanas C. Palaeolithic industries from the island of Gavdos, near neighbour to Crete in Greece. Antiquity Project Gallery 2009, 83:321. .
88. Kuhn S.L., Stiner M.C. The earliest Aurignacian of Riparo Mochi (Liguria, Italy). Curr. Anthropol. 1998, 39:S175-S198.
89. Kvavadze E., Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A., Boaretto E., Jakeli N., Matskevich Z., Meshveliani T. 30,000-year-old wild flax fibers. Science 2009, 325:1359.
90. Lambeck K. Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean Greece since Upper Palaeolithic time. Antiquity 1996, 70:588-611.
91. Lambeck K., Purcell A., Flemming N.C., Vita-Finzi C., Alsharekh A.M., Bailey G.N. Sea level and shoreline reconstructions for the Red Sea: isostatic and tectonic considerations and implications for hominin migration out of Africa. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:3542-3574.
92. Leppard T.P. Modeling the impacts of Mediterranean island colonization by archaic hominins: the likelihood of an insular Lower Palaeolithic. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 2014, 27:231-253.
93. Leppard T.P. The evolution of modern behaviour and its implications for maritime dispersal during the Palaeolithic. Camb. Archaeol. J. 2015, 25:829-846.
94. Lewis D. We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific 1994, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu (HI).
95. Lomolino M.V., Sax D.F., Palombo M.R., van der Geer A.A. Of mice and mammoths: evaluations of casual explanations for body size evolution in insular mammals. J. Biogeogr. 2012, 39:842-854. 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02656.x.
96. Lomolino M.V., van der Geer A.A., Lyras G.A., Palombo M.R., Sax D.F., Rozzi R. Of mice and mammoths: generality and antiquity of the island rule. J. Biogeogr. 2013, 40:1427-1439. 10.1111/jbi.12096.
97. Lykousis V. Sea-level changes and shelf break prograding sequences during the last 400 ka in the Aegean margins: subsidence rates and palaeogeographic implications. Cont. Shelf Res. 2009, 29:2037-2044.
98. Matthews L.J., Butler P.M. Novelty-seeking DRD4 polymorphisms are associated with human migration distance out-of-Africa after controlling for neutral population gene structure. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2011, 145(3):382-389.
99. Mavridis F. Early island archaeology and the extinction of endemic fauna in the eastern Mediterranean: problems of interpretation and methodology. Zooarchaeology in Greece: Recent Advances 2003, 65-74. British School at Athens, London. C. Gamble, P. Halstead, Y. Hamilakis, E. Kotjabopoulou (Eds.).
100. McBrearty S., Brooks A. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. J. Hum. Evol. 2000, 39:453-563.
101. McGrail S. Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times 2001, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
102. Milligan L.A., Bazinet R. Evolutionary modifications of human milk composition: evidence from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of anthropoid milks. J. Hum. Evol. 2008, 55(6):1086-1095.
103. Morgan E. The Aquatic Ape 1982, Stein and Day.
104. Morgan E. The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis 1997, Souvenir Press.
105. Morgan T.J.H., Uomini N.T., Rendell L.E., Chouinard-Thuly L., Street S.E., Lewis H.M., Cross C.P., Evans C., Kearney R., de la Torre I., Whiten A., Laland K.N. Experimental evidence for the co-evolution of hominin tool-making teaching and language. Nature Commun. 2015, 10.1038/ncomms7029.
106. Mortensen P. Lower to Middle Palaeolithic artefacts from Loutro on the south coast of Crete. Antiquity Project Gallery 2008, 82:317. .
107. Morton J. The Role of the Physical Environment in Ancient Greek Seafaring. Mnemosyne Supplements, History and Archaeology of the Classical Antiquity 2001, vol. 213. Brill, Leiden/Boston.
108. O'Connor S. Pleistocene migration and colonization in the Indo-Pacific region. The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring 2010, 41-55. McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge. A. Anderson, J.H. Barrett, K.V. Boyle (Eds.).
109. Panagopoulou E., Kotjaboulou E., Karkanas P. Geoarchaeological research in Alonnissos: new evidence for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in the Aegean region. Archaeological Investigations in the Northern Sporades 2001, 121-151. Community of Alonnisos, Alonnisos. A. Sampson (Ed.).
110. Parkington J. Milestones: the impact of the systematic exploitation of marine foods on human evolution. Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia 2001, 327-336. Firenze University Press, Firenze. P.V. Tobias, M.A. Raath, J. Moggi-Cecchi, H. Soodyall (Eds.).
111. Perlès C. Des navigateurs Méditerranéens il y a 10,000 ans. La Recherche 1979, 10:82-83.
112. Pettitt P.B., Richards M., Maggi R., Formicola V. The Gravettian burial known as the Prince ('Il Principe'): new evidence for his age and diet. Antiquity 2003, 77:15-20.
113. Purdy J. The New Sailing Directory for the Gulf of Venice and the Levantine Division of the Mediterranean Sea 1834, H. Laurie, London.
114. Rawlins, R.G., 1982. Locomotor Ontogeny of the Cayo Santiago Macaques: A Behavioral and Morphological Analysis. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan.
115. Ray H.P. The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia 2003, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
116. Renfrew A.C. Prehistory: The Making of the Human Mind 2007, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
117. Richards M.P., Trinkaus E. Isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106(38):16034-16039.
118. Runnels C. Early Palaeolithic on the Greek Islands?. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 2014, 27(2):211-230.
119. Runnels C., Panagopoulou E., Murray P., Tsartsidou G., Allen S., Mullen K., Tourloukis E. A Mesolithic landscape in Greece: testing a site-location model in the Argolid at Kandia. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 2005, 18:259-285.
120. Runnels, C., DiGregorio, C., Wegmann, K.W., Gallen, S.F., Strasser, T.F., Panagopoulou, E., 2014a. Lower Palaeolithic artifacts from Plakias, Crete: implications for Hominin Dispersals. In: Ammerman A.J., Davis, T. (Eds.), Island Archaeology and the Origins of Seafaring in the Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the Wenner Gren Workshop held at Reggio Calabria on October 19-21, 2012. J. Eurasian Prehist. 11, pp. 129-152.
121. Runnels C., McCoy F., Bauslaugh R., Murray P. Palaeolithic research at Mochlos, Crete: new evidence for Pleistocene maritime activity in the Aegean. Antiquity Project Gallery 2014, 88:342. .
122. Sakellariou, D., Galanidou, N., 2015. Pleistocene submerged landscapes and Palaeolithic archaeology in the tectonically active Aegean region. In: Harff, J., Bailey, G., Lüth, F. (Eds.), Geology and Archaeology: Submerged Landscapes of the Continental Shelf. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 411, pp. 145-178.
123. Schick K.D., Toth N. Making Silent Stones Speak. Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology 1994, Simon and Schuster, New York.
124. Shackleton J.C., van Andel Tj.H., Runnels C.N. Coastal paleogeography of the central and western Mediterranean during the last 125,000 years and its archaeological implications. J. Field Archaeol. 1984, 11:307-314.
125. Shea J.J. Stone Tools in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic Near East: A Guide 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
126. Simmons A.H. Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus 1999, Kluwer, New York.
127. Simmons, A.H., 2004. Bitter hippos of Cyprus: the island's first occupants and last endemic animals - setting the stage for colonization. In: Peltenburg, E.J., Wasse, A. (Eds.), Neolithic Revolution: New Perspectives on Southwest Asia in Light of Recent Discoveries on Cyprus. Oxford, Oxbow, Levant Supplementary Series 1, pp. 1-14.
128. Simmons A. Mediterranean island voyagers. Science 2012, 338:895-897.
129. Simmons A. Stone Age Sailors: Paleolithic Seafaring in the Mediterranean 2014, Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
130. Simmons A., Mandel R. Not such a new light: a response to Ammerman and Noller. World Archaeol. 2007, 39:475-482.
131. Smith J.M.B. Did early hominids cross sea gaps on natural rafts?. Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia - Australasia 2001, 409-416. Swets and Zeitlinger, The Netherlands. I. Matcalf, J. Smith, I. Davidson, M.J. Morwood (Eds.).
132. Soffer O., Adovasio J.M., Hyland D.C. The 'Venus' figurines: textiles, basketry, gender, and status in the Upper Palaeolithic. Current Anthropol. 2000, 41:511-537.
133. Stewart K.M. Early hominid utilization of fish resources and implications for seasonality and behavior. J. Hum. Evol. 1994, 27:229-245.
134. Stiner M.C. Honor Among Thieves: A Zooarchaeological Study of Neanderthal Ecology 1994, Princeton University Press, Princeton (NJ).
135. Stockton E. Pre-Neolithic remains at Kyrenia 1968, 16-19. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
136. Strasser T.F. The subtleties of the seas: thoughts on Mediterranean island biography. Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeometry 2003, 3(2):5-15.
137. Strasser T.F., Runnels C., Vita-Finzi C. A possible Palaeolithic handaxe from Cyprus. Antiquity Project Gallery 2016, 90:350. .
138. Strasser T.F., Panagopoulou E., Runnels C.N., Murray P.M., Thompson N., Karkanas P., McCoy F.W., Wegmann K.W. Stone Age seafaring in the Mediterranean: evidence from the Plakias region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic habitation of Crete. Hesperia 2010, 79:145-190.
139. Strasser T.F., Runnels C., Wegmann K., Panagopoulou E., McCoy F., DiGregorio C., Karkanas P., Thompson N. Dating Palaeolithic sites in southwestern Crete, Greece. J. Quat. Sci. 2011, 26:553-560.
140. Stringer C.B., Finlayson J.C., Barton R.N.E., Fernández-Jalvo Y., Cáceres I., Sabin R.C., Rhodes E.J., Currant A.P., Rodríguez-Vidal J., Giles-Pacheco F., Riquelme-Cantal J.A. Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:319-324.
141. Tichy R. L'Expedition Monoxylon: Une Pirogue Monoxyle en Mediterranée Occidentale. Privately Circulated Booklet 2000.
142. Tourloukis V. The Early and Middle Pleistocene Archaeological Record of Greece: Current Status and Future Prospects 2010, Leiden University Press, Leiden.
143. Tourloukis V., Karkanas P. The Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of Greece and the role of the Aegean in hominin dispersals: new data and interpretations. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2012, 43:1-15.
144. Tzalas H. On the obsidian trail: with a papyrus craft in the Cyclades. Tropis III: Third International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Athens 1989 1995, 441-469. Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, Athens. H. Tzalas (Ed.).
145. Uauy R., Dangour A. Nutrition in brain development and aging: role of fatty acids. Nutr. Rev. 2006, 64(5):S24-S33.
146. Utrilla P., Mazo C., Sopena M.C., Martinez-Bea M., Domingo R. A Palaeolithic map from 13,660 cal BP: engraved stone blocks from the Late Magdalenian in Abauntz Cave (Navarra, Spain). J. Hum. Evol. 2009, 57:99-111.
147. van Andel Tj.H., Shackleton J.C. Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic coastlines of Greece and the Aegean. J. Field Archaeol. 1982, 9:445-454.
148. van Andel Tj.H., Runnels C.N. Karstic wetland dwellers of Middle Palaeolithic Epirus, Greece. J. Field Archaeol. 2005, 30:367-384.
149. van der Geer A.A.E. Parallel patterns and trends in functional structures in island mammals. Integr. Zool. 2014, 9(2):167-182. 10.1111/1749-4877.12066.
150. van der Geer A., Dermitzakis M., de Vos J. Crete before the Cretans: the reign of the dwarfs. Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands 2010, 119-130. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. A. van der Geer, G. Lyras, J. de Vos, M. Dermitzakis (Eds.).
151. van der Geer A.A., Lyras G.A., Lomolino M.V., Palombo M.R., Sax D.F. Body size evolution of palaeo-insular mammals: temporal variations and interspecific interactions. J. Biogeogr. 2013, 40:1440-1450. 10.1111/jbi.12119.
152. van der Geer A.A.E., van den Bergh G.D., Lyras G.A., Prasetyo U.W., Due R.A., Setiyabudi E., Drinia H. The effect of area and isolation on insular dwarf proboscideans. J. Biogeogr. 2016, 10.1111/jbi.12743.
153. Villa P. Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France 1983, University of California Press, Berkeley.
154. Villiers A. Passage in a Red Sea dhow. The Mariner's Mirror 1954, 40(3):171-182.
155. Vita-Finzi C. Palaeolithic finds from Cyprus?. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 1973, 39:453-454.
156. Waechter J.D. Excavations at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar: preliminary report for the seasons 1948 and 1950. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 1951, 17(3):83-92.
157. Waechter J.D. The excavation of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, 1951-54. Bull. Inst. Archaeol. 1964, 4:189-221.
158. Waters D.W. Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times 1958, Hollis & Carter, London.
159. Wyman R.H. General Examination of the Mediterranean Sea, a Summary of its Winds, Currents, and Navigation Compiled by Captain A. Le Gras 1870, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., [translator].
160. Wynn T. The intelligence of later Acheulean hominids. Man 1979, 14:371-391.
161. Wynn T. The Evolution of Spatial Competence 1989, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
162. Wynn T. Archaeological evidence for modern intelligence. The Origins of Human Behaviour 1991, 52-66. Routledge, London and New York. R.A. Foley (Ed.).
163. Zilhão J., Angelucci D., Badal-García E., d'Errico F., Daniel F., Dayet L., Douka K., Higham T., Martínez-Sánchez M., Montes-Bernárdez R., Murcia-Mascarós S., Pérez-Sirvent C., Roldán-García C., Vanhaeren M., Villaverde V., Wood R., Zapata R., Zapata J. Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107:1023-1028.
164. Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica 2.328-334, 555-575. (tr.) William H. Race. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press (2008). Both of these passages refer to the use of a Rock Dove to test the feasibility of safe passage for Jason and the Argonauts through the Symplegades, or 'Clashing Rocks', that guarded the narrow straits of the Bosporus into the Black Sea.
165. Callimachus, Hymns 2.65. (tr.) A. W. Mair. London, Willian Heinemann (1955). This hymn to Apollo refers to the foundation myth of the Greek colony, Cyrene, in Libya, and Battus, it's first king. Battus established the city where Apollo had taken the "guise of a raven".
166. Genesis 8.6-12. The CTS New Catholic Bible. This passage from the first book of The Bible refers to Noah and the Flood. In it, Noah sends out a raven and then a dove to search for land after the deluge. As the waters gradually subside, the dove returns to the ark with an olive branch in its beak.
167. Homer, Iliad 10.274. (tr.) A. T. Murray and revised by William F. Wyatt. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press (1999). In this passage, Odysseus and Diomedes have set out from the Greek camp at night to spy on the Trojans. They hear the cry of a heron hunting in the salt marshes near the sea; an omen from the goddess Athena.
168. Homer, Odyssey 5.270-275. (tr.) A. T. Murray. London, William Heinemann (1919-1953). This passage provides a description of navigation at night with specific mention of the Great Bear (Ursa Major), also referenced as the 'Wain'. In it, Odysseus sets a course from the island of Calypso keeping Ursa Major "on the left hand".
169. Homer, Odyssey 5.63, 12.417. (tr.) A. T. Murray. London, William Heinemann (1919-1953). Both passages refer to 'sea-crows', most probably cormorants - birds that hunt and swim in the open sea, and nest high up on the cliffs along the coastline.
170. Homer, Odyssey 5.333. (tr.) A. T. Murray. London, William Heinemann (1919-1953). This passage refers to a pelican, sea-gull or gannet (?) as a personification of Leucothea, the 'White Goddess', rising up out of the sea and settling on Odysseus' raft. The nearby Phaeacian coast has been identified by Homeric scholars as Corcyra, modern Corfu. It is interesting to note that this area is on the southern migratory path of pelicans from the Danube.
171. Hesiod, Works and Days, 448, 486. (tr.) Glenn W. Most. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press (2006). Both of these passages refer to the behaviour of migratory birds in a broader discussion on farming practices throughout the year. The first passage notes the presence of migratory cranes above the clouds in late October or early November as an indicator of winter rain. The second describes the first calls of cuckoos in March as the sign to start ploughing the fields.
172. Lucan, Civil War, 4.131-132. (tr.) J. D. Duff. London, William Heinemann (1928-1957). This passage refers to the construction of small boats made of plaited willow frames and covered by ox-hide. It goes on to mention that similar watercraft are used by Venetii in the Po Valley and the Britons in the Atlantic Archipelago.